History and Bibliography of Diffusion / 1: |
Pioneers and Landmarks of Diffusion / 1.1: |
References |
Bibliography of Solid-State Diffusion / 1.2: |
Fundamentals of Diffusion / Part I: |
Continuum Theory of Diffusion / 2: |
Fick's Laws in Isotropic Media / 2.1: |
Fick's First Law / 2.1.1: |
Equation of Continuity / 2.1.2: |
Fick's Second Law - the 'Diffusion Equation' / 2.1.3: |
Diffusion Equation in Various Coordinates / 2.2: |
Fick's Laws in Anisotropic Media / 2.3: |
Solutions of the Diffusion Equation / 3: |
Steady-State Diffusion / 3.1: |
Non-Steady-State Diffusion in one Dimension / 3.2: |
Thin-Film Solution / 3.2.1: |
Extended Initial Distribution and Constant Surface Concentration / 3.2.2: |
Method of Laplace Transformation / 3.2.3: |
Diffusion in a Plane Sheet - Separation of Variables / 3.2.4: |
Radial Diffusion in a Cylinder / 3.2.5: |
Radial Diffusion in a Sphere / 3.2.6: |
Point Source in one, two, and three Dimensions / 3.3: |
Random Walk Theory and Atomic Jump Process / 4: |
Random Walk and Diffusion / 4.1: |
A Simplified Model / 4.1.1: |
Einstein-Smoluchowski Relation / 4.1.2: |
Random Walk on a Lattice / 4.1.3: |
Correlation Factor / 4.1.4: |
Atomic Jump Process / 4.2: |
Point Defects in Crystals / 5: |
Pure Metals / 5.1: |
Vacancies / 5.1.1: |
Divacancies / 5.1.2: |
Determination of Vacancy Properties / 5.1.3: |
Self-Interstitials / 5.1.4: |
Substitutional Binary Alloys / 5.2: |
Vacancies in Dilute Alloys / 5.2.1: |
Vacancies in Concentrated Alloys / 5.2.2: |
Ionic Compounds / 5.3: |
Frenkel Disorder / 5.3.1: |
Schottky Disorder / 5.3.2: |
Intermetallics / 5.4: |
Semiconductors / 5.5: |
Diffusion Mechanisms / 6: |
Interstitial Mechanism / 6.1: |
Collective Mechanisms / 6.2: |
Vacancy Mechanism / 6.3: |
Divacancy Mechanism / 6.4: |
Interstitialcy Mechanism / 6.5: |
Interstitial-Substitutional Exchange Mechanisms / 6.6: |
Correlation in Solid-State Diffusion / 7: |
Vacancy Mechanism of Self-diffusion / 7.1: |
A 'Rule of Thumb' / 7.3.1: |
Vacancy-tracer Encounters / 7.3.2: |
Spatial and Temporal Correlation / 7.3.3: |
Calculation of Correlation Factors / 7.3.4: |
Correlation Factors of Self-diffusion / 7.4: |
Vacancy-mediated Solute Diffusion / 7.5: |
Face-Centered Cubic Solvents / 7.5.1: |
Body-Centered Cubic Solvents / 7.5.2: |
Diamond Structure Solvents / 7.5.3: |
Concluding Remarks / 7.6: |
Dependence of Diffusion on Temperature and Pressure / 8: |
Temperature Dependence / 8.1: |
The Arrhenius Relation / 8.1.1: |
Activation parameters - Examples / 8.1.2: |
Pressure Dependence / 8.2: |
Activation Volumes of Self-diffusion / 8.2.1: |
Activation Volumes of Solute Diffusion / 8.2.2: |
Activation Volumes of Ionic Crystals / 8.2.3: |
Correlations between Diffusion and Bulk Properties / 8.3: |
Melting Properties and Diffusion / 8.3.1: |
Activation Parameters and Elastic Constants / 8.3.2: |
Use of Correlations / 8.3.3: |
Isotope Effect of Diffusion / 9: |
Single-jump Mechanisms / 9.1: |
Isotope Effect Experiments / 9.2: |
Interdiffusion and Kirkendall Effect / 10: |
Interdiffusion / 10.1: |
Boltzmann Transformation / 10.1.1: |
Boltzamann-Matano Method / 10.1.2: |
Sauer-Freise Method / 10.1.3: |
Intrinsic Diffusion and Kirkendall Effect / 10.2: |
Darken Equations / 10.3: |
Darken-Manning Equations / 10.4: |
Microstructural Stability of the Kirkendall Plane / 10.5: |
Diffusion and External Driving Forces / 11: |
Overview / 11.1: |
Fick's Equations with Drift / 11.2: |
Nernst-Einstein Relation / 11.3: |
Nernst-Einstein Relation for Ionic Conductors and Haven Ratio / 11.4: |
Nernst-Planck Equation - Interdiffusion in Ionic Crystals / 11.5: |
Nernst-Planck Equation versus Darken Equation / 11.6: |
Irreversible Thermodynamics and Diffusion / 12: |
General Remarks / 12.1: |
