| Introduction to Natural Language Understanding / 1： |
| The Study of Language |
| Applications of Natural Language Understanding |
| Evaluating Language Understanding Systems |
| The Different Levels of Language Analysis |
| Representations and Understanding |
| The Organization of Natural Language Understanding Systems |
| Linguistic Background: An Outline of English Syntax / 2： |
| Words |
| The Elements of Simple Noun Phrases |
| Verb Phrases and Simple Sentences |
| Noun Phrases Revisited |
| Adjective Phrases |
| Adverbial Phrases |
| Grammars and Parsing / 3： |
| Grammars and Sentence Structure |
| What Makes a Good Grammar |
| A Top-Down Parser |
| A Bottom-Up Chart Parser |
| Top-Down Chart Parsing |
| Finite State Models and Morphological Processing |
| Grammars and Logic Programming |
| Features and Augmented Grammars / 4： |
| Feature Systems and Augmented Grammars |
| Some Basic Feature Systems for English |
| Morphological Analysis and the Lexicon |
| A Simple Grammar Using Features |
| Parsing with Features |
| Augmented Transition Networks |
| Definite Clause Grammars |
| Generalized Feature Systems and Unification Grammars |
| Grammars for Natural Language / 5： |
| Auxiliary Verbs and Verb Phrases |
| Movement Phenomena in Language |
| Handling Questions in Context-Free Grammars |
| Noun Phrases and Relative Clauses |
| The Hold Mechanism in ATN |
| Gap Threading |
| Toward Efficient Parsing / 6： |
| Human Preferences in Parsing |
| Encoding Uncertainty: Shift-Reduce Parsers |
| A Deterministic Parser |
| Techniques for Efficient Encoding of Ambiguity |
| Partial Parsing |
| Ambiguity Resolution: Statistical Methods / 7： |
| Basic Probability Theory |
| Estimating Probabilities |
| Part-of-Speech Tagging |
| Obtaining Lexical Probabilities |
| Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars |
| Best-First Parsing |
| A Simple Context-Dependent Best-First Parser |
| Semantics and Logical Form / 8： |
| Introduction to Natural Language Understanding / 1： |
| The Study of Language |
| Applications of Natural Language Understanding |
| Evaluating Language Understanding Systems |
| The Different Levels of Language Analysis |
| Representations and Understanding |
