Fundamentals of laser optics

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Fundamentals of laser optics / Kenichi Iga ; technical editor, Richard B. Miles

資料種別:

図書[東工大目次DB]

出版情報:

New York : Plenum Press, c1994

形態:

xv, 285 p. ; 24 cm

シリーズ名:

Lasers, photonics, and electro-optics <BA22750755>

著者名:

分担著者名:

伊賀, 健一(1940-)

ISBN:

9780306446047 [0306446049]

書誌ID:

BA22750653

子書誌情報

フルテキスト

所蔵情報

他の版・巻

書誌詳細

注記:

Includes bibliographical references and index

著者名ヨミ:

イガ, ケンイチ

主題:

Electrooptics; Lasers

言語:

英語

目次情報:

Chapter 1. The Basic Concept of Lasers

1.1. What Is a Laser? 1

1.2. History of Lasers 4

1.2.1. Development of Masers 4

1.2.2. Development of Lasers 5

1.3. Characteristics of Laser Beams 6

1.4. Field of Optoelectronics 9

Problems 10

References 11

Chapter 2. Laser Applications

2.1. Laser Characteristics and Application Areas 13

2.2. Optical Communications 16

2.2.1. Optical Communication Systems 16

2.2.2. Semiconductor Lasers for Optical Fiber Communication 18

2.2.3. Lasers as Light Sources in Communication Measurement 19

2.2.4. Optical Amplifiers 20

2.3. Laser Disks 21

2.4. Lightwave Sensing 23

2.4.1. Light Output 23

2.4.2. Radiation Angle of Light Beam 24

2.4.3. Instability of Laser Operation Caused by Optical Feedback 25

2.4.4. Increase of Intensity Noise Caused by Mode Hopping 25

2.4.5. Variation of Power Related to Temperature Change 26

2.4.6. Variation of Wavelength Related to Temperature Change 26

2.4.7. Reproducibility of Wavelenght 27

2.4.8. Linewidth 27

2.4.9. Resistivity against Electrical Surge and Lifetime 28

2.5. Electro-Optic Equipment 28

2.6. Medical Applications 29

2.7. Energy Development 29

2.8. Laser Display 30

Problems 30

References 31

Chapter 3. Gas and Liquid Lasers

3.1. Gas Lasers 33

3.1.1. Helium-Neon Laser 33

3.1.2. CO2 Laser 35

3.1.3. Ion Lasers 36

3.1.4. Helium-Cadmium Laser 37

3.1.5. Nitrogen Laser 37

3.2. Excimer Lasers 38

3.3. Liquid Lasers 39

3.4. Other Lasers 40

Problems 40

References 41

Chapter 4. Solid-State Lasers

4.1. Ruby Lasers 43

4.2. YAG Lasers 44

4.3. Glass Lasers 46

4.4. Optical Fiber Laser Amplifiers 46

4.5. Other Solid-State Lasers 47

Problems 48

References 48

Chapter 5. Semiconductor Lasers-Materials and Devices

5.1. Outline of Semiconductor Lasers 49

5.1.1. Development of Semiconductor Lasers 49

5.1.2. Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers 51

5.2. Materials for Semiconductor Lasers 52

5.2.1. Crystals for 1-μm-Band Semiconductor Lasers 52

5.2.2. Crystals for Visible to Near-Infrared Semiconductor Lasers 56

5.3. Basic Concept of Semiconductor Lasers 58

5.3.1. Oscillation Conditions 58

5.3.2. Gain Width and Oscillation Spectra 60

5.3.3. Transverse Mode Characteristics 62

5.3.4. Threshold and Efficiency 64

5.3.5. Near-and Far-Field Patterns 65

5.3.6. Temperature Characteristics 65

Problems 66

References 67

Chapter 6. Light Beams

6.1. Equations Expressing an Electromagnetic Field of Light 71

6.1.1. Passive Case 73

6.1.2. Active Case 74

6.2. Normal Modes 75

6.3. Normal Modes in Distributed Index (DI) Waveguides 77

6.4. Expansion Methods for Normal Modes 82

6.5. Gaussin Beams in Free Space 86

6.6. Transformation Matrix of Waveform and Ray Transfer Matrix 89

6.6.1. Transformation Matrix of Waveforms 89

6.6.2. Ray Transfer Matrix 93

6.7. Representation of Waveform Coefficient Transformation by the Smith Chart 95

6.8. Appendix 1: Matrix of a DI Waveguide 96

6.9. Appendix 2: Transfer Matrices in Free Space 100

Problems 101

References 101

Chapter 7. Optical Waveguides for Laser Technology

7.1. Normal Modes in a Planar Dielectric Waveguide 103

7.2. Modes of a Three-Dimensional Waveguide 113

7.3. Confinement Factor 114

7.4. Radiation from the Edge of a Waveguide 115

Problems 117

References 118

Chapter 8. Laser Resonators and Resonant Modes

8.1. Introduction 119

8.2. Fabry-Perot Waveguide-Type Resonators 121

8.3. Open Fabry-Perot Resonators with Concave Mirrors 125

8.3.1. Spotsize 125

8.3.2. Stability of Resonators 126

8.3.3. Mode and Diffraction Loss in Fabry-Perot Resonators 129

8.3.4. Resonance Frequency 137

8.4. Distributed Feedback/Reflector Resonators 139

8.4.1. Resonance Frequencies 139

8.4.2. Diffracted Waves 140

8.4.3. Stop Bands 142

8.4.4. Distributed Bragg Reflector-Type Resonators 146

8.4.5. λB/4 Phase Shift 147

8.5. Resonator Loss and Resonance Characteristics 148

