Radar reflectivity of land and sea

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Radar reflectivity of land and sea / Maurice W. Long

資料種別:: 図書
出版情報:: Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books, c1975
形態:: xxvi, 366 p. ; 24 cm
著者名:: Long, Maurice W. <DA01803055>
ISBN:: 9780669000504 [0669000507]
書誌ID:: BA52228923

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注記:

Includes bibliographies and indexes

主題:

Radar

言語:

英語

目次情報:

Preface

References

Acknowledgments

Remote Sensing by Radar / 1：

State of the Art / 1.1：

Overview / 1.1.1：

Radar Capabilities at the End of World War II / 1.1.2：

Strip Maps and Side-Looking Radar / 1.1.3：

Spaceborne Radar / 1.1.4：

Surface Effects and Emerging Techniques / 1.2：

Effects of Surface Characteristics / 1.2.1：

Modern Techniques for Sensing Surface Characteristics / 1.2.2：

Basic Concepts and Definitions / 2：

Radar Reflectivity / 2.1：

The Radar Equation for Free Space / 2.1.1：

Radar Cross Section of Targets / 2.1.2：

Normalized Radar Cross Section / 2.1.3：

Coherence and Incoherence of a Scattered Field / 2.1.4：

Rayleigh Roughness Criterion, Specular Reflection, and Scattering / 2.1.5：

Far Field of Radar Targets / 2.1.6：

Effects of Radar Frequency Changes / 2.1.7：

Echo Fluctuations / 2.1.8：

The Earth and Its Effects on Radar / 2.2：

Effects of the Earth's Curvature and Refraction / 2.2.1：

The Effect of Interference on a Target / 2.2.2：

Nature of the Sea Surface and Wind Speed Statistics / 2.2.3：

Propagation over the Horizon / 2.2.4：

Attenuation and Scattering by the Atmosphere / 2.2.5：

Polarization, Depolarization, and Theories of Scattering / 3：

Polarization and Depolarization / 3.1：

Polarization Scattering Matrix / 3.1.1：

Relationships Between Linear and Circular Polarizations / 3.1.2：

A Randomly Oriented Dipole / 3.1.3：

A Dihedral Reflector / 3.1.4：

Depolarization Caused by an Ensemble of Randomly Oriented Dipoles / 3.1.5：

Theories for Radar Cross Section of Rough Surfaces / 3.2：

Simple Models Including the Constant Gamma Model / 3.2.1：

Classical Interference Theory / 3.2.2：

The Tangent Plane Approximation / 3.2.3：

Very Rough Surfaces / 3.2.4：

The Facet Model / 3.2.5：

The Slightly Rough Planar Surface / 3.2.6：

Ripples on Water / 3.2.7：

Vegetation Model / 3.2.8：

Composite Surfaces / 3.2.9：

Doppler Spectra of Sea Echo / 3.2.10：

Effects of the Earth's Surface / 4：

Fundamental Concepts / 4.1：

Reflections from a Rough, Spherical Earth / 4.1.1：

Reflection Coefficient for a Flat, Smooth Earth / 4.1.3：

Effect of a Flat, Smooth Earth on Target Echo / 4.1.4：

Echo from Targets That Are Above a Flat, Smooth Earth / 4.2：

Range and Depression Angle Dependencies for a Small Object Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.1：

Vertically Extensive Objects Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.2：

Propagation Factors for Circular, Horizontal, and Vertical Polarizations Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.3：

Propagation Factors for a Cloud of Scatterers Above a Smooth Earth / 4.2.4：

Effects of Surface Roughness on Forward-Scattered Fields / 4.3：

Reflection Coefficient for Rough Surfaces / 4.3.1：

Shadowing / 4.3.2：

Depolarization / 4.3.3：

Echo from Targets That Are Above a Physically Rough Earth / 4.4：

Variation of Echo Power with Range / 4.4.1：

Range at Which Idealized R[superscript -4] and R[superscript -8] Curves Intersect / 4.4.2：

