| Palukaitis and Zaitlin, Replicase-Mediated Resistance to Plant Virus Disease / E.S. Razvi ; D. Ansardi |
| Varicella Virus - Mononuclear Cell Interaction / D.H. Kruger ; M. Ikawa ; H. Ginsberg ; H.L. Robinson |
| Lai and Cavanaugh, The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses |
| Evolution of Cell Recognition by Viruses: A Source of Biological Novelty with Medical Implications |
| Dorries, New Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Polyomavirus / R.M. Welsh ; D.C. Porter |
| The Life and Times of Adenoviruses / R. Ulrich ; S. Yamada |
| Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Methods / T.M. Pertmer |
| Hanzlik andGordon, The Tetraviridae |
| Structures of Picrona-like plant viruses: Implications and Applications / T. Omura |
| Apoptosis in Viral Infections |
| Volkman, Nucleopolyhedrovirus Interactions with Their Hosts / M.J. Anderson |
| DNA Vaccines for Viral Infections: Basic Studies and Applications / M. Nassal ; T. Nakanishi |
| Cucumoviruses Co-Evolution of Viruses with Hosts and Vectors and Possible Paleontology |
| De and Banerjee, Role of Host Proteins in Gene Expression of Nonsegmented Negative Strand RNA Viruses / cL. Carrasco |
| Loh, Viral Pathogens of the Penaeid Shrimp / J. Yin ; D.T. Simmons ; C.D. Morrow |
| Modification of Membrane Permeability by Animal Viruses / H. Meisel ; M. Okabe |
| Role of Outer Capsid Proteins in Transmission of Phytoreovirus by Insect Vectors |
| SV40 Large T Antigen Functions in DNA Replication and Transformation |
| Poliovirus Assembly and Encapsidation of Genomic RNA. U. Desselberger, Genome Rearrangements of Rotaviruses |
| Core Particles of Hepatitis B Virus as Carrier for Foreign Epitopes |
| Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a Vital Market in Mammals |
| Replication of Human Hepatitis Delta Virus: Influence of Studies on Subviral Plant Pathogens / J.M. Taylor ; Y. Furuichi ; E.J. Arts ; M. Tognon ; J.D. West ; M. Kielian |
| Insights into Development and Genetics from Mouse Chimeras / A.J. Shatkin ; M.A. Wainberg ; G. Barbanti-Brodano |
| Membrane Fusion and the Alphavirus Life Cycle / E.A. Fortunato |
| Viral and Cellular mRNA Capping: Past and Prospects / T. Carroll |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase and Early Events in Reverse Transcription / B.S. Crabb |
| Regulation of Human Cytomeglaovirus Gene Expression / F. Martinit ; D.H. Spector ; J.A. Lawton ; D.A. Fallows ; J. Wallingford ; M.J.Studdert ; M. de Mattei |
| Equine Herpesviruses 4 (Equine Rhinopneumonitis Virus) and 1 (Equine Abortion Virus) / M.K. Estes |
| Hepadnaviruses: Current Models of RNA Encapsidation and Reverse Transcription / S.P. Goff ; D. Seufert ; P.J. Lewis ; L. Lazzarin ; B.V. Venkataram Prasad |
| BK and JC Human Polymaviruses and Simian Virus 40: Natural History of Infection in Humans, Experimental Oncogenicity and Association with Human Tumors / P. Vize ; L.A. Babiuk ; S.K. Tikoo ; B. Plachter |
| Mechanism of Genome Transcription in Segmented dsRNA Viruses |
| Molecular Regulation of Pronephric Development / J.E. Johnson |
| DNA Vaccines: A Review |
| Introduction / F.X. Heinz ; M. Campos ; C. Sinzger ; K.R. Robinson ; J.L. Waner ; A. Scheenemann ; S.L. Allison ; G. Jahn ; M. Wozniak |
| Structures and Mechanisms in Flavivirus Fusion / V. Reddy ; J. Ortin |
| Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1): Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control |
| Cell TypesInvolved in Replication and Distribution of Human Cytomegalovirus |
| The Structure and Function of Nodavirus Particles: A Paradigm for Understanding Chemical Biology / R. Pu ; R. Flores ; J.H. Elder ; A.M. Arvin |
| Symmetry Breaking in the Zygotes of the Fucoid Algae: Controversies and Recent Progress / A. Portela ; D.G. Muller ; M. Messerli ; J.-A. Daròs ; T.R. Phillips ; J.F. Moffat ; T. Zurcher ; M. Kapp |
| FelineImmunodeficiency Virus as a Model for Development of Molecular Approaches to Intervention Strategies against Lentivirus Infections / C. Harnández |
| Avsunviroidae Family: Viroids Containing Hammerhead Ribozymes / R. Redman ; C.A. Napoli ; A. Nieto ; I. Uyeda ; R. Knippers |
| Varicella-Zoster Virus: Aspects of Pathogenesis and the Host Response to Natural Infection and Varicella Vaccine |
| Replication of Orthomyxoviruses / C.A. Beveridge |
| Viruses in Marine Brown Algae / P. Wang ; I. Kimura ; J.C. de la Torre |
| Influenza Vaccines: Present and Future / K. Subbarao ; W.J. Neubert ; K.C. Snowden ; N.E. Turner ; E. Shikata ; M.B.A. Oldstone |