Phenomenological Equations of Isothermal Diffusion / 12.2: |
Tracer Self-Diffusion in Element Crystals / 12.2.1: |
Diffusion in Binary Alloys / 12.2.2: |
The Phenomenological Coefficients / 12.3: |
Phenomenological Coefficients, Tracer Diffusivities, and Jump Models / 12.3.1: |
Sum Rules - Relations between Phenomenological Coefficients / 12.3.2: |
Experimental Methods / Part II: |
Direct Diffusion Studies / 13: |
Direct versus Indirect Methods / 13.1: |
The Various Diffusion Coefficients / 13.2: |
Tracer Diffusion Coefficients / 13.2.1: |
Interdiffusion and Intrinsic Diffusion Coefficients / 13.2.2: |
Tracer Diffusion Experiments / 13.3: |
Profile Analysis by Serial Sectioning / 13.3.1: |
Residual Activity Method / 13.3.2: |
Isotopically Controlled Heterostructures / 13.4: |
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) / 13.5: |
Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) / 13.6: |
Auger-Electron Spectroscopy (AES) / 13.7: |
Ion-beam Analysis: RBS and NRA / 13.8: |
Mechanical Spectroscopy / 14: |
Anelasticity and Internal Friction / 14.1: |
Techniques of Mechanical Spectroscopy / 14.3: |
Examples of Diffusion-related Anelasticty / 14.4: |
Snoek Effect (Snoek Relaxation) / 14.4.1: |
Zener Effect (Zener Relaxation) / 14.4.2: |
Gorski Effect (Gorski Relaxation) / 14.4.3: |
Mechanical Loss in Ion-conducting Glasses / 14.4.4: |
Magnetic Relaxation / 14.5: |
Nuclear Methods / 15: |
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (NMR) / 15.1: |
Fundamentals of NMR / 15.2.1: |
Direct Diffusion Measurement by Field-Gradient NMR / 15.2.2: |
NMR Relaxation Methods / 15.2.3: |
Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MBS) / 15.3: |
Quasielastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) / 15.4: |
Examples of QENS studies / 15.4.1: |
Advantages and Limitations of MBS and QENS / 15.4.2: |
Electrical Methods / 16: |
Impedance Spectroscopy / 16.1: |
Spreading Resistance Profiling / 16.2: |
Diffusion in Metallic Materials / Part III: |
Self-diffusion in Metals / 17: |
Cubic Metals / 17.1: |
FCC Metals - Empirical Facts / 17.2.1: |
BCC Metals - Empirical Facts / 17.2.2: |
Monovacancy Interpretation / 17.2.3: |
Mono-and Divacancy Interpretation / 17.2.4: |
Hexagonal Close-Packed and Tetragonal Metals / 17.3: |
Metals with Phase Transitions / 17.4: |
Diffusion of Interstitial Solutes in Metals / 18: |
'Heavy' Interstitial Solutes C, N, and O / 18.1: |
Interstitial Diffusion in Dilute Interstial Alloys / 18.1.1: |
Hydrogen Diffusion in Metals / 18.2: |
Examples of Hydrogen Diffusion / 18.2.1: |
Non-Classical Isotope Effects / 18.2.4: |
Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys / 19: |
Diffusion of Impurities / 19.1: |
'Normal' Impurity Diffusion / 19.1.1: |
Impurity Diffusion in Al / 19.1.2: |
Impurity Diffusion in 'Open' Metals - Dissociative Mechanism / 19.2: |
Solute Diffusion and Solvent Diffusion in Alloys / 19.3: |
Diffusion in Binary Intermetallics / 20: |
Influence of Order-Disorder Transitions / 20.1: |
B2 Intermetallics / 20.3: |
Diffusion Mechanisms in B2 Phases / 20.3.1: |
Example B2 NiAl / 20.3.2: |
Example B2 Fe-Al / 20.3.3: |
Uniaxial Intermetallics / 20.4: |
Laves Phases / 20.6.1: |
Diffusion in Quasicrystalline Alloys / 20.8: |
General Remarks on Quasicrystals / 21.1: |
Diffusion Properties of Quasicrystals / 21.2: |
Icosahedral Quasicrystals / 21.2.1: |
Decagonal Quasicrystals / 21.2.2: |
Diffusion in Semiconductors / Part IV: |
General Remarks on Semiconductors / 22: |
'Semiconductor Age' and Diffusion / 22.1: |
Specific Features of Semiconductor Diffusion / 22.2: |
Self-diffusion in Elemental Semiconductors / 23: |
Intrinsic Point Defects and Diffusion / 23.1: |
Germanium / 23.2: |
Silicon / 23.3: |
Foreign-Atom Diffusion in Silicon and Germanium / 24: |
