| Preface |
| INTRODUCTION: THE CHANGES RECORDED DICS |
| I.1 The Changes in Discs (Records) 1 |
| I.2 The Changes in Software 4 |
| Chapter 1 WHAT IS A COMPACT DISC - THE CD SYSTEM |
| 1.1 More than 60 Minutes Playing Time Is Possible with a Small Disc 7 |
| 1.2 Why Does a Single Disc Hold More than an Hour? 7 |
| 1.3 A Signal of 0's and 1's Is Used for Recording 9 |
| 1.4 Resistant to Dirt and Scratches 11 |
| 1.5 There Is No Needle in the CD System Pickup 12 |
| 1.6 The Light Beam Plays the Role of the Needle 14 |
| 1.7 Frequency Response of the CD System 16 |
| 1.8 The RPM at the Inside and Outside Circumferences of the Disc Are Different in the CD System 19 |
| Chapter 2 THE STEPS OF DIGITALIZATION |
| 2.1 The Steps toward Digital Audio 21 |
| 2.1.1 Start with rotary head 21 |
| 2.1.2 Stationary head type follows 24 |
| 2.1.3 A rotary head consumer model marketed 24 |
| 2.2 Why Is Digitalization Good? 29 |
| 2.2.1 The chance for digitalization 29 |
| 2.2.2 What is digitalization 33 |
| 2.2.3 Sampling and quantization 34 |
| 2.2.4 The method of digitalization 38 |
| 2.2.5 Characteristics affecting sound quality 43 |
| 2.2.6 Characteristics affecting operability 44 |
| 2.2.7 Characteristics of equipment design and selection 44 |
| 2.2.8 Route to commercialization 45 |
| Chapter 3 THE BIRTH OF THE DIGITAL AUDIO DISC (DAD) |
| 3.1 Growth-Looking Back at Video Discs 47 |
| 3.1.1 Development of video discs 47 |
| 3.1.2 Piezoelectric (mechanical) systems - TED system 47 |
| 3.1.3 Capacitance systems 48 |
| 3.1.4 Optical system 53 |
| 3.1.5 Magnetic system 55 |
| 3.2 Standardization of Digital Audio Discs 55 |
| 3.2.1 The path to standardization - the steps toward DAD 55 |
| 3.2.2 CD system 59 |
| 3.2.3 MD system 59 |
| 3.2.4 AHD system 62 |
| 3.2.5 The evaluation of the DAD conference 64 |
| 3.3 Main System Standards for the CD System 65 |
| 3.3.1 Sampling frequency 44.1 kHz 65 |
| 3.3.2 Quantization number 16 bits 68 |
| 3.3.3 Playing time 60 minutes 69 |
| 3.3.4 Disc dimensions 12 cm 70 |
| Chapter 4 CONSTRUCTION OF THE DISC |
| 4.1 The Shape and Materials of the Disc 71 |
| 4.2 Premastering 73 |
| 4.3 How Discs Are Made 76 |
| 4.3.1 Compression molding 78 |
| 4.3.2 Injection molding 78 |
| 4.3.3 2P method (photo polymerization) 79 |
| 4.4 Shape of the Pits 80 |
| 4.4.1 Pit width 80 |
| 4.4.2 Pit length 80 |
| 4.4.3 Pit depth 81 |
| 4.4.4 Pit edges 82 |
| 4.4.5 Asymmetry 83 |
| Chapter 5 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SIGNAL |
| 5.1 Why Is Error Correction Necessary? 85 |
| 5.2 What Is Error Correction? 87 |
| 5.3 Error Correction in the CD System (CIRC) 92 |
| 5.3.1 Reed-Solomon code 92 |
| 5.3.2 CIRC 97 |
| 5.4 Why Modulation Is Necessary 105 |
| 5.5 Modulation Method for the CD System (EFM) 107 |
| 5.6 Signal Format 111 |
| 5.7 Subcoding 113 |
| 5.8 CD-ROM Format 117 |
| 5.9 CDV Format and Signal Processing 119 |
| Chapter 6 CONSTRUCTION OF THE PLAYER |
| 6.1 Player Construction 125 |
| 6.2 Function of the Optical Pickup 126 |
| 6.3 Restoration of the RF Signal 128 |
| 6.4 Asymmetry Correction and Clock Regeneration 131 |
| 6.5 Digital Signal Processing and the Function of the Memory 132 |
| 6.6 Tracking Servo Mechanism 133 |
| 6.6.1 Twin spot system 135 |
| 6.6.2 Push-pull system 136 |
| 6.7 Focus Servo Mechanism 138 |
| 6.7.1 Astigmatism method 140 |
| 6.7.2 Foucault method 141 |
| 6.8 Speed Control Servo Mechanism 142 |
| 6.9 Construction of the CDV Player 145 |
| Chapter 7 AN ACTUAL CD PLAYER |
| 7.1 Player Structure 149 |
| 7.2 Analog ICs 150 |
| 7.2.1 RF amp 150 |
| 7.2.2 Servo signal processing 151 |
| 7.3 Digital ICs 152 |
| 7.3.1 Signal processing LSI 152 |
| 7.3.2 LSI for the digital filter 154 |
| 7.4 DA Converter 155 |
| 7.4.1 Integration method 158 |
| 7.4.2 DEM method 160 |
| 7.5 Slide Mechanism and Access 162 |
| 7.5.1 Slide mechanism 162 |
| 7.5.2 Access 164 |
| 7.6 Optical Pickup 165 |
| 7.6.1 Laser diode (Semiconductor laser) 168 |
| 7.6.2 Lens 173 |
| 7.6.3 Actuator 174 |
| 7.6.4 Detector 176 |
| 7.6.5 Integrated pickup 176 |
| Chapter 8 HOW TO ENJOY THE CD SYSTEM |
| 8.1 Summing up the Special Features of the CD System 179 |
| 8.1.1 Sound quality - obtainable response 179 |
| 8.1.2 Reliability - the advantage of no-contact operation 180 |
| 8.1.3 Operability 181 |
| 8.1.4 Dimensions and weight 182 |
| 8.2 Different Kinds of CDs 183 |
| 8.2.1 Components 183 |
| 8.2.2 Car stereos 186 |
| 8.2.3 Automatic changers 187 |
| 8.2.4 Portable players 188 |
| 8.3 Using CDs 190 |
| 8.3.1 Players 190 |
| 8.3.2 Discs 191 |
| 8.4 Additional Features of CDs 192 |
| 8.4.1 Subcoding 192 |
| 8.4.2 Digital audio interface 195 |
| 8.4.3 4 Channel systems 196 |
| Chapter 9 CD - VARIATIONS |
| 9.1 Extended Forms for CDs 197 |
| 9.2 CD-ROM 199 |
| 9.2.1 Main features 199 |
| 9.2.2 Data recording 200 |
| 9.2.3 Hardware 201 |
| 9.3 CD-I 203 |
| 9.3.1 Main features 203 |
| 9.3.2 Data recording 204 |
| 9.3.3 Hardware 206 |
| 9.4 CDV 207 |
| 9.4.1 Data recording 208 |
| 9.4.2 Hardware 209 |
| 9.5 CD Singles 209 |
| 9.6 Recordable CDs 209 |
| Explanation of Terms 211 |
| Index 217 |
| Preface |
| INTRODUCTION: THE CHANGES RECORDED DICS |
| I.1 The Changes in Discs (Records) 1 |
| I.2 The Changes in Software 4 |
| Chapter 1 WHAT IS A COMPACT DISC - THE CD SYSTEM |
| 1.1 More than 60 Minutes Playing Time Is Possible with a Small Disc 7 |
