What Can You Do With a Microdrop? / Chapter 1: |
Characteristics of Microdrops / 1.1: |
Size / 1.1.1: |
Precision Deposition Ability / 1.1.2: |
Isolation / 1.1.3: |
High Rate Production / 1.1.4: |
Use of Microdrops in Pure Science / 1.2: |
Particle Physics / 1.2.1: |
Fluid Dynamics / 1.2.2: |
Physical Optics / 1.2.3: |
Physical Chemistry / 1.2.4: |
Use of Microdrops in Applied Science / 1.3: |
Combinatorial Chemistry / 1.3.1: |
Micromixing / 1.3.2: |
Automated Microtitration / 1.3.3: |
MALDI TOF Spectroscopy Sample Loading / 1.3.4: |
Loading and Dispensing Reagents from Microreactors / 1.3.5: |
Gas Flow Visualization / 1.3.6: |
Biotechnology Applications of Microdrops / 1.4: |
Cell Sorting / 1.4.1: |
DNA Microarrays / 1.4.2: |
DNA Synthesis / 1.4.3: |
Drug Discovery / 1.4.4: |
Medical Therapeutics / 1.4.5: |
Applications in Manufacturing and Engineering / 1.5: |
Optics / 1.5.1: |
Droplet-Based Manufacturing / 1.5.2: |
Inkjet Soldering / 1.5.3: |
Precision Fluid Deposition / 1.5.4: |
Displays / 1.5.5: |
Thin Film Coating / 1.5.6: |
Heat Radiators / 1.5.7: |
Monodisperse Aerosolizing for Combustion / 1.5.8: |
Monodisperse Aerosolizing for Dispersing Pesticides / 1.5.9: |
Document Security / 1.5.10: |
Integrated Circuit (IC) Manufacturing / 1.5.11: |
IC Manufacturing--Photoresist Deposition / 1.5.12: |
IC Manufacturing--Conductor and Insulating Dielectric Deposition / 1.5.13: |
IC Manufacturing--Depositing Sensing and Actuating Compounds / 1.5.14: |
References |
Methods of Generating Monodisperse Microdrops / Chapter 2: |
Acoustically Disrupted Continuous Fluid Jet / 2.1: |
Thermal Inkjet (Bubble Jet) / 2.2: |
Piezoelectric Direct Pressure Pulse / 2.3: |
Focused Acoustic Beam Ejection / 2.4: |
Liquid Spark Inkjet / 2.5: |
Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet / 2.6: |
Flextensional Aperture Plate Inkjet / 2.7: |
Electro-Rheological Fluid Inkjet / 2.8: |
Liquid Ink Fault Tolerant (LIFT) Process / 2.9: |
TopSpot Microdrop Ejector / 2.10: |
Summary and Recommendations / 2.11: |
Particle Kinetics of Ejected Microdrops / Chapter 3: |
Reynolds Number and Stokes Law / 3.1: |
Buoyancy Correction / 3.1.1: |
Internal Drop Flow / 3.1.2: |
Nonspherical Drops / 3.1.3: |
Terminal Velocity / 3.2: |
Relaxation Time Constant / 3.3: |
Streaming / 3.4: |
Impact / 3.5: |
Brownian Motion / 3.6: |
Motion in Electric Fields / 3.7: |
Electrostatic Deflection of Charged Microdrops / 3.7.1: |
Electric Charging of Microdrops / Chapter 4: |
Rayleigh Limit to Charging Microdrops / 4.1: |
Drop Charging Mechanisms / 4.2: |
Triboelectric Charging / 4.2.1: |
Fluid Jet Polarization / 4.2.2: |
Electrical Double Layer Charging / 4.2.3: |
Spray Charging / 4.2.4: |
Statistical Fluctuations / 4.2.5: |
Absorption of Gaseous Ions / 4.2.6: |
Photoelectric Emission / 4.2.7: |
Practical Drop Charge Control Methods / 4.3: |
Contact Surface Modification / 4.3.1: |
Charge Control Using Ionized Air / 4.3.2: |
Variations in the Induced Charge / 4.4: |
Engineering Requirements for Reliable Microdrop Generation / Chapter 5: |
Conditions Needed for Monodisperse Drop-On-Demand Operation / 5.1: |
Drive Pulse Amplitude / 5.2: |
Drive Pulse Shape / 5.3: |
Double Pulse Excitation / 5.3.1: |
Bipolar Pulse Excitation / 5.3.2: |
Internal Pressure Level / 5.4: |
Drop Ejection Rate / 5.5: |
