Preface |
Sample Courses |
Preliminaries / I: |
The Starting Point / 1: |
Fourier's Bold Conjecture / 1.1: |
Mathematical Preliminaries and the Following Chapters / 1.2: |
Basic Terminology, Notation, and Conventions / 2: |
Numbers / 2.1: |
Functions, Formulas, and Variables / 2.2: |
Operators and Transforms / 2.3: |
Basic Analysis I: Continuity and Smoothness / 3: |
(Dis)Continuity / 3.1: |
Differentiation / 3.2: |
Basic Manipulations and Smoothness / 3.3: |
Addenda / 3.4: |
Basic Analysis II: Integration and Infinite Series / 4: |
Integration / 4.1: |
Infinite Series (Summations) / 4.2: |
Symmetry and Periodicity / 5: |
Even and Odd Functions / 5.1: |
Periodic Functions / 5.2: |
Sines and Cosines / 5.3: |
Elementary Complex Analysis / 6: |
Complex Numbers / 6.1: |
Complex-Valued Functions / 6.2: |
The Complex Exponential / 6.3: |
Functions of a Complex Variable / 6.4: |
Functions of Several Variables / 7: |
Basic Extensions / 7.1: |
Single Integrals of Functions with Two Variables / 7.2: |
Double Integrals / 7.3: |
Addendum / 7.4: |
Fourier Series / II: |
Heuristic Derivation of the Fourier Series Formulas / 8: |
The Frequencies / 8.1: |
The Coefficients / 8.2: |
Summary / 8.3: |
The Trigonometric Fourier Series / 9: |
Defining the Trigonometric Fourier Series / 9.1: |
Computing the Fourier Coefficients / 9.2: |
Partial Sums and Graphing / 9.3: |
Fourier Series over Finite Intervals (Sine and Cosine Series) / 10: |
The Basic Fourier Series / 10.1: |
The Fourier Sine Series / 10.2: |
The Fourier Cosine Series / 10.3: |
Using These Series / 10.4: |
Inner Products, Norms, and Orthogonality / 11: |
Inner Products / 11.1: |
The Norm of a Function / 11.2: |
Orthogonal Sets of Functions / 11.3: |
Orthogonal Function Expansions / 11.4: |
The Schwarz Inequality for Inner Products / 11.5: |
Bessel's Inequality / 11.6: |
The Complex Exponential Fourier Series / 12: |
Derivation / 12.1: |
Notation and Terminology / 12.2: |
Computing the Coefficients / 12.3: |
Partial Sums / 12.4: |
Convergence and Fourier's Conjecture / 13: |
Pointwise Convergence / 13.1: |
Uniform and Nonuniform Approximations / 13.2: |
Convergence in Norm / 13.3: |
The Sine and Cosine Series / 13.4: |
Convergence and Fourier's Conjecture: The Proofs / 14: |
Basic Theorem on Pointwise Convergence / 14.1: |
Convergence for a Particular Saw Function / 14.2: |
Convergence for Arbitrary Saw Functions / 14.3: |
Derivatives and Integrals of Fourier Series / 15: |
Differentiation of Fourier Series / 15.1: |
Differentiability and Convergence / 15.2: |
Integrating Periodic Functions and Fourier Series / 15.3: |
Sine and Cosine Series / 15.4: |
Applications / 16: |
The Heat Flow Problem / 16.1: |
The Vibrating String Problem / 16.2: |
Functions Defined by Infinite Series / 16.3: |
Verifying the Heat Flow Problem Solution / 16.4: |
Classical Fourier Transforms / III: |
Heuristic Derivation of the Classical Fourier Transform / 17: |
Riemann Sums over the Entire Real Line / 17.1: |
The Derivation / 17.2: |
Integrals on Infinite Intervals / 17.3: |
Absolutely Integrable Functions / 18.1: |
The Set of Absolutely Integrable Functions / 18.2: |
Many Useful Facts / 18.3: |
Functions with Two Variables / 18.4: |
The Fourier Integral Transforms / 19: |
Definitions, Notation, and Terminology / 19.1: |
Near-Equivalence / 19.2: |
Linearity / 19.3: |
Invertibility / 19.4: |
Other Integral Formulas (A Warning) / 19.5: |
Some Properties of the Transformed Functions / 19.6: |
Classical Fourier Transforms and Classically Transformable Functions / 20: |
The First Extension / 20.1: |
The Set of Classically Transformable Functions / 20.2: |
The Complete Classical Fourier Transforms / 20.3: |
What Is and Is Not Classically Transformable? / 20.4: |
Duration, Bandwidth, and Two Important Sets of Classically Transformable Functions / 20.5: |
More on Terminology, Notation, and Conventions / 20.6: |
Some Elementary Identities: Translation, Scaling, and Conjugation / 21: |
Translation / 21.1: |
Scaling / 21.2: |
Practical Transform Computing / 21.3: |
Complex Conjugation and Related Symmetries / 21.4: |
Differentiation and Fourier Transforms / 22: |
The Differentiation Identities / 22.1: |
Rigorous Derivation of the Differential Identities / 22.2: |
Higher Order Differential Identities / 22.3: |
Anti-Differentiation and Integral Identities / 22.4: |
