| Preface |
| The scope of seismology / 1： |
| Early history / 1.1： |
| Developments from 1915 to 1960 / 1.2： |
| The period since 1960 / 1.3： |
| Seismology and nuclear explosions / 1.3.1： |
| Standard global recording / 1.3.2： |
| Computers and complexity / 1.3.3： |
| Extra-terrestrial seismology / 1.3.4： |
| The plan of this book / 1.4： |
| Elasticity theory / 2： |
| Analysis of stress / 2.1： |
| The stress tensor / 2.1.1： |
| Symmetry of the stress tensor / 2.1.2： |
| Use of the Kronecker delta [delta][subscript ij] and alternating tensor [epsiv][subscript ijk] / 2.1.3： |
| The stress quadric / 2.1.4： |
| Elastodynamic equations of motion / 2.1.5： |
| Infinitesimal strain / 2.2： |
| The rotation tensor / 2.2.1： |
| The strain tensor / 2.2.2： |
| Cubical dilatation / 2.2.3： |
| The equation of conservation / 2.2.4： |
| Curvilinear coordinates / 2.3： |
| Perfect elasticity / 2.4： |
| Stress-strain relations for a perfectly elastic isotropic material / 2.4.1： |
| Equations of motion in terms of displacement / 2.4.2： |
| Some perfectly elastic substances / 2.4.3： |
| Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio / 2.4.4： |
| Energy in a perfectly elastic body / 2.4.5： |
| Theorems on elastic equilibrium / 2.4.6： |
| Solving problems in elasticity / 2.4.7： |
| Non-isotropic materials and transverse isotropy / 2.5： |
| Departures from perfect elasticity due to time effects / 2.6： |
| Fluid viscosity / 2.6.1： |
| Kelvin-Voigt model / 2.6.2： |
| Elastic afterworking / 2.6.3： |
| Maxwell model / 2.6.4： |
| Strength of a solid / 2.6.5： |
| Solids and fluids / 2.6.6： |
| Finite-strain theory / 2.7： |
| Exercises / 2.8： |
| Vibrations and waves / 3： |
| Vibrations of systems with one degree of freedom / 3.1： |
| Simple harmonic motion / 3.1.1： |
| Damped vibrations / 3.1.2： |
| Forced vibrations / 3.1.3： |
| The delta function / 3.1.4： |
| Green's function / 3.1.5： |
| Vibrations of systems with more than one degree of freedom / 3.2： |
| Eigen-vibrations of systems with finite freedom / 3.2.1： |
| Rayleigh's principle / 3.2.2： |
| Particles on an elastic string / 3.2.3： |
| Vibrations of continuous systems / 3.2.4： |
| Seismological considerations / 3.2.5： |
| Plane waves / 3.3： |
| Fourier's integral theorem and spectra / 3.3.1： |
| Simple harmonic plane wave / 3.3.2： |
| Vector waves. Polarisation / 3.3.3： |
| Standing waves / 3.3.4： |
| Dispersion of waves / 3.3.5： |
| Energy in plane wave motion / 3.3.6： |
| Propagation of plane waves in a general direction / 3.3.7： |
| The wave equation / 3.4： |
| Case of spherical symmetry / 3.4.1： |
| General solution / 3.4.2： |
| Ray theory / 3.4.3： |
| Two-dimensional wave motion / 3.5： |
| Scattering / 3.6： |
| Diffraction / 3.7： |
| Helmholtz and Sturm--Liouville equations / 3.8： |
| Body elastic waves / 3.9： |
| P and S waves / 4.1： |
| Case of plane waves / 4.1.1： |
| Poisson's relation / 4.1.2： |
| Inclusion of the seismic source in infinite media / 4.2： |
| Spherical source / 4.2.1： |
| Green's function representation for point sources / 4.2.2： |
| Reciprocity theorem / 4.2.3： |
| Form of ground motion in an earthquake / 4.3： |
| The effect of gravity fluctuations / 4.4： |
| The effects of elastic imperfections / 4.5： |
| Constitutive laws for anelasticity / 4.5.1： |
| Linear models and the Jeffreys power law / 4.5.2： |
| Damping of harmonic waves. The quality factor Q / 4.5.3： |
| Thermodynamical conditions / 4.6： |
| Finite-strain effects / 4.7： |
| Case of spherical waves / 4.8： |
| Surface elastic waves and eigen-vibrations of a sphere / 4.9： |
| Waves guided along a plane boundary / 5.1： |
| Rayleigh waves / 5.2： |
| Stoneley waves / 5.3： |
| Love waves / 5.4： |
| Nodal planes / 5.4.1： |
| Dispersion curves / 5.4.2： |