| Reevaluating Concepts of Apical Dominance and the Control of Axillary Bud / R. Sedlmeier |
| Virus Resistance Mediated by Ribosome Inactivating Proteins / G. Air |
| Characterization of Genome Structure and Establishment of Vector Cell Lines for Plant Reoviruses |
| Anatomy of Viral Persistence: Mechanisms of Persistence and Associated Disease |
| The Replicative Complex of Paramyxoviruses: Structure and Function / A.M. Fontes ; M.E. Taliansky ; D.H. Bamford ; T. Williams |
| The Iridoviruses / A.A. Ghate ; F. Gonzales-Scarano ; J.I. Ito ; D.J. Robinson ; J. Caldentey |
| Influenza Neuraminidase as Target for Antivirals / S.J. Stray ; M.A. Mayo ; D. Kolson ; M. Jacobs-Lorena ; A.F. Murant ; J.K.H. Bamford |
| Control of Messenger RNA Stability During Development / V. Ziegler-Graff ; E. Lavi |
| Groundnut Rosette Disease Virus Complex: Biology and Molecular Biology / J. Curran |
| Bacteriophage PRD1: A Broad Host Range dsDNA Tectivirus with an Internal Membrane |
| References / L.A. Nilson ; J.C. Glorioiso |
| Molecular Biology of Luteoviruses |
| The Effects of HIV in the Central Nervous System |
| Subject Index / D. Kolakoshy |
| Chapter References |
| Special Section: Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy: Guest Editor / T. Schüpback |
| Replication of Paramyxoviruses |
| EGF Receptor Signaling in Drosophila Oogenesis |
| Perspectives on Viral Vector Design and Applications / P.L. Collins |
| Replication-Competent Herpes Simplex Viral Vectors for Cancer Therapy / S.S. Whitehead ; N.S. Markovitz ; A. Burkreyev ; B. Roizman ; R. Fearns |
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Based Amplicon Vector Systems / C. Fraefel ; M.N. Teng ; D.R. Jacoby ; K. Juhasz ; X.O. Breakfield ; R.M. Chanock |
| Design of Live-attenuated Recombinant Vaccine Virus for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Reverse Genetics / B.R. Murphy ; S. Komaki |
| Epstein-Barr Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy / J.-M. H. Vos ; J.O. Hendley |
| Clinical Virology of Rhinoviruses |
| Cytomegalovirus Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A New Herpesvirus Vector Approach / M. Messerle ; G. Hahn ; W. Brune ; U.H. Koszinowski |
| Adenovirus Vectors for Human Gene Therapy / M.M. Hitt ; F.L. Graham |
| Adeno-Associated Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer to Somatic Cells in the Central Nervous System / R.L. Klein ; R.J. Mandel ; N. Muzycka |
| Production of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus / G.-P. Gao ; J.W. Wilson ; N.A. Wivel |
| Retroviral Vectors / S.H. Kim ; S. Kim ; P.D. Robbins |
| Alphavirus Expression Vectors / S. Schlesinger |
| Transfectant Influenza Viruses As Antigen Delivery Vectors / A. GarcÃa-Sastre |
| Lentiviral Vectors / L. Naldini ; I.M. Verma |
| Index |
| Kakugo Virus from Brains of Aggressive Worker Honeybees / Tomoko Fujiyuki ; Hideaki Takeuchi ; Masato Ono ; Seii Ohka ; Tetsuhiko Sasaki ; Akio Nomoto ; Takeo Kubo |
| Sociality of the European Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) / I： |
| Identification of a Novel Insect Picorna-like Virus, Kakugo Virus, from the Brains of Aggressive Worker Honeybees / III： |
| Comparison of Features of Kakugo Virus with Other Insect Picorna-like Viruses that Infect Honeybees / IV： |
| Examples of Viral Infections Related to Behavioral Changes in Host Animals / V： |
| Conclusions and Future Prospects / VI： |
| RNA Viruses Redirect Host Factors to Better Amplify Their Genome / Anna M. Boguszewska-Chachulska ; Anne-Lise Haenni |
| How to Study Host Factors Specifically Involved in Viral RNA Transcription/Replication |
| Interaction with the Replicase Complex |
| Binding of Host Proteins to the Viral RNA Genome |
| Interaction with Cytoskeletal Proteins |
| Host Factors Identified Using the Yeast Model |
| Involvement of Membrane Components / VII： |
| Perspectives / VIII： |
| Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Particle Assembly and the Prospects of Fluorescence Microscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interactions Involved / Marjolein Snippe ; Rob Goldbach ; Richard Kormelink |
| Fluorescence Microscopy |
| Conclusions |
| Influenza Virus Virulence and Its Molecular Determinants / Diana L. Noah ; Robert M. Krug |
| Introduction: the Human Disease Caused by Influenza Viruses |
| Assays for Virulence of Influenza A Viruses |
| The Genes and Proteins of Influenza A Viruses |
| The Emergence of New Influenza A Viruses in Humans |