Fluid Fill Level / 5.6: |
Fluid Temperature / 5.7: |
Troubleshooting Microdrop Ejectors / Chapter 6: |
Clogged Nozzles / 6.1: |
Damaged Nozzles / 6.2: |
Internal Air Bubbles / 6.3: |
Misdirected Jets / 6.4: |
Overly Wetted Meniscus / 6.5: |
Internal Pressure / 6.6: |
Insufficient Drive Amplitude / 6.7: |
Nonoptimal Pulse Waveform / 6.8: |
Pulse Rate / 6.9: |
Problematic Fluids / 6.10: |
Mechanical Mounting / 6.11: |
Imaging System / 6.12: |
Recommended Startup Procedure to Test a New Drop Generation and Imaging System / 6.13: |
Reference |
Imaging Microdrops / Chapter 7: |
Direct Viewing of Illuminated Microdrops / 7.1: |
Backlight Illumination Sources / 7.1.1: |
Bright Background Imaging of Microdrops / 7.2: |
Bright Source Stroboscopically Illuminated Droplets / 7.3: |
Light Emitting Diode Illumination Arrays / 7.4: |
Imaging System Synchronization / 7.5: |
Cameras / 7.6: |
Stroboscopic Illumination Sources / 7.8: |
Low-Cost Microdrop Imaging Hardware / 7.9: |
Low-Cost Cameras / 7.9.1: |
Low Cost Optics / 7.9.2: |
Drop Ejector Drive Electronics / Chapter 8: |
Gated Voltage Source Pulsers / 8.1: |
Linear Pulse Power Amplifiers / 8.2: |
Fabrication of Ejection Aperture Nozzles / Chapter 9: |
Ejection Nozzle Requirements / 9.1: |
Fabricating Acute Edge Conical Glass Nozzles / 9.2: |
Fabricating Tapered Profile Glass Nozzles / 9.3: |
Silicon Micromachined Ejection Apertures / 9.4: |
Fabrication Sequence for Silicon Micromachined Apertures / 9.5: |
Processing Steps for Fabricating Silicon Fluid Ejection Nozzles / 9.5.1: |
Electroformed Ejection Apertures / 9.6: |
Jewel Bearings and Nozzles / 9.6.1: |
Metal Optical Pinhole Apertures / 9.7: |
Small Hole Manufacturing Technologies--A Summary of Techniques / 9.8: |
Mechanical Drilling / 9.8.1: |
Mechanical Punching / 9.8.2: |
Photosensitive Glass / 9.8.3: |
Soluble Core Glass Fibers / 9.8.4: |
Laser Drilling / 9.8.5: |
Electroforming Over a Sacrificial Post / 9.8.6: |
Photon Directed Chemical Etching / 9.8.7: |
Electron Beam Machining / 9.8.8: |
Electro-Discharge-Machining (EDM) / 9.8.9: |
Lithography and Chemical Etching / 9.8.10: |
Lithography and Anisotropic Reactive Ion Etching / 9.8.11: |
Thermally Tapered Glass Pipettes / 9.8.12: |
Anti-Wetting Surface Coatings / 9.9: |
Coating Methods / 9.9.1: |
Drop Ejector Construction / Chapter 10: |
Tubular Reservoir Piezoelectric Drop Ejectors / 10.1: |
Metal Body Drop Generator / 10.2: |
Glass, Straight Tube, Welded Aperture / 10.3: |
Fabricating the Apertures / 10.3.1: |
Thermal Weld Attachment of the Ejection Aperture / 10.3.2: |
Trimming / 10.3.4: |
Attaching the Piezoelectric Element / 10.3.5: |
Glass, Pipette, Welded Aperture / 10.4: |
Glass, Miniature, Welded Aperture / 10.5: |
Piezoelectric Element Configuration / 10.6: |
Piezoelectric Disc Actuators / 10.7: |
Rectangular Slab Drive Elements / 10.8: |
Cylindrical Piezoelectric Drive Elements / 10.9: |
Integral Heating Elements / 10.10: |
Pressure Control / Chapter 11: |
Manometer Tube Pressure Control System / 11.1: |
Variable Height Reservoir Pressure Control System / 11.2: |
Automated Pressure Control / 11.3: |
Fluid Engineering for Microdrop Ejectors / Chapter 12: |
Nonclogging Fluids / 12.1: |
First Drop Reliability / 12.3: |
Jetting Stability / 12.4: |
Directional Stability / 12.5: |