| The differential equation for continuously varying media / 5.4.3： |
| Surface waves in the presence of multiple layers and sources / 5.5： |
| Rayleigh waves for a single surface layer / 5.5.1： |
| Matrix theory. Love and Rayleigh waves / 5.5.2： |
| Lamb's problem / 5.5.3： |
| Normal oscillations of an elastic sphere / 5.6： |
| The basic equations / 5.6.1： |
| Torsional (toroidal) modes / 5.6.2： |
| Spheroidal and radial modes / 5.6.3： |
| Geometrical description of the oscillations / 5.6.4： |
| Effects of rotation and ellipticity. Terrestrial spectroscopy / 5.6.5： |
| Duality with travelling waves / 5.6.6： |
| Seismic waves in linear visco-elastic media / 5.7： |
| Equation of motion. The correspondence principle / 5.7.1： |
| Damped seismic waves / 5.7.2： |
| Damped oscillations of a visco-elastic sphere / 5.7.3： |
| Reflection and refraction of elastic waves / 5.8： |
| Formulation / 6.1： |
| Laws of reflection and refraction / 6.1.1： |
| General equations for the two media / 6.1.2： |
| Special cases / 6.2： |
| Case of incident SH waves / 6.2.1： |
| P wave incident against a free plane boundary / 6.2.2： |
| SV wave incident against a free plane boundary / 6.2.3： |
| Curved boundaries and head waves / 6.3： |
| Refraction of dispersed waves / 6.4： |
| Scattered seismic waves. Matrix theory / 6.5： |
| Seismic rays in a spherically stratified Earth model / 6.6： |
| The parameter p of a seismic ray / 7.1： |
| Rays in inhomogeneous media. The eikonal equation / 7.1.1： |
| Relations between p, [Delta], T for a given family of rays / 7.2： |
| The relation p = dT/d[Delta] / 7.2.1： |
| Some integral expressions for T, [Delta] / 7.2.2： |
| The functions [zeta] and [zeta] / 7.2.3： |
| Expressions for d[Delta]/dp and dT/dp / 7.2.4： |
| Relations between [Delta] and T, corresponding to assigned variations of v with r / 7.3： |
| Various cases / 7.3.1-7.3.9： |
| Derivation of P and S velocity distributions from (T, [Delta]) relations / 7.4： |
| Herglotz-Wiechert-Bateman inversion / 7.4.1： |
| Bullen's method / 7.4.2： |
| Linear inverse method / 7.4.3： |
| Inversion for low velocity layers / 7.4.4： |
| The tau ([tau]) method / 7.4.5： |
| Special velocity distributions / 7.5： |
| Curvature of a seismic ray / 7.5.1： |
| Rays in a homogeneous medium / 7.5.2： |
| Circular rays; the law v = a - br[superscript 2] / 7.5.3： |
| Mohorovicic's law v = ar[superscript b] / 7.5.4： |
| Theory of travel-times in near earthquakes / 7.6： |
| Special form of the (T, [Delta]) relation for near earthquakes / 7.6.1： |
| Application to a layered crustal structure / 7.6.2： |
| Error, resolution and network design / 7.6.3： |
| Determination of layer thicknesses / 7.6.4： |
| Use of artificial sources. Seismic prospecting / 7.6.5： |
| Amplitudes of the surface motion due to seismic waves in a spherically stratified Earth model / 7.7： |
| Energy considerations / 8.1： |
| Energy per unit area of wave front in an emerging wave / 8.1.1： |
| Relation between energy and amplitude / 8.1.2： |
| Movements of the surface due to an incident wave / 8.2： |
| Amplitude as a function of [Delta] / 8.3： |
| Loss of energy during transmission through the medium / 8.4： |
| Gradual variation in properties / 8.4.1： |
| Single discontinuity / 8.4.2： |
| Waves which change type / 8.5： |
| Amplitudes corresponding to cusps in (T, [Delta]) curves / 8.6： |
| Amplitudes of surface seismic waves / 8.7： |
| Reflectivity algorithms / 8.8： |
| Seismometry / 8.9： |
| The horizontal component seismograph / 9.1： |
| Effect of tilt / 9.1.1： |
| The vertical component seismograph / 9.2： |
| The indicator equation / 9.3： |
| Damping of seismographs / 9.4： |
| Solution of the indicator equation / 9.5： |
| Simple harmonic ground motion / 9.5.1： |