| The Role of the Major Surface Proteins HA and NA in Influenza A Virus Virulence |
| The Role of the Viral Polymerase in Influenza A Virus Virulence |
| The Role of the NS1A Protein in Influenza A Virus Virulence |
| The Molecular Determinants of Influenza A Virus-Induced Cell Death: Possible Role in Virulence |
| Functional Interactions Between Influenza A Virus-Encoded Proteins: Do These Interactions Play a Role in Virulence? / IX： |
| Alteration and Analyses of Viral Entry with Library-Derived Peptides / Keith Bupp ; Monica J. RothX： |
| Examining Virus-Receptor Interactions Using Libraries |
| Targeting Biruses for Gene Therapy |
| A Decade of Advances in Iridovirus Research / Trevor Williams ; Valerie Barbosa-Solomieu ; V. Gregory Chinchar |
| Introduction: Impact of Iridoviruses on the Health of Ecotothermic Vertebrates |
| Taxonomy |
| Genomic Studies |
| Viral Replication Strategy |
| Vertebrate Iridoviruses: Pathology and Diagnosis |
| Immune Responses to Vertebrate Iridoviruses |
| Ecology of Vertebrate Iridoviruses |
| Structure of Invertebrate Iridescent Viruses |
| Ecology of Invertebrate Iridescent Viruses |
| Iridoviruses in Noninsect Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates |
| The Innate Antiviral Response: New Insights into a Continuing Story / Andrea Paun ; Paula M. PithaXI： |
| Interferons |
| Induction of Type I IFN Genes: Transcription Factors of the IRF Family |
| Pathogen Recognition Systems |
| Antigen Presenting Cells: Dendritic Cells |
| Viral Evasion of the Interferon Response |
| Conclusions and Perspectives |
| Apoptosis During Herpes Simplex Virus Infection / Marie L. Nguyen ; John A. Blaho |
| Background |
| HSV-1's Modulation of Apoptosis |
| Cell-Type Differences |
| Apoptosis and HSV-1-Associated Disease |
| The Baculoviruses Occlusion-Derived Virus: Virion Structure and Function / Jeffery Slack ; Basil M. Arif |
| The Baculovirus Life Cycle |
| Cytopathology and Virion Phenotypes |
| ODV Nucleocapsid Proteins |
| ODV Envelope and Tegument Proteins |
| Coupling of Rotavirus Genome Replication and Capsid Assembly / John T. Patton ; Rodrigo Vasquez-Del Carpio ; M. Alejandra ; Tortorici ; Zenobia F. Taraporewala |
| General Features of Rotavirus |
| Replication Cycle |
| Viroplasms |
| Replication Intermediates |
| Genome Replication |
| Origin and Evolution of 3[prime]UTR of Flaviviruses: Long Direct Repeats as a Basis for the Formation of Secondary Structures and Their Significance for Virus Transmission / T. S. Gritsun ; E. A. Gould |
| Short Direct Repeat Sequences |
| Flavivirus Secondary RNA Structures |
| What Is the Functional Significance of the DRs? |
| Evolution of the Flavivirus 3[prime]UTR Occurred by Multiple Duplications |
| DRs Might Serve Essential Functions for Viral Transmission |
| Alignment of All Flavivirus 3[prime]UTRs |
| Tropical Whitefly IPM Project / Francisco J. Morales |
| The Tropical Whitefly IPM Project |
| Spread of Plant Virus Disease to New Plantings: A Case Study of Rice Tungro Disease / T.C.B. Chancellor ; J. Holt ; S. Villareal ; E.R. Tiongco ; J. Venn |
| Rice Tungro Disease |
| Area-Wide Investigation of Rice Tungro Disease Incidence |
| In a Nutshell: Structure and Assembly of the Vaccinia Virion / Richard C. Condit ; Nissin Moussatche ; Paula Traktman |
| Preface |
| Vaccinia Virion Structure |
| Vaccinia Virus Morphogenesis: An Overview |
| Formation of Factories |
| Crescent Formation |
| Immature Virion Formation: A Complex Process |
| IV to IVN Transition: Genome Encapsidation |
| MV Formation |
| Transport, Occlusion, and Secondary Wrapping of MV |
| Virion Proteins of Unknown Function |
| Summary and Perspectives / XII： |
| Human Papillomaviruses and Cervical Cancer / Daniel DiMaio ; John B. Liao |
| Life Cycle of the Papillomaviruses |
| Evidence for an Essential Role of HPV in Cervical Carcinoma |
| Pathogenesis of Cervical Carcinoma |
| Prophylactic Vaccination Against High-Risk HPV Infection |
| Therapeutic Vaccination Against Cervical Carcinoma |
| Prospects for Antiviral Treatments of Cervical Carcinoma |
| Conclusions and Prospects |
| Plant Signal Transduction and Defense Against Viral Pathogens / Pradeep Kachroo ; A.C. Chandra-Shekara ; Daniel F. Klessig |
| R Gene-Mediated Resistance to Viral Pathogens |
| Other Signaling Mechanisms Contributing to Viral Resistance |
| The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses / Paul S. Masters |
| Virion Morphology, Structural Proteins, and Accessory Proteins |
| Viral Replication Cycle and Virion Assembly |
| RNA Synthesis |