8.5.1. Decay Time and Q-Value 148

8.5.2. Resonance Characteristics and Transfer Function 149

8.6. Summary 150

Problems 150

References 151

Chapter 9. Laser Equations

9.1. Density Matrix and Equations of Motions 153

9.1.1. Density Matrix 153

9.1.2. Density Operator and Density Matrix in the Pure State 155

9.1.3. Density Operator in a Continuous Eigenstate 156

9.2. Dipole Transition 158

9.2.1. Diagonal Elements of the Density Matrix 158

9.2.2. Nondiagonal Elements of the Density Matrix 160

Problems 163

References 163

Chapter 10. Rate Equations

10.1. Homogeneous Gain 165

10.2. Rate Equations 167

10.3. Laser Gain 170

10.3.1. Laser Gain 171

10.3.2. Gain of Semiconductor Lasers 172

10.3.3. Quantum Well Lasers 174

10.4. Oscillation Conditions 177

Problems 180

References 181

Chapter 11. Laser Gain and Saturation

11.1. Inhomogeneous Broadening 183

11.2. Hole Burning 184

11.3. Saturation of Light Output 189

11.4. Gain and Saturation in Semiconductor Lasers 194

Problems 204

References 205

Chapter 12. Modulation and Light Pulse Generation

12.1. Delay in Laser Oscillation 207

12.2. Relaxation Oscillation 208

12.3. Q-Switching 210

12.4. Mode Locking 212

12.5. Direct Modulation 214

Problems 216

References 217

Chapter 13. Laser Noise

13.1. Intensity Noise 219

13.1.1. Measure of Intensity Noise 219

13.1.2. Quantum Noise 220

13.1.3. Enhancement of Intensity Noise by Various Factors 223

13.1.4. Stabilization of Laser Output 224

13.2. Frequency Noise 224

13.2.1. Expression for Frequency Noise 224

13.2.2. Quantum Noise 224

13.2.3. Enhancement of Frequency Noise by Various Factors 227

13.2.4. Measuring Linewidth 227

13.3. Control of Linewidth 228

13.3.1. Optical Methods 228

13.3.2. An Electric Method 229

13.4. Laser Frequency Stabilization 229

13.4.1. Allan Variance 229

13.4.2. Stabilization at the Center of Laser Gain 230

13.4.3. Stabilization with an External Frequency Standard 230

Problems 231

References 231

Chapter 14. Advanced Technology for Semiconductor Laser Fabrication and Integration

14.1. Methods of Semiconductor Crystal Growth 233

14.1.1. Outline of Crystal Growth Method 233

14.1.2. Liquid-Phase Epitaxy 234

14.1.3. Vapor-Phase Epitaxy 238

14.1.4. Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition 239

14.1.5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy 240

14.1.6. Chemical Beam Epitaxy 241

14.2. Laser Devices and Fabrication Processes 241

14.2.1. Energy Band Structures in Heterojunction Devices 241

14.2.2. Doping 244

14.2.3. Fabrication Methods of Wafers for Lasers 245

14.3. Evaluation of Wafers 247

14.3.1. Observation of Surface Morphology 248

14.3.2. Observation of Cross Sections 248

14.3.3. Determining Composition 248

14.3.4. Determining the Band Gap, Eg 248

14.3.5. Measuring Lattice Matching 249

14.3.6. Photoluminescence 249

14.3.7. Measurement of Refractive Index 250

14.3.8. Misfit Density 251

14.4. Fabrication of Fundamental Laser Devices and Characterization Methods 251

14.4.1. Fabrication Method of Fundamental Laser Devices 251

14.4.2. Stripe-Geometry Lasers 253

14.5. Longitudinal Mode Control 254

14.6. Modulation and Noise 257

14.6.1. Modulation and Bandwidth of a Semiconductor Laser 257

14.6.2. Noise 258

14.6.3. Frequency Stability 259

14.7. Prospects of Semiconductor Lasers 260

14.7.1. Laser Arrays 260

14.7.2. Integration 261

14.7.3. Prospects of Optical Subsystems 263

Problems 264

References 264

Chapter 15. Surface-Emitting Lasers

15.1. Advantages of Surface-Emitting Lasers 267

15.2. History of Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers 270

15.3. Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) 271

15.3.1. GaInAsP/InP Surface-Emitting Lasers 271

15.3.2. GaA1As/GaAs Surface-Emitting Lasers 273

15.3.3. GaInAs/GaAs Surface-Emitting Lasers 275

15.4. Ultimate Threshold and Spontaneous Emission Control 275

15.4.1. Ultimate Threshold 275

15.4.2. Spontaneous Emission Control 275

15.4.3. Photon Recycling 276

15.5. Two Dimensional Arrays of Surface-Emitting Lasers 277

15.6. Applied Subsystems 278

15.7. Prospects 280

References 280

Index 283

Chapter 1. The Basic Concept of Lasers

1.1. What Is a Laser? 1

1.2. History of Lasers 4

1.2.1. Development of Masers 4

1.2.2. Development of Lasers 5

1.3. Characteristics of Laser Beams 6

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