| Impulsive ground motion / 9.5.2： |
| General ground motion response curves / 9.5.3： |
| Computation of the ground motion from a seismogram / 9.6： |
| Displacement and velocity meters and accelerometers / 9.7： |
| Recording methods and timing / 9.7.1： |
| The dynamic ranges of seismic ground motion / 9.8： |
| Microseisms / 9.8.1： |
| Frequency range / 9.8.2： |
| Amplitude range / 9.8.3： |
| Modern seismographs / 9.9： |
| The electromagnetic type / 9.9.1： |
| Signal enhancement. Digital processing / 9.9.2： |
| Strong-motion accelerometers and arrays / 9.9.3： |
| Strain, tilt and other measurements / 9.9.4： |
| Portable seismographs and microprocessors. Telemetry / 9.9.5： |
| Ocean-bottom seismographs / 9.9.6： |
| Engineering response spectra / 9.10： |
| Construction of travel-time tables / 9.11： |
| Parameters of earthquake location / 10.1： |
| Calculation of the epicentral distance and azimuth / 10.2： |
| Features of seismograms / 10.3： |
| Estimation of P travel-time tables / 10.4： |
| Equations of condition between hypocentre and table parameters. Geiger's and Inglada's methods / 10.4.1： |
| Application of least-squares theory and inverse theory / 10.4.2： |
| Jeffreys' method of successive approximation. Summary values / 10.4.3： |
| Uniform reduction and robust estimation / 10.4.4： |
| Regional variations and focal depths / 10.4.5： |
| Use of digital computers. Tomography / 10.5： |
| Travel-time tables other than P / 10.6： |
| Notation used for phases read on seismograms / 10.6.1： |
| Relations between different travel-time tables / 10.6.2： |
| Types of travel-time tables for body waves / 10.6.3： |
| Effect of the Earth's ellipticity / 10.7： |
| Travel-times of surface waves / 10.8： |
| Numerical results / 10.9： |
| The Jeffreys-Bullen seismological tables / 10.9.1： |
| Tables for PKP / 10.9.2： |
| Ellipticity tables / 10.9.3： |
| Statistical treatment of velocity and travel-time table estimation / 10.9.4： |
| The seismological observatory / 10.10： |
| Inside the observatory / 11.1： |
| Interpretation of seismograms / 11.1.1： |
| Determination of hypocentres and earthquake size / 11.1.2： |
| Group estimation of earthquake parameters / 11.1.3： |
| Abnormal observations. The T-phase. Precursors / 11.1.4： |
| International seismological organisations / 11.2： |
| International seismological catalogues / 11.2.1： |
| Global digital networks / 11.2.2： |
| Seismic waves in anomalous structures / 11.3： |
| Anisotropic media / 12.1： |
| Equation of motion and determinantal conditions / 12.1.1： |
| Surface waves in anisotropic media / 12.1.2： |
| Heterogeneous media. WKBJ approximation / 12.2： |
| Topographic and structural variations / 12.3： |
| Finite difference methods / 12.3.1： |
| Finite element methods / 12.3.2： |
| Numerical results. A mountain and oceanic-continental transition / 12.3.3： |
| Variational methods / 12.3.4： |
| Laboratory model seismology / 12.4： |
| Seismic waves and planetary interiors / 12.5： |
| Major discontinuities within the Earth / 13.1： |
| Existence of a crust. Oceanic and continental structures / 13.1.1： |
| Existence of a central core / 13.1.2： |
| Discontinuities in the mantle / 13.1.3： |
| Discontinuities in the central core / 13.1.4： |
| Division of the Earth's interior into shells / 13.1.5： |
| P and S velocity distributions in the Earth and Moon / 13.2： |
| The crust / 13.2.1： |
| The lithosphere / 13.2.2： |
| The deep interior. Recent solutions / 13.2.3： |
| The lunar interior / 13.2.4： |
| The states of the Earth's mantle and core / 13.3： |
| Solidity and fluidity / 13.3.1： |
| Anelastic properties / 13.3.2： |
| The Earth's density variation / 13.4： |
| Early models of density variation / 13.4.1： |