| Genetics and Reverse Genetics |
| Chlorella Viruses / Takashi Yamada ; Hideki Onimatsu ; James L. Van Etten |
| Research History, Classification, and Specific Features |
| Virion Structure |
| Virus Life Cycle |
| Virus Gene Expression: Immediate Early and Late Gene Expression |
| Virus Protein Synthesis, Modification, and Degradation |
| Diversity of Chlorella Virus Genomes |
| Cell Wall Digestion: Chitinase, Chitosanase, Polysaccharide Lyase, and [beta]-1,3-Glucanase |
| Glycosyltransferases and Synthesis of Polysaccharides and Fucose |
| Relationship of Chloroviruses to Other Viruses |
| Messenger RNA Turnover and Its Regulation in Herpesviral Infection / Britt A. Glaunsinger ; Donald E. Ganem |
| Regulation of Cytoplasmic mRNA Turnover in Mammalian Cells |
| Introduction to Herpesvirus-Induced Host Shutoff |
| [alpha]-Herpesvirus-Induced mRNA Decay |
| [gamma]-Herpesvirus-Induced mRNA Decay |
| Future Directions and Concluding Remarks |
| Viruses, Vectors, and Vegetation: An Autobiograpby / Karl Maramorosch1： |
| From Childhood in Europe to America |
| Brooklyn Botanic Garden |
| Virus Nomenclature and Classification |
| Cold Spring Harbor |
| The Cadang-Cadang Disease |
| Dark Clouds on the Horizon |
| Insect Viruses and Cell Culture |
| Electron Microscopy |
| Books |
| International Connections |
| Acknowledgments |
| Honey Bee Viruses / Yan Ping Chen ; Reinhold Siede2： |
| Common Honey Bee Viruses |
| Deformed wing virus / A： |
| Sacbrood virus / B： |
| Black queen cell virus / C： |
| Kashmir bee virus / D： |
| Acute bee paralysis virus / E： |
| Chronic bee paralysis virus / F： |
| Virion properties |
| Genome organization and classification |
| Transmission Modes |
| Horizontal transmission |
| Vertical transmission |
| Discussion |
| Pathogenesis |
| Causal relationship between a virus and a disease |
| Tissue tropism |
| Host range |
| Host Defense Mechanisms |
| Colony-level defense |
| Individual-level defense |
| Management of Virus Infections |
| Future Directions |
| Use of Functional Genomics to Understand Influenza-Host Interactions / Jamie L. Fornek ; Marcus J. Korth ; Michael G. Katze3： |
| Model Systems of Influenza A Infection Used in Functional Genomics |
| Cell culture models |
| Murine models |
| Nonhuman primate models |
| New diagnostic approaches |
| A Guide to Viral Inclusions, Membrane Rearrangements, Factories, and Viroplasm Produced During Virus Replication / Christopher Netherton ; Katy Moffat ; Elizabeth Brooks ; Thomas Wileman4： |
| Viroplasm, Virosomes, Factories, and Inclusions |
| Membrane Rearrangements Occurring During the Replication of the Positive-Stranded RNA Viruses |
| Regulation of membrane traffic in the early secretory pathway |
| Picornavirus replication induces numerous membrane vesicles |
| Alphaviruses produce membrane invaginations and spherules |
| The Flaviviridae replicate in vesicular packets and membraneous webs |
| The Nidovirales replicate in association with double-membraned vesicles |
| Virus Factories and Inclusion Bodies Generated by Large DNA Viruses |
| Cytoplasmic virus factories formed by large cytoplasmic DNA viruses |
| Herpesviruses Induce Nuclear Inclusions and Cytoplasmic Assembly Sites |
| Herpesviruses |
| Herpesvirus replication generates inclusions in the nucleus |
| Cytoplasmic inclusions form during late stages of herpesvirus tegumentation: The cytoplasmic assembly compartment |
| Nuclear Inclusions are Formed by Small DNA Viruses |
| Adenovirus |
| Nuclear inclusions formed during polyomavirus and papillomavirus infection |
| Virus Factories and Inclusions Formed by RNA Viruses |
| Reoviruses |
| Inclusions formed during arenavirus infection |
| Inclusions formed during rabies virus infection |
| Parvoviral Host Range and Cell Entry Mechanisms / Susan F. Cotmore ; Peter Tattersall5： |
| Introduction to the Viruses |
| The family parvoviridae |
| The genus Parvovirus |
| Structure of a Uniquely Dense and Compact Virion |
| Rugged 260 A protein capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry |
| Linear single-stranded DNA genomes with palindromic telomeres |
| Creating and expressing transcription templates |
| Recognizing the Target: Cell Surface Receptors and Viral Host Range |
| The MVM model: Glycan-specific interactions around the twofold symmetry axes |
| The FPV/CPV model: Engaging the transferrin receptor at the threefold symmetry axes |
| Breaching the Outer Barrier: To the Cytosol and Beyond |
| Structural transitions in the virion induced in vitro |