Relative Cross Sections for Circular Polarizations / 4.4.3：

A Cloud of Scatterers / 4.4.4：

Effects of the Diffuse Component on Target Echo / 4.4.5：

Multipath Effects on Echo from Land and Sea / 4.5：

Effects of Multipath Interference / 4.5.1：

Multipath Interference and Shadowing / 4.5.2：

Echo Fluctuations and Spectra / 5：

Introduction / 5.1：

Spectra and Autocorrelation Functions / 5.1.1：

Amplitude Statistics / 5.1.2：

Ground Echo Fluctuations / 5.2：

Nature of Ground Echoes / 5.2.1：

Temporal Amplitude Distributions for Terrain / 5.2.2：

Spatial Amplitude Statistics / 5.2.3：

Noncoherent Spectra and Autocorrelation Functions of Land / 5.2.4：

Coherent Land Doppler Spectra / 5.2.5：

Lincoln Laboratory Spectral Model / 5.2.6：

Power in Fast and Slow Land Spectra / 5.2.7：

Bragg Spectra from Inland Water / 5.2.8：

Concluding Remarks on Ground Echo Fluctuations / 5.2.9：

Visual Observations of Sea Echo / 5.3：

Characteristics Revealed by an A-Scope Display / 5.3.1：

Results from Fixed Range Sampling / 5.3.2：

Subjective Radar/Optical Comparisons and Anomalies / 5.3.3：

Observations of Bishop and of Lewis and Olin / 5.3.4：

Sea Echo Statistics and Spectra / 5.4：

Amplitude Distributions / 5.4.1：

Spectra Observed with Noncoherent Radar / 5.4.2：

Autocorrelation Functions / 5.4.3：

Noncoherent Spectra and Relationships with Sea Surface Mechanisms / 5.4.4：

Relative Power in Fast and Slow Fluctuations / 5.4.5：

Phase Coherent Doppler Spectra / 5.4.6：

Super Events / 5.4.7：

Sea Spikes / 5.4.8：

Concluding Remarks on Sea Echo Fluctuations and Spectra / 5.4.9：

Space-Time Clutter Amplitude Statistics / 5.5：

Compound Distributions / 5.5.1：

The K-Distribution / 5.5.2：

Rayleigh Modulated by Weibull Statistics / 5.5.3：

Average and Median Cross Sections / 6：

General Characteristics of [sigma degree] / 6.1：

Differences Between Average and Median Values / 6.1.2：

Smooth Surfaces and Small Grazing Angles / 6.1.3：

Classical Interference Effect / 6.1.4：

Problems Associated with Measuring [sigma degree] / 6.1.5：

Radar Cross Section for Land / 6.2：

Nature of [sigma degree] for Land / 6.2.1：

Sample [sigma degree] Land Measurements / 6.2.2：

Terrain Within Near Vertical and Plateau Regions / 6.2.3：

Ulaby and Dobson Tables for Terrain / 6.2.4：

Terrain Within Plateau and Low Grazing Angle Regions / 6.2.5：

Terrain at Extremely Low Grazing Angles / 6.2.6：

Concluding Remarks on Average Land Echo / 6.2.7：

Radar Cross Section for the Sea / 6.3：

Nature of [sigma degree] for the Sea / 6.3.1：

Range Dependence at Small Grazing Angles / 6.3.2：

Dependence on Grazing Angle / 6.3.3：

Grazing Angle Dependence at Low Frequencies / 6.3.4：

Nathanson Sea Clutter Tables / 6.3.5：

Extremely Low Grazing Angles / 6.3.6：

Dependence of [sigma degree] on Polarization / 6.3.7：

Dependence of [sigma degree] on the Wind and Sea / 6.3.8：

GIT Sea Clutter Models / 6.3.9：

Wavelength Dependence for the Sea / 6.3.10：

A Two-Scatterer Sea Clutter Model / 6.3.11：

Oil Slicks and Rain on Water / 6.3.12：

Concluding Remarks on Average Sea Echo / 6.3.13：

Interdependence of Polarization Characteristics / 7：

General Observations / 7.1：

Coherency, Statistical Independence, and Correlation / 7.1.2：

A Simplified Polarization Model for Rough Terrain / 7.1.3：

Use of the Polarization Model for the Moon / 7.1.4：

Polarization Model with Different Propagation Factors / 7.1.5：

Echo from Land, Principally Trees / 7.2：

Amplitude Fluctuations / 7.2.1：

Interdependence of Amplitude and Phase of Orthogonally Polarized Echoes / 7.2.2：

Average and Median Value Data, and Depression Angle Dependence / 7.2.3：

Relative Magnitude of Coherent and Incoherent Scattering from Trees / 7.2.4：

Sea Echo / 7.3：

Fluctuations of Orthogonally Polarized Components / 7.3.1：

Averages and Medians for Linear Polarization / 7.3.2：

Interdependence of Averages and Medians for Linear and Circular Polarizations / 7.3.3：

Coherent and Incoherent Scattering from the Sea / 7.3.4：

Bistatic Land and Sea Clutter / 8：

Bistatic RCS / 8.1：

Effective Illuminated Area / 8.2：

Depolarization and Reduction in RCS / 8.3：

In-Plane ([phis] = 0 and 180[degree]) Clutter / 8.4：

The Barton Model / 8.5：

Ulaby et al. Indoor Measurements / 8.6：

Out-of-Plane, Small Grazing Angle Data / 8.7：

Statistical Parameters / Appendix：

Basics / A.1：

Probability Density Functions and Distributions / A.2：

Normal or Gaussian Distribution / A.2.1：

Rayleigh Distribution / A.2.2：

Ricean Distribution / A.2.3：

Lognormal Distribution / A.2.4：

Weibull Distribution / A.2.5：

Chi-Square, Gamma, and Weinstock Distributions / A.2.6：

Standard Deviation of 10 log [sigma] When [sigma] Is Rayleigh Power Distributed / A.3：

Relationship Between 10 log([characters not reproducible]igma]/[sigma subscript m]) and Its Variance When [sigma] Is Lognormal / A.4：

About the Author

Index

Preface

References

Acknowledgments

Remote Sensing by Radar / 1：

State of the Art / 1.1：

Overview / 1.1.1：

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