Gaussians and Other Very Rapidly Decreasing Functions / 23: |
Basic Gaussians / 23.1: |
General Gaussians / 23.2: |
Gaussian-Like Functions / 23.3: |
Complex Translation and Very Rapidly Decreasing Functions / 23.4: |
Convolution and Transforms of Products / 24: |
Derivation of the Convolution Formula / 24.1: |
Basic Formulas and Properties of Convolution / 24.2: |
Algebraic Properties / 24.3: |
Computing Convolutions / 24.4: |
Existence, Smoothness, and Derivatives of Convolutions / 24.5: |
Convolution and Fourier Analysis / 24.6: |
Correlation, Square-Integrable Functions, and the Fundamental Identity of Fourier Analysis / 25: |
Correlation / 25.1: |
Square-Integrable/Finite Energy Functions / 25.2: |
The Fundamental Identity / 25.3: |
Identity Sequences / 26: |
An Elementary Identity Sequence / 26.1: |
General Identity Sequences / 26.2: |
Gaussian Identity Sequences / 26.3: |
Verifying Identity Sequences / 26.4: |
An Application (with Exercises) / 26.5: |
Generalizing the Classical Theory: A Naive Approach / 27: |
Delta Functions / 27.1: |
Transforms of Periodic Functions / 27.2: |
Arrays of Delta Functions / 27.3: |
The Generalized Derivative / 27.4: |
Fourier Analysis in the Analysis of Systems / 28: |
Linear, Shift-Invariant Systems / 28.1: |
Computing Outputs for LSI Systems / 28.2: |
Gaussians as Test Functions, and Proofs of Some Important Theorems / 29: |
Testing for Equality with Gaussians / 29.1: |
The Fundamental Theorem on Invertibility / 29.2: |
The Fourier Differential Identities / 29.3: |
The Fundamental and Convolution Identities of Fourier Analysis / 29.4: |
Generalized Functions and Fourier Transforms / IV: |
A Starting Point for the Generalized Theory / 30: |
Starting Points / 30.1: |
Gaussian Test Functions / 31: |
The Space of Gaussian Test Functions / 31.1: |
On Using the Space of Gaussian Test Functions / 31.2: |
Two Other Test Function Spaces and a Confession / 31.3: |
More on Gaussian Test Functions / 31.4: |
Norms and Operational Continuity / 31.5: |
Generalized Functions / 32: |
Functionals / 32.1: |
Basic Algebra of Generalized Functions / 32.2: |
Generalized Functions Based on Other Test Function Spaces / 32.4: |
Some Consequences of Functional Continuity / 32.5: |
The Details of Functional Continuity / 32.6: |
Sequences and Series of Generalized Functions / 33: |
Sequences and Limits / 33.1: |
A Little More on Delta Functions / 33.2: |
Basic Transforms of Generalized Fourier Analysis / 33.4: |
Fourier Transforms / 34.1: |
Generalized Scaling of the Variable / 34.2: |
Generalized Translation/Shifting / 34.3: |
Transforms of Limits and Series / 34.4: |
Adjoint-Defined Transforms in General / 34.6: |
Generalized Complex Conjugation / 34.7: |
Generalized Products, Convolutions, and Definite Integrals / 35: |
Multiplication and Convolution / 35.1: |
Definite Integrals of Generalized Functions / 35.2: |
Appendix: On Defining Generalized Products and Convolutions / 35.3: |
Periodic Functions and Regular Arrays / 36: |
Periodic Generalized Functions / 36.1: |
Fourier Series for Periodic Generalized Functions / 36.2: |
On Proving Theorem 36.5 / 36.3: |
General Solutions to Simple Equations and the Pole Functions / 37: |
Basics on Solving Simple Algebraic Equations / 37.1: |
Homogeneous Equations with Polynomial Factors / 37.2: |
Nonhomogeneous Equations with Polynomial Factors / 37.3: |
The Pole Functions / 37.4: |
Pole Functions in Transforms, Products, and Solutions / 37.5: |
The Discrete Theory / V: |
Periodic, Regular Arrays / 38: |
The Index Period and Other Basic Notions / 38.1: |
Fourier Series and Transforms of Periodic, Regular Arrays / 38.2: |
Sampling and the Discrete Fourier Transform / 39: |
Some General Conventions and Terminology / 39.1: |
Sampling and the Discrete Approximation / 39.2: |
The Discrete Approximation and Its Transforms / 39.3: |
The Discrete Fourier Transforms / 39.4: |
Discrete Transform Identities / 39.5: |
Fast Fourier Transforms / 39.6: |
Appendices |
Fourier Transforms of Some Common Functions / Table A.1: |
Identities for the Fourier Transforms / Table A.2: |
References |
Answers to Selected Exercises |
Index |
Preface |
Sample Courses |
Preliminaries / I: |
The Starting Point / 1: |
Fourier's Bold Conjecture / 1.1: |
Mathematical Preliminaries and the Following Chapters / 1.2: |