| Essential elements in the VP1-specific entry peptide |
| Endocytosis, vacuolar trafficking, and structural transitions in vivo |
| From cytosol to nucleus |
| Waiting for S-phase: Cryptic versus productive infection |
| Viral Stress-Inducible Genes / Ganes C. Sen ; Gregory A. Peters6： |
| Signaling Pathways Leading to VSIG Induction |
| Signaling by dsRNA |
| Inhibition of Translation by Proteins Encoded by VSIGs |
| The P56 family of proteins |
| 2[prime]-5[prime] Oligoadenylate synthetases |
| PKR/PACT |
| Viral Evasion of VSIG Expression and Function |
| Inhibition of IFN synthesis and VSIG induction |
| Inhibition of IFN signaling |
| Cumulative Subject Index, Volumes 25-47 |
| Getting the Message: Direct Manipulation of Host mRNA Accumulation During Gammaherpesvirus Lytic Infection / Karen Clyde |
| Modulation of Host Transcription by the bZIP and RTA Proteins |
| EBV SM Alters Splicing and Stability of Cellular mRNAs |
| Global Repression of Host Gene Expression by the Alkaline Exonucleases |
| Adaptive Immunity to the Hepatitis C Virus / Christopher M. Walker |
| Patterns of HCV Replication |
| Humoral Immunity to HCV |
| Cellular Immunity to HCV |
| Immunity Acquired by Natural Infection can Protect Against HCV Persistence: Implications for Vaccination |
| Summary |
| Molecular Biology of Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus and Related Oncogenesis / Qiliang Cai ; Suhbash C. Verma ; Jie Lu ; Erle S. Robertson |
| General Background |
| Life Cycle of KSHV |
| KSHV Primary Infection |
| KSHV-Mediated Oncogenesis |
| Potential Therapies Against KSHV-Associated Malignances |
| Recent Developments in Understanding Dengue Virus Replication / Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima ; Claudia Patiño ; Silvia Torres ; Francisco Javier DÃazl： |
| Dengue Disease |
| DENV Genome and DENV Proteins |
| Cell Cycle of DENV |
| siRNAs and New Strategies to Control DENV Replication |
| Evolution of Human Papillomavirus Carcinogenicity / Koenraad Van Doorslaer ; Robert D. Burk |
| Papillomavirus Classification |
| Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus infections |
| HPV and Cervical Carcinogenesis |
| HPV Life Cycle |
| HPV Viral Carcinogenicity is Correlated with the Early Viral Region |
| The E6 and E7 Viral Oncogenes |
| Evolutionary History of the E6 and E7 Oncoproteins |
| Toward a Biochemical Understanding of Alphapapillomavirus Oncogenicity |
| Influenza Vaccines: The Good, the Bad, and the Eggs / Stacey Schultz-Cherry ; Jeremy C. Jones |
| Influenza: The Burden |
| The Virus and Its Tricks |
| The Good, the Bad, and the Eggs |
| Pandemic Vaccine: Success in 2009 |
| On the Horizon: Bird Viruses |
| The Future of Influenza Vaccines: Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks |
| The Quest for a "Universal" Influenza Vaccine: Is it Possible? |
| Innate Host Barriers to Viral Trafficking and Population Diversity: Lessons Learned from Poliovirus / Julie K. Pfeiffer |
| Poliovirus Route and Barriers |
| Effects of the Host Barriers on Viral Population Dynamics |
| Involvement of the Plant Nucleolus in Virus and Viroid Infections: Parallels with Animal Pathosystems / M. E. Taliansky ; J. W. S. Brown ; M. L. Rajamäki ; J. P. T. Valkonen ; N. O. Kalinina |
| Structure and Functions of the Nucleolus |
| What we have Learned about Interactions of Viruses with the Nucleolus from Animal Virology |
| Nucleolar Functions of Plant Virus Proteins and Viroics |
| Mechanistic Intersections Between Picornavirus Translation and RNA Replication / Sarah Daijogo ; Bert L. Semler |
| Mycoviruses, RNA Silencing and Viral RNA Recombination / Donald L. Nuss |
| Viruses and Metabolism: Alterations of Glucose and Glutamine Metabolism Mediated by Human Cytomegalovirus / Yongjun Yu ; Amy J. Clippinger ; Francis J. Pierciey, Jr. ; James C. Alwine |
| Regulatory Roles of Protein Kinases in Cytomegalovirus Replication / Manfred Marschall ; Sabine Feichtinger ; Jens Milbradt |
| HIV Immune Evasion: Disruption of Antigen Presentation by the HIV Nef Protein / Elizabeth R. Wonderlich ; Jolie A. Leonard ; Kathleen L. Collins |
| Regulation of HIV-1 Alternative RNA Splicing and Its Role in Virus Replication / C. Martin Stoltzfus |
| HIV-1 Splicing Regulatory Elements |
| Evidence for the Functional Importance of HIV-1 Splicing Regulatory Elements in Virus Replication |
| Strategies to Target HIV-1 Splicing with Antiviral Drugs |
| New insights into Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein 5 / Andrew D. Davidson |
