Contributors |
Foreword |
Preface |
The Physical Description of Signals / William Morris Hartmann1: |
Introduction / I.: |
Simple Harmonic Motion / II.: |
RMS Value / A.: |
Other Oscillators / B.: |
Propagation of Sound / III.: |
Energy, Power, and Intensity |
Radiation |
Plane Waves / C.: |
Measurement of Acoustical Strength / IV.: |
Levels and Pressure |
Absolute dB |
The Spectrum / V.: |
The Fourier Transform / VI.: |
Real and Complex Functions |
Transforms of Sine and Cosine |
The Delta Function |
Amplitude and Phase Spectra / D.: |
The Power Spectra of the Pure Tone and the Spike / E.: |
The Lattice Function / F.: |
The Convolution Theorem / G.: |
Complex Periodic Signals / H.: |
The Fourier Series |
Temporal--Spectral Trading / J.: |
Amplitude Modulation / VII.: |
Balanced Modulation |
Frequency Modulation / VIII.: |
Narrowband FM |
Wideband FM |
Filters / IX.: |
Frequency Domain |
The Impulse Response |
The One-Pole Low-Pass Filter |
The Two-Pole Low-Pass Filter |
Reference |
Cochlear Structure and Function / Graeme K. Yates2: |
Function and Structure of the Cochlea |
Transduction of Acoustic Stimuli |
Hair Cells and Mechanical-to-Electrical Transduction |
Acoustic Preprocessing |
Structure of the Cochlea |
Active Processes within the Cochlea |
Macromechanics |
Experimental Observations |
The Traveling Wave |
Micromechanics |
OHC Mechanical Activity |
Coupling Energy to the BM |
Localization of the Cochlear Amplifier along the BM |
Cochlear Nonlinearity |
Sources of Nonlinearity |
Input--Output Functions |
Distortion in the Cochlea |
Otoacoustic Emissions |
Two-Tone Suppression |
Summary |
References |
Neural Signal Processing / Alan R. Palmer3: |
Sound Frequency |
Frequency Selectivity |
Population Responses to Single Tones |
Cochleotopic Organization |
Frequency-Intensity Response Areas |
Time Course of Activation by Single Tones |
Two-Tone Rate and Synchrony Suppression |
Sound Level |
Rate versus Level Functions to CF Tones |
The Dynamic Range Problem |
Wider Dynamic Range of the Onset Response |
Rate versus Level Functions in the Central Auditory System |
Effect of Background Noise on Rate-Level Functions |
Modulation |
Speech and Vocalization |
Representation of Speech Signals in the Auditory Nerve |
Representation of Speech Signals in the Central Nervous System |
Cues for Localization |
Interaural Level Differences |
Interaural Phase Differences |
Onset and Ongoing Time Differences |
Pinna Spectral Effects |
Topographical Distribution of Interaural Sensitivities and Spatial Hearing |
Summary and Concluding Remarks |
Loudness Perception and Intensity Coding / Christopher J. Plack ; Robert P. Carlyon4: |
The Perception of Loudness |
Definition of Loudness |
Loudness Matching |
Loudness Scales |
Models of Loudness |
Other Factors That Affect Loudness |
Parametric Studies of Intensity Discrimination |
Measurement Techniques |
Weber's Law and the Near Miss |
Frequency Effects |
Duration Effects |
Models of Peripheral Intensity Coding |
Coding by Spread of Excitation |
Coding by Neural Synchrony |
Models Based on Rate-Intensity Functions |
Intensity Discrimination under Nonsimultaneous Masking |
What Limits Intensity Discrimination? |
Peripheral and Central Limitations |
Memory for Intensity |
Intensity Discrimination and Loudness |
The Relationship between Intensity Discrimination and Loudness |
Intensity Discrimination in Impaired Ears |
Detection of Tones in Noise |
The Overshoot Effect |
Intensity-Independent Cues |
Frequency Analysis and Masking / Brian C. J. Moore5: |
The Power Spectrum Model and the Concept of the Critical Band |
Estimating the Shape of the Auditory Filter |
Psychophysical Tuning Curves |
The Notched-Noise Method |
The Rippled-Noise Method |
Allowing for the Transfer Function of the Outer and Middle Ear |
An Example of Measurement of the Auditory Filter Shape |
Summary of the Characteristics of the Auditory Filter |
Variation with Center Frequency |
Variation with Level |
Masking Patterns and Excitation Patterns |
Relationship of the Auditory Filter to the Excitation Pattern |
Changes in Excitation Patterns with Level |
The Additivity of Masking and Excess Masking |
Phenomena Reflecting the Influence of Auditory Filtering |
The Threshold of Complex Sounds |
Sensitivity to the Relative Phase |
The Audibility of Partials in Complex Tones |