Freedom from Satellite Drops / 12.6: |
Wide Jet Velocity Tolerance / 12.7: |
Drive Waveform Tolerance / 12.8: |
Repetition Rate / 12.9: |
Environmental and Temporal Stability / 12.10: |
Chemical Reactivity with Drop Generator / 12.11: |
Toxicity / 12.12: |
Cost / 12.13: |
Components of Drop-on-Demand Ejector Fluids / Chapter 13: |
Payload / 13.1: |
Solvent / 13.2: |
Humectants / 13.3: |
Viscosity Modifiers / 13.4: |
Newtonian / 13.4.1: |
Shear Thinning (Pseudo-Plastic) / 13.4.2: |
Shear Thickening (Dilatant Fluids) / 13.4.3: |
Plastic (Bingham-Plastic) / 13.4.4: |
Surfactants / 13.5: |
Dispersants / 13.6: |
Polymeric Fluid Elasticity Agents / 13.7: |
Anti-Fungal Agents (Biocides, Preservatives) / 13.8: |
Chelating Agents / 13.9: |
pH Controllers / 13.10: |
Corrosion Inhibitors / 13.11: |
Defoamer / 13.12: |
Electrical Conductivity Salts / 13.13: |
Additives Specific for Thermal Inkjet / 13.14: |
Antikogation Agent / 13.14.1: |
Bubble Nucleation Promoter / 13.14.2: |
Additives Specific for Inkjet Image Printing / 13.15: |
Making Jettable Suspensions of Ground Solids / Chapter 14: |
Obtaining Small Diameter Particles / 14.1: |
Necessary Particle Size / 14.2: |
Wetting and Dispersing / 14.3: |
High Powered Ultrasound / 14.3.1: |
Fluid Jet Impingement / 14.3.2: |
Rotary Mixers / 14.3.3: |
Filtering and Settling / 14.4: |
Essential References / 14.5: |
Ejectability / 14.6: |
Final Caution--Make Sure You Have a Real Suspension / 14.7: |
Setting Up a Microdrop System ASAP / Appendix I: |
Buying a System / I.1: |
Companies that Sell Nonimage Printing Microdrop Generating Systems / I.2: |
Piezoelectrically Actuated Drop-on-Demand Systems / I.2.1: |
Focused Acoustic Beam Drop-on-Demand Systems / I.2.2: |
Fluid Displacement Drop-on-Demand Systems (TopSpot Array Printer) / I.2.3: |
Continuous Jet Microdrop Arrays Printers / I.2.4: |
Imaging Systems / I.2.5: |
Microdrop Systems Consulting / I.2.6: |
Building a System / I.3: |
Drop Dispensers / I.3.1: |
Drive Electronics / I.4: |
Imaging / I.5: |
Setup and Testing / I.6: |
Cleaning / I.6.1: |
Filling / I.6.2: |
Electronic Drive Settings / I.6.3: |
Example Inkjet Ink Formulations from Patent Literature / Appendix II: |
Dye Based Inkjet Inks / II.1: |
Pigment Based Inkjet Inks / II.2: |
Ejection Tests of Biological Fluids / Appendix III: |
Test Series I / III.1: |
Test Fluids / III.1.1: |
Test Procedure / III.1.2: |
Results / III.1.3: |
DNA Marker 1 Microgram/Microliter / III.1.3.1: |
DNA Marker Diluted (10% Marker, 90% Distilled Water) / III.1.3.2: |
Yeast Cell Suspension / III.1.3.3: |
E. Coli Cell Suspension / III.1.3.4: |
Spe I Enzyme, 20% Glycerol / III.1.3.5: |
Summary of Results / III.1.4: |
Test Series II / III.2: |
Cleaning Protocol / III.2.1: |
Control Buffer-10mM Tris-Acetate, pH 8.2 / III.2.3: |
Plasmid DNA in Buffer / III.2.3.2: |
MO Reagent / III.2.3.3: |
DNA + MO / III.2.3.4: |
Polyplex (DNA + dendrimer) / III.2.3.5: |
Dendrimer / III.2.3.6: |
Supplemental Control Tests Utilizing the Same Drop Ejector / III.2.4: |
Distilled Water / III.2.4.1: |
Distilled Water with 20% Glycerol / III.2.4.2: |
Distilled Water with 20% Propylene Glycol / III.2.4.3: |
Fluid #2 (Plasmid DNA in Buffer) with 20% Glycerol / III.2.4.4: |
Fluid #2 (Plasmid DNA in Buffer) with 20% Propylene Glycol / III.2.4.5: |
Index / III.2.5: |