| The Methyltransferase Domain |
| The RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Domain |
| NS5 interactions |
| NS5 Phosphorylation |
| NS5 Localization |
| Emerging Roles for NS5 in Viral Pathogenesis |
| Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
| Replication of the Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA Genome / John M. Taylor |
| Polymerase(s) |
| Promoters and Priming |
| Pausing and Switching |
| Replication in the Nucleus |
| Role(s) of the Delta Antigen |
| Host Factors |
| Viroid Analogy |
| Conclusions and Outlook |
| Recent Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Encephalitis: An Effect of Climate Change? / E. I. Korenberg |
| Major Debatable Issues |
| The Ranges of Main Tick Vectors: Are They Really Expanding? |
| Tick Abundance and TBE Virus Prevalence: Have They Changed? |
| Tick Expansion to the Cities: Is It Related to Climate Change? |
| What Is Known About Newly Formed TBE foci? |
| Anthropurgic TBE foci: What Are the Principles of Their Formation? |
| 135 |
| 136 |
| Acknowledgment |
| Index: Color plate section at the end of the book |
| Looking Back in 2009 at the Dawning of Antiviral Therapy Now 50 Years Ago: An Historical Perspective / Erik De Clercq |
| Thiosemicarbazones: The First Antiviral Drugs Found Active Against the Poxvirus Vaccinia Virus |
| Renaissance of the Poxvirus Inhibitors: Antiviral Drugs Against a Bioterrorist Poxvirus (Variola Virus) Attack |
| Benzimidazole Derivatives: Second Attempt to Launch the Antiviral Chemotherapy Era |
| Renaissance of the Benzimidazole Derivatives: Now Turning into Lead Candidates for the Treatment of Human CMV Infections |
| 5-Substituted 2'-Deoxyuridines: Idoxuridine (IDU) and Trifluridine (TFT), the Third and Definitive Attempt to Unleash Antiviral chemotherapy |
| 5-Substituted 2'-Deoxyuridines: IDU (and TFT) as the Starting Point(s) for Other 5-Substituted 2'-Deoxyuridines, that is, BVDU [(E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-Deoxyuridine] |
| Arabinosyladenine (ara-A), Originally Conceived as an Antitumor Agent, the First Antiviral Drug Licensed and Used for Systemic treatment |
| Acyclovir: The Start of the Selective Antiviral Chemotherapy Era, and Still the "Gold Standard" for HSV Therapy |
| Anti-influenza Virus Therapy: A First Attempt (DRB), Followed by a Second (Amantadine) and a Third Attempt (Neuraminidase Inhibitors) |
| Ribavirin and Interferon, Two "Old-Timers", Joining Forces in the Treatment of a Relatively New Disease, Hepatitis C |
| (S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine (DHPA), the First Acyclic Adenosine Analog, Leading to S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) Hydrolase Inhibitors as Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents |
| (S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine (DHPA) Leading to the First Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate, (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (HPMPA), as a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent / XIII： |
| 9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), the Sister Compound of HPMPA / XIV： |
| From PMEA (Adefovir) to PMPA (tenofovir): It All Depends on the Substitution of a Methyl Group for a Hydrogen / XV： |
| Suramin, the First Antiviral Drug Ever Shown to Inhibit HIV Infection Both in vitro and in vivo / XVI： |
| The Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) with Azidothymidine (AZT) as the Starting Point / XVII： |
| The Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), with the HEPT and TIBO Derivatives as the Starting Point / XVIII： |
| The HIV Protease Inhibitors (Pls), Hailed From Their Inception, as Resulting from rational design / XIX： |
| New HIV Inhibitors, Targeted at Either Fusion (Enfuvirtide), Coreceptor usage (maraviroc), or Integrase (Raltegravir) / XX： |
| Conclusion / XXI： |
| Use of Animal Models to Understand the Pandemic Potential of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses / Jessica A. Belser ; Kristy J. Szretter ; Jacqueline M. Katz ; Terrence M. Tumpey |
| Influenza A Virus Subtypes and Host Range |
| Avian Influenza A Virus in Humans |
| Use of the Mouse Model to Study Influenza Virus Pathogenesis |
| Use of the Ferret Model to Study Influenza Virus Pathogenesis |
| Molecular Basis of Avian Influenza Pathogenesis |
| Virus Versus Host Cell Translation: Love and Hate Stories / Anastassia V. Komarova ; Bertha Cecilia RamÃrez |
| Regulation Prior to Translation |