Solubility and Site Occupancy / 24.1: |
Diffusivities and Diffusion Modes / 24.2: |
Interstitial Diffusion / 24.2.1: |
Dopant Diffusion / 24.2.2: |
Diffusion of Hybrid Foreign Elements / 24.2.3: |
Self-and Foreign Atom Diffusion - a Summary / 24.3: |
Interstitial-Substitutional Diffusion / 25: |
Combined Dissociative and Kick-out Diffusion / 25.1: |
Diffusion Limited by the Flow of Intrinsic Defects / 25.1.1: |
Diffusion Limited by the Flow of Interstitial Solutes / 25.1.2: |
Numerical Analysis of an Intermediate Case / 25.1.3: |
Kick-out Mechanism / 25.2: |
Basic Equations and two Solutions / 25.2.1: |
Examples of Kick-Out Diffusion / 25.2.2: |
Dissociative Mechanism / 25.3: |
Basic Equations / 25.3.1: |
Examples of Dissociative Diffusion / 25.3.2: |
Diffusion and Conduction in Ionic Materials / Part V: |
Ionic Crystals / 26: |
Point Defects in Ionic Crystals / 26.1: |
Intrinsic Defects / 26.2.1: |
Extrinsic Defects / 26.2.2: |
Methods for the Study of Defect and Transport Properties / 26.3: |
Alkali Halides / 26.4: |
Defect Motion, Tracer Self-diffusion, and Ionic Conduction / 26.4.1: |
Example NaCl / 26.4.2: |
Common Features of Alkali Halides / 26.4.3: |
Silver Halides AgCl and AgBr / 26.5: |
Self-diffusion and Ionic Conduction / 26.5.1: |
Doping Effects / 26.5.2: |
Fast Ion Conductors / 27: |
Fast Silver-Ion Conductors / 27.1: |
AgI and related Simple Anion Structures / 27.1.1: |
Stabilised Zirconia and related Oxide Ion Conductors / 27.1.2: |
Perovskite Oxide Ion Conductors / 27.4: |
Sodium ?-Alumina and related Materials / 27.5: |
Lithium Ion Conductors / 27.6: |
Polymer Electrolytes / 27.7: |
Diffusion in Glasses / Part VI: |
The Glassy State / 28: |
What is a Glass? / 28.1: |
Volume-Temperature Diagram / 28.2: |
Temperature-Time-Transformation Diagram / 28.3: |
Glass Families / 28.4: |
Diffusion in Metallic Glasses / 29: |
Structural Relaxation and Diffusion / 29.1: |
Diffusion Properties of Metallic Glasses / 29.3: |
Diffusion and Viscosity in Class-forming Alloys / 29.4: |
Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Oxide Glasses / 30: |
Gas Permeation / 30.1: |
Examples of Diffusion and Ionic Conduction / 30.4: |
Diffusion along High-Diffusivity Paths and in Nanomaterials / Part VII: |
High-diffusivity Paths in Metals / 31: |
Diffusion Spectrum / 31.1: |
Empirical Rules for Grain-Boundary Diffusion / 31.3: |
Lattice Diffusion and Microstructural Defects / 31.4: |
Grain-Boundary Diffusion / 32: |
Grain Boundaries / 32.1: |
Low-and High-Angle Grain Boundaries / 32.2.1: |
Special High-Angle Boundaries / 32.2.2: |
Diffusion along an Isolated Boundary (Fisher Model) / 32.3: |
Diffusion Kinetics in Polycrystals / 32.4: |
Type A Kinetics Regime / 32.4.1: |
Type B Kinetics Regime / 32.4.2: |
Type C Kinetics Regime / 32.4.3: |
Grain Boundary Diffusion and Segregation / 32.5: |
Atomic Mechanisms of Grain-Boundary Diffusion / 32.6: |
Dislocation Pipe Diffusion / 33: |
Disloction Pipe Model / 33.1: |
Solutions for Mean Thin Layer Concentrations / 33.2: |
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Materials / 34: |
Synthesis of Nancrystalline Materials / 34.1: |
Powder Processing / 34.2.1: |
Heavy Plastic Deformation / 34.2.2: |
Chemical and Related Synthesis Methods / 34.2.3: |
Devitrification of Amorphous Precursors / 34.2.4: |
Diffusion in Poly - and Nanocrystals / 34.3: |
Grain Size and Diffusion Regimes / 34.3.1: |
Effective Diffusivities in Poly - and Nanocrystals / 34.3.2: |
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Metals / 34.4: |
Structural Relaxation and Grain Growth / 34.4.1: |
Nanomaterials with Bimodal Grain Structure / 34.4.3: |
Grain Boundary Triple Junctions / 34.4.4: |
Diffusion and Ionic Conduction in Nanocrystalline Ceramics / 34.5: |
Index |