| Equations for density gradient from seismology / 13.4.2： |
| Extension to inhomogeneous layers. The index [eta] / 13.4.3： |
| The inverse problem of density determination / 13.5： |
| Bullen's procedure / 13.5.1： |
| Bullen's compressibility-pressure hypothesis / 13.5.2： |
| Linear inversion. Tradeoff curves / 13.5.3： |
| Direct use of seismic waves / 13.5.4： |
| Stratification of the shells / 13.6： |
| The upper mantle / 13.6.1： |
| The shell D" / 13.6.2： |
| The outer core (shell E) / 13.6.3： |
| The shell F / 13.6.4： |
| The inner core (shell G) / 13.6.5： |
| Ellipticities of surfaces of equal density within the Earth / 13.7： |
| Long-period oscillations and the Earth's interior / 13.8： |
| Historical background / 14.1： |
| Numerical results for Earth models / 14.2： |
| Torsional oscillations / 14.2.1： |
| Spheroidal oscillations / 14.2.2： |
| Modal splitting. The solotone effect / 14.2.3： |
| Estimation of observed eigen-spectra / 14.3： |
| Fourier analysis / 14.3.1： |
| Complex demodulation / 14.3.2： |
| Calculation of eigen-frequency, amplitude, phase and Q / 14.3.3： |
| Observations / 14.3.4： |
| Earthquake statistics and prediction / 15： |
| Energy released in earthquakes / 15.1： |
| Case of near earthquakes / 15.1.1： |
| Assumption of spherical symmetry about the source / 15.1.2： |
| Use of surface waves / 15.1.3： |
| Earthquake magnitude / 15.2： |
| Magnitude and energy / 15.2.1： |
| Magnitude - frequency of occurrence relation / 15.2.2： |
| Seismicity / 15.3： |
| Geography of shallow earthquakes / 15.3.1： |
| Distribution of deep-focus earthquakes / 15.3.2： |
| Tectonic associations / 15.3.3： |
| Reservoir-induced earthquakes / 15.3.4： |
| Foreshocks and aftershocks / 15.4： |
| Aftershocks / 15.4.1： |
| Foreshocks / 15.4.2： |
| Swarms / 15.4.3： |
| Earthquake prediction / 15.5： |
| Prediction theory / 15.5.1： |
| Periodicities and correlations. Seismicity patterns / 15.5.2： |
| Changes in seismic velocities / 15.5.3： |
| Changes in strain / 15.5.4： |
| Dilatancy model / 15.5.5： |
| Other field parameters. Liquefaction / 15.5.6： |
| The earthquake source / 15.6： |
| Elastic rebound model / 16.1： |
| Causes of earthquakes / 16.1.1： |
| Strain energy before an earthquake / 16.1.2： |
| Faults and fracture / 16.1.3： |
| Double couple model / 16.1.4： |
| Source mechanism estimation / 16.2： |
| Method of fault-plane solutions / 16.2.1： |
| Probability model for group fault-plane solutions / 16.2.2： |
| Moving dislocation source / 16.3： |
| Kinematics and dynamics. Near field and far field / 16.3.1： |
| Radiation patterns and directivity / 16.3.2： |
| Synthetic seismograms / 16.3.3： |
| Seismic moment / 16.4： |
| Moment tensor / 16.4.1： |
| Estimation of seismic moments / 16.4.2： |
| Strong-motion seismology / 16.5： |
| Effects of earthquakes / 17.1： |
| Macroseismic data / 17.2： |
| Intensity of earthquake effects / 17.2.1： |
| Isoseismal curves and acceleration / 17.2.2： |
| Fault rupture correlations / 17.2.3： |
| Near-field parameters / 17.3： |
| Recorded strong ground motion / 17.4： |
| Peak ground accelerations, velocity and displacement / 17.4.1： |
| Duration of shaking / 17.4.2： |
| Spectral characteristics / 17.4.3： |
| Local effects. Soil layers and upthrow / 17.4.4： |
| Attenuation / 17.4.5： |
| Array analysis / 17.5： |
| Seismic risk / 17.6： |
| Statistical theory. Poisson and hazard distributions / 17.6.1： |
| Probability of exceedence of ground motions / 17.6.2： |
| Seismic expectancy maps / 17.6.3： |
| Design of earthquake-resistant structures / 17.6.4： |
| Tsunamis, seiches, and atmospheric oscillations / 17.7： |
| Reference velocities and elastic parameters in two Earth models / 17.8： |
| Selected bibliography |
| References |
| Unit conversion table |
| Index |
図書
ＥＢ