| Initiation of Translation |
| Elongation of Translation |
| Termination of Translation |
| The History and Evolution of Human Dengue Emergence / Nikos Vasilakis ; Scott C. Weaver |
| Introduction to Flaviviruses |
| Dengue Viruses |
| Dengue Epidemiology |
| Evolution |
| Potential for Sylvatic Denv Reemergence |
| Third-Generation Flavivirus Vaccines Based on Single-Cycle, Encapsidation-Defective Viruses / Douglas G. Widman ; Ilya Frolov ; Peter W. Mason |
| Currently Licensed Vaccines for Flavivirus Diseases |
| Promising Vaccine Candidates in Development |
| Replication-Defective and Single-Cycle Virus Vaccines |
| Conclusion and Perspectives |
| Swine Influenza Viruses: A North American Perspective / Amy L. Vincent ; Wenjun Ma ; Kelly M. Lager ; Bruce H. Janke ; Jurgen A. Richt |
| Introduction to Influenza A Viruses |
| Evolution of North American SI Viruses of the H1 and H3 Subtype |
| Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza Viruses and Novel Subtypes in North American Swine |
| Vaccination of Pigs Against SI |
| Replication and Partitioning of Papillomavirus Genomes / Alison A. McBride |
| Replication Initiation |
| Maintenance Replication |
| Vegetative Replication |
| Other Aspects of Papillomavirus Replication |
| Rhesus Cytomegalovirus: A Nonhuman Primate Model for The Study of Human Cytomegalovirus / Yujuan Yue ; Peter A. Barry |
| Discovery of RhCMV |
| Epidemiology of RhCMV |
| Pathogenesis of RhCMV |
| The Coding Capacity of RhCMV |
| Susceptibility of RhCMV to Anti-HCMV Drugs |
| Host Immunity to RhCMV |
| Modulation of the Host by RhCMV |
| Vaccine Studies in Rhesus Macaques |
| Acknowledgements |
| Drosophila Viruses and the Study of Antiviral Host-Defense / Tunde Huszar ; Jean-Luc Imler |
| Sigma Virus |
| Drosophila C Virus (DCV) |
| Other Drosophila Viruses |
| Antiviral Reactions in Drosophila |
| The Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis: What We Don't Know / Neal Nathanson |
| Sequential Steps in the Spread of Infection |
| Questions unanswered: Cellular sites of replication |
| Questions unanswered: Neural invasion from the blood |
| Provocation Poliomyelitis |
| Questions unanswered: The mechanism of the provoking effect |
| Questions unanswered: Neural spread |
| PVR, Tropism, and the Localization of Lesions |
| Questions unanswered: Receptor expression is necessary but not sufficient |
| Questions unanswered: Localization within the CNS |
| Questions unanswered: How poliovirus kills cells |
| Host Innate and Immune Response to Infection |
| Questions unanswered: The acquired immune response |
| Immune Defenses and Viral Clearance: Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Protection |
| Primary infections |
| Secondary infection in immune hosts |
| Poliovirus serotypes |
| Animal Models of Human Poliomyelitis |
| Questions unanswered: Determinants of primate susceptibility |
| Questions unanswered: The mechanism of rodent adaptation |
| Questions unanswered: PVR mice |
| Questions unanswered: The tropism enigma |
| Virulence of Polioviruses |
| Questions unanswered: Mechanisms of neurovirulence |
| Questions unanswered: Viremia and virulence |
| Questions unanswered: Epidemiological properties of polioviruses |
| How Does Poliovirus Persist? |
| Questions unanswered: Overt persistence of poliovirus |
| The post-polio syndrome and covert persistence of poliovirus |
| Eradication |
| Questions unanswered: Why is it so difficult to complete the global eradication of wild polioviruses? |
| Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses and the Eradication Endgame |
| Questions unanswered: What strategy should be followed if wild polioviruses are eradicated? |
| Reprise |
| Cutting the Gordian Knot-Development and Biological Relevance of Hepatitis C Virus Cell Culture Systems / Judith M. Gottwein ; Jens Bukh |
| Genetic Heterogeneity of HCV-Genotypes, Subtypes, Isolates, and Quasispecies |
| The HCV Genome and Its Encoded Proteins |
| Host Cell Factors Supporting the HCV Life Cycle |
| Consensus HCV cDNA Clones-Infectious in Transfected Chimpanzees |
| The Replicon System-Autonomous HCV RNA Replication in Hepatoma Cell Lines |
| Identification of adaptive mutations led to more efficient replicon systems |
| The study of replicon systems led to identification of highly permissive Huh7 cell lines |
| Pseudo-Particles Expressing the HCV Envelope Proteins (HCVpp)-A System for the Study of Viral Entry and Neutralization |