Nonsimultaneous Masking |
Evidence for Lateral Suppression from Nonsimultaneous Masking |
The Enhancement of Frequency Selectivity Revealed in Nonsimultaneous Masking / X.: |
Temporal Integration and Temporal Resolution / David A. Eddins ; David M. GreenXI.: |
Temporal Integration |
Classical Theory |
Time-Intensity Trades |
The Presence of Noise |
Recent Theories |
Temporal Acuity |
Temporal Order |
Phase Detection |
Temporal Gap Detection |
Amplitude-Modulation Detection |
Temporal Asynchrony |
Conclusions |
Appendix |
Across-Channel Processes in Masking / Joseph W. Hall III ; John H. Grose ; Lee Mendoza7: |
Profile Analysis |
Modulation Detection or Discrimination Interference |
Across-Channel Effects Based upon Comodulation |
Comodulation Masking Release |
CMR and Stimulus Complexity |
Monaural Envelope Correlation Perception and CMR |
The Role of Energy in Masker Dips |
Comodulation Detection Differences |
Comodulation and the Perception of Speech |
Concluding Remarks |
Pitch Perception / Adrianus J. M. Houtsma8: |
Pure Tones |
The Mel Scale |
Dependence on Intensity |
Influence of Partial Masking |
Binaural Diplacusis |
Frequency Discrimination |
Complex Tones |
Historical Background |
Template Theories of Pitch |
The Role of Unresolved Harmonics |
Hybrid Models |
Pitch of Simultaneous Complex Tones |
Pitch Ambiguity |
Nontonal Pitch |
Repetition Pitch |
Huggins Pitch and Edge Pitch |
Pitch of Amplitude-Modulated Noise |
Pitch Scales: Relative and Absolute |
Relative Pitch |
Pitch Contours in Speech |
Absolute Pitch |
Multidimensional Aspects of Pitch |
Spatial Hearing and Related Phenomena / D. Wesley Grantham9: |
Binaural Processing / II: |
Lateralization |
Binaural Detection |
Temporal Effects in Binaural Processing |
Localization and Spatial Resolution in the Free Field |
Localization and Spatial Resolution in the Horizontal Plane |
Localization and Resolution in the Vertical Plane |
Auditory Distance Perception |
Detection and Discrimination of the Motion of Auditory Targets |
The Precedence Effect |
Background |
The Localization Aspect: Localization of Sounds in Rooms |
Buildup of Echo Suppression |
Cortical Basis for the Precedence Effect |
Models of Binaural Interaction / Richard M. Stern ; Constantine Trahiotis10: |
Introduction: Cross-Correlation Models of Binaural Perception |
Structure of Binaural Cross-Correlation-Based Models |
The Original Forms of the Cross-Correlation Model |
Colburn's Auditory-Nerve-Based Model |
Physiological Support for Cross-Correlation in the Binaural System |
Temporal Integration of the Coincidence Display |
Extensions of the Cross-Correlation Approach |
Extensions by Stern, Colburn, and Trahiotis |
Extensions by Blauert, Cobben, Lindemann, and Gaik |
Mechanisms for Time-Intensity Interaction and Image Formation |
Ability of Cross-Correlation Models to Describe Psychoacoustical Data |
Subjective Lateral Position |
Interaural Discrimination Phenomena Related to Subjective Lateral Position |
Binaural Masking-Level Differences |
Dichotic Pitch Phenomena |
Temporal Effects |
Summary and Conclusions |
Auditory Grouping / C. J. Darwin ; R. P. Carlyon11: |
Peripheral Considerations |
Mechanisms of Auditory Grouping |
Harmonicity |
Detecting Inharmonicity and "Hearing Out" Mistuned Components |
Integration into Pitch Percepts |
Identification of Speech Sounds |
Onset and Offset Asynchrony |
Detecting and Discriminating Onset and Offset Asynchronies |
Order Discrimination |
Timbre Judgments |
Identifying Speech Sounds |
Amplitude-Modulation Phase Differences |
Detection of AM Phase Differences |
Grouping by AM Phase Differences |
AM Phase and Onset Asynchrony |
Detection of Across-Frequency Differences in FM Phase |
Hearing Out a Single Tone |
The Nature of Auditory Grouping |
Grouping Is Not All or None |
Understanding Speech in the Absence of Primitive Grouping Cues |
Timbre Perception and Auditory Object Identification / Stephen Handel12: |
Sound Production |
Source-Filter Model |
Acoustic Structure |
Perceptual Consequences |
Experimental Results On Timbre and Object Perception |
Instruments |
Voices |
Natural Events |
Neuropsychological Evidence |
Concluding Discussion |
Index |
Contributors |
Foreword |
Preface |
The Physical Description of Signals / William Morris Hartmann1: |
Introduction / I.: |
Simple Harmonic Motion / II.: |