| Preface |
| What is Morality? / Chapter 1： |
| Objectives |
| What is Philosophy and Ethics' Relationship to It? |
| Key Terms |
| Approaches to the Study of Morality |
| Morality and Its Applications |
| Where Does Morality Come From? |
| Customary or Traditional and Reflective Morality |
| Morality, Law, and Religion |
| Why Should Human Beings Be Moral? |
| Chapter Summary |
| Exercises for Review |
| Discussion Questions |
| Notes |
| Research Navigator |
| Consequentialist (Teleological) Theories of Morality / Chapter 2： |
| Psychological Egoism |
| Ethical Egoism |
| Utilitarianism |
| Difficulty with Consequentialist Theories in General |
| Care Ethics |
| Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) Theories of Morality / Chapter 3： |
| Act Nonconsequentialist Theories |
| Rule Nonconsequentialist Theories |
| General Criticisms of Nonconsequentialist Theories |
| Conclusions |
| Virtue Ethics / Chapter 4： |
| Definition of Terms |
| Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics |
| Confucian Moral Self-Cultivation |
| Contemporary Analysis of Virtue Ethics |
| Who Is The Ideal Virtuous Person? |
| Vice and Virtue |
| Excersices for Review |
| Absolutism versus Relativism / Chapter 5： |
| The Meanings of Absolute |
| The Meaning of Relative |
| Cultural Relativism and Cultural Absolutism |
| Propositions and Truth |
| Conclusion |
| Freedom versus Determinism / Chapter 6： |
| The Meaning of Determinism |
| Types and Theories of Determinism |
| Fatalism and Hard and Soft Determinism |
| Indeterminism |
| Criticisms of Hard Determinism and Arguments for Freedom |
| Conclusion: Soft Determinism |
| Reward and Punishment / Chapter 7： |
| Definition of Key Terms |
| Reward and Punishment in Relationship to Justice |
| Elements of Justice |
| Reward |
| Theories of How to Reward |
| John Rawls and His Theory of Justice |
| Punishment |
| Theories of Punishment |
| Is a Synthesis Possible? |
| Setting Up a Moral System: Basic Assumptions and Basic Principles / Chapter 8： |
| Conflicting General Moral Issues |
| Basic Assumptions |
| Basic Principles, Individual Freedom, and Their Justification |
| Priority of the Basic Principles |
| A General Way of Determining Priority-Two Categories |
| How the System of Humanitarian Ethics Works |
| Note |
| The Taking of Human Life / Chapter 9： |
| Suicide |
| Defense of the Innocent (the Self Included) |
| Cases for Study and Discussion |
| War |
| Terrorism |
| Capital Punishment |
| Views of Major Ethical Theories on the Taking of Human Life |
| Defense of the Innocent |
| War and Terrorism |
| Reader Reactions |
| Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing / Chapter 10： |
| Current Legal Status of Mercy Death and Mercy Killing |
| Allowing Someone to Die |
| Mercy Death |
| Mercy Killing |
| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing |
| Abortion / Chapter 11： |
| Introduction to the Abortion Issue |
| When Does Human Life Begin? |
| Arguments Against Abortion |
| Arguments for Abortion |
| The More Moderate Positions on Abortion |
| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Abortion |
| Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing / Chapter 12： |
| Introduction |
| Definitions of Key Terms |
| Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views |
| Lying |
| Cheating |
| Breaking Promises |
| Stealing |
| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing |
| Morality, Marriage, and Human Sexuality / Chapter 13： |
| Major Aspects of Human Sexuality |
| The Meaning and Purposes of Human Sexuality |
| Premarital Sex |
| Sex in Marriage-Type Relationships (Including Nonlegal) |
| Masturbation |
| Pornography |
| Prostitution |
| Sexual Perversion or "Unnatural" Sexual Activity |
| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Morality, Human Sexuality, and Marriage |
| Bioethics-Ethical Issues in Medicine / Chapter 14： |
| Introduction and Definition of Terms |
| Health Care Professionals and Patients and Their Families-Rights and Obligations |
| Truth Telling and Informed Consent |
| Confidentiality |
| Guilt and Innocence in Treating Patients |
| Ethical Issues in Medicine |
| Stem Cell Research |
| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Bioethical Issues |
| Business and Media Ethics / Chapter 15： |
| Rights and Obligations in Business |
| Two Ways of Approaching Rights and Obligations in Business |
| The Moderate Position |
| Justice, Truth Telling, and Honesty in Business |
| Ethical Issues in Business |
| Sexual Harassment |
| The New Global Economy and the International Business Scene |
| Media Ethics |
| Corporate Greed-Enron |
| Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Business and Media Ethics |
| Environmental Ethics / Chapter 16： |
| Nature and Morality |
| Environmental Ethical Issues |
| Our Attitude Toward Nature and What Lies Behind It |
| Arguments for Use and Exploitation of the Natural Environment |
| Arguments Against the Use and Exploitation of Nature |
| Moderate Position |
| Criteria for Animal Rights |
| Ways of Dealing with Animal Rights |
| Use of Animals for Food |
| Use of Animals for Experimentation |
| Killing Animals for Sport |
| Protection of Endangered Species |
| Non-Western Perspectives on Environmental Issues |
| Views of Major Ethical Theories on Environmental Ethics |
| Appendixes |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of the Taking of Human Life / Appendix 1： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing / Appendix 2： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Abortion / Appendix 3： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing / Appendix 4： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Human Sexuality / Appendix 5： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Medicine (Bioethics) / Appendix 6： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Business (Business and Media Ethics) / Appendix 7： |
| Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Environmental Ethics / Appendix 8： |
| Supplementary Reading |
| Glossary |
| Index |
| Preface |
| What is Morality? / Chapter 1： |
| Objectives |
| What is Philosophy and Ethics' Relationship to It? |
| Key Terms |
| Approaches to the Study of Morality |