| The JFH1 Isolate-Generation of Cell Culture Derived HCV (HCVcc) in Full Viral Life Cycle Cell Culture Systems |
| The original and adapted JFH1 cell culture system |
| The J6/JFH1 cell culture system |
| Analysis of HCV buoyant density suggests a role of lipoproteins for the viral life cycle |
| Possible causes of special growth characteristics of JFH1 and J6/JFH1 |
| Applicability of JFH1 and J6/JFH1 cell culture system |
| Perspectives for Further Development of HCV Cell Culture Systems |
| Adaptation of cell culture systems to yield higher viral titers |
| Cell culture systems for other HCV genotypes |
| Expansion of cell culture systems to different host cells |
| Conclusion-Implications of Novel Cell Culture Systems |
| Poxvirus Host Range Genes / Steven J. Werden ; Masmudur M. Rahman ; Grant McFadden |
| Orthopoxvirus Host Range Genes |
| SPI-1 |
| K1L |
| C7L |
| CHOhr |
| p28/N1R |
| B5R (ps/hr) |
| E3L / G： |
| K3L / H： |
| Myxoma Virus Host Range Genes |
| M-T2 |
| M-T4 |
| M-T5 |
| M11L |
| M13L |
| M063 |
| Molluscum Contagiosum: An Extreme Example of Host Range Restriction |
| Receptor Interactions, Tropism, and Mechanisms Involved in Morbillivirus-Induced Immunomodulation / Jurgen Schneider-Schaulies ; Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies |
| General aspects of MV- and morbillivirus-induced immunosuppression |
| Relationships between tropism of the virus, spread of infection, and immunosuppression |
| Leukopenia Associated with Morbillivirus Infections |
| Mechanisms and Consequences of T Cell Silencing in Morbillivirus Infections |
| Receptors and Signaling Involved in Suppression of Cell Functions |
| Virus Interactions with DCs |
| Virus interference with DC functions in animal models |
| Experimental models and consequences of DC surface interactions with viral proteins |
| Consequences of infection on DC viability and function |
| Lyssaviruses-Current Trends / Susan A. Nadin-Davis ; Christine Fehlner-Gardiner |
| Developments in Diagnostic and Surveillance Tools |
| Diagnosis |
| Viral typing |
| Evolutionary time frames |
| Modeling applications |
| Fundamental Aspects of Virus-Host Interactions |
| What is the basis for RABV pathogenicity? |
| Role of viral proteins |
| Role of host cell pathways |
| Considerations for future studies on rabies pathogenesis |
| Reverse Genetics-Methodology and Applications |
| RABV vaccines |
| Vaccines for other diseases |
| Other Strategies for Rabies Vaccine Development |
| Adenovirus recombinants |
| DNA vaccines |
| The Challenge of Rabies Biologics for Passive Immunity |
| Novel Applications of RABV |
| Use as a neuronal tracer |
| Use of RABV proteins for molecular targeting |
| Concluding Remarks |
| Contributors |
| Regulation of Foamy Viral Transcription and RNA Export / Jochen Bodern |
| Foamy Viral Transcription |
| Foamy Viral Transcripts |
| Tas Function |
| Modulation of Chromatin Formation and Structure |
| Regulation of FV Polyadenylation |
| Regulation of Foamy Viral RNA Export |
| Diagnosis and Control of Cereal Viruses in the Middle East / Aboul-Ata E. Aboul-Ata ; Hamed Mazyad ; Ahmad Kamal El-Attar ; Ahmed Mohamed Soliman ; Ghandi Anfoka ; Muhammad Zeidan ; Rena Gorovits ; Iris Sobol ; Henryk Czosnek |
| Diagnosis, Detection, and Typing of Cereal Viruses |
| Activities of National Plant Protection Services for Sustained Production of Cereal Germplasm |
| Breeding Cereals Resistant to Viruses |
| The Roles of Host Factors in Tombusvirus RNA Recombination / Peter D. Nagy |
| Identification of Host Components Affecting TBSV Recombination Based on Genome-wide Screens in Yeast |
| Functions of Host Proteins in TBSV RNA Recombination |
| The Combined Roles of Environmental and Host Factors in TBSV RNA Recombination |
| Summary and Outlook |
| Coronavirus Pathogenesis / Susan R. Weiss ; Julian L. Leibowitz |
| Genome and Virion |
| Coronavirus-lnduced Diseases |
| Coronavirus Reverse Genetics |
| Structural Proteins |
| Replicase Proteins |
| MHV Accessory Proteins |
| SARS Accessory Proteins |
| Conclusions and Future Directions |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Protein R as an Extracellular Protein in Neuropathogenesis / Adriano Ferrucci ; Michael R. Nonnemacher ; Brian Wigdahl |
| Extracellular Vpr: Active Secretion or Nonspecific Release? |
| Extracellular Presence of Other HIV-1 Proteins |
| Source of Extracellular Vpr in the Brain |
| Impact of Extracellular Vpr on Cells in the Periphery |
| Effects of Extracellular Vpr on Neurons |
| Effects of Extracellular Vpr on Astrocytes |
