| Preface |
| Introduction / 1： |
| Quantitative versus Qualitative Schools of Thought |
| Use of Triangulation Research Methodology |
| Qualitative Strategies: Defining an Orientation |
| From a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective |
| Why Use Qualitative Methods? |
| A Plan of Presentation |
| Designing Qualitative Research / 2： |
| Theory and Concepts |
| Ideas and Theory |
| Reviewing the Literature |
| Theory, Reality, and the Social World |
| Framing Research Problems |
| Operationalization and Conceptualization |
| Designing Projects |
| Data Collection and Organization |
| Data Storage, Retrieval, and Analysis |
| Dissemination |
| Ethical Issues / 3： |
| Research Ethics in Historical Perspective |
| From Guidelines to Law: Regulations on the Research Process |
| Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) |
| Ethical Codes |
| Some Common Ethical Concerns in Behavioral Research |
| New Areas for Ethical Concern: Cyberspace |
| Physical and Ethical Dangers in Covert Research |
| Informed Consent and Implied Consent |
| Confidentiality and Anonymity |
| Securing the Data |
| Objectivity and Careful Research Design |
| A Dramaturgical Look at Interviewing / 4： |
| Dramaturgy and Interviewing |
| Types of Interviews |
| The Interview Schedule |
| Schedule Development |
| Communicating Effectively |
| A Few Common Problems in Question Formulation |
| Pretesting the Schedule |
| Long versus Short Interviews |
| Telephone Interviews |
| Computer-Assisted Interviewing |
| An Unnatural Communication? |
| The Dramaturgical Interview |
| The Interviewer's Repertoire |
| Know Your Audience |
| Analyzing Data Obtained from the Dramaturgical Interview |
| Focus Group Interviewing / 5： |
| What Are Focus Group Interviews? |
| The Evolution of Focus Group Interviews |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Group Interviewing |
| Facilitating Focus Group Dynamics: How Focus Groups Work |
| The Moderator's Guide |
| Basic Ingredients in Focus Groups |
| Confidentiality and Focus Group Interviews |
| Recent Trends in Focus Groups |
| Ethnographic Field Strategies / 6： |
| Accessing a Field Setting: Getting In |
| Reflectivity and Ethnography |
| Becoming Invisible |
| Other Dangers During Ethnographic Research |
| Watching, Listening, and Learning |
| Computers and Ethnography |
| Analyzing Ethnographic Data |
| Other Analysis Strategies: Typologies, Sociograms, and Metaphors |
| Disengaging: Getting Out |
| Action Research / 7： |
| The Basics of Action Research |
| Identifying the Research Question(s) |
| Gathering the Information to Answer Question(s) |
| Analyzing and Interpreting the Information |
| Sharing the Results with the Participants |
| The Action Researcher's Role |
| Types of Action Research |
| Photovoice and Action Research |
| Unobtrusive Measures in Research / 8： |
| Archival Strategies |
| Physical Erosion and Accretion: Human Traces as Data Sources |
| Historiography and Oral Traditions / 9： |
| What Is Historical Research? |
| Life Histories and Historiography |
| What Are the Sources of Data of Historical Researchers? |
| Doing Historiography: Tracing Written History as Data |
| What Are Oral Histories? |
| Case Studies / 10： |
| The Nature of Case Studies |
| The Individual Case Study |
| Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Collective Case Studies |
| Case Study Design Types |
| The Scientific Benefit of Case Studies |
| Case Studies of Organizations |
| Case Studies of Communities |
| An Introduction to Content Analysis / 11： |
| Analysis of Qualitative Data |
| Content Analysis as a Technique |
| Content Analysis: Quantitative or Qualitative? |
| Communication Components |
| What to Count: Levels and Units of Analysis |
| Category Development: Building Grounded Theory |
| Open Coding |
| Coding Frames |
| Stages in the Content Analysis Process |
| Strengths and Weaknesses of the Content Analysis Process |
| Computers and Qualitative Analysis |
| Qualitative Research at the Speed of Light |
| Writing Research Papers: Sorting the Noodles from the Soup / 12： |
| Identifying the Purpose of the Writing: Arranging the Noodles |
| Delineating a Supportive Structure: Visual Signals for the Reader |
| Presenting Research Material |
| A Word About the Content of Papers and Articles |
| Write It, Rewrite It, Then Write It Again! |
| A Final Note |
| Name Index |
| Subject Index |
| Preface |
| Introduction / 1： |
| Quantitative versus Qualitative Schools of Thought |
| Use of Triangulation Research Methodology |
| Qualitative Strategies: Defining an Orientation |
| From a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective |
