Preface |
Acknowledgments |
About the Author |
Discovering Cause and Effect / 1: |
Causation |
Experiments Compared to Other Methods |
Basic Criteria for Experiments |
Elements of Experiments |
Variation |
Confounds |
Control Groups |
Assignment |
Starting a Study of Your Own |
Writing a Statement of the Problem |
Answering the "So What" Question |
Ethics and Famous Experiments in History / 2: |
The Scurvy Studies |
The Contributions of Charles Peirce |
Ronald Fisher's Plots and Tea |
B. F. Skinner: Small Samples, High Tech |
Stanley Milgram Shocks the World |
Philip Zimbardo: Raising Consciences in a Stanford Basement |
Conclusion |
Theory, Literature, and Hypotheses / 3: |
The Literature Review |
Tips on Writing the Literature Review for Experiments |
It Is Not a Book Report |
Do Not Be Wikipedia |
Make a Theoretical Contribution |
Connect the Dots |
Conceptual Definitions vs. Operationalizations |
Literature Reviews With Multiple Experiments |
Hypotheses and Research Questions |
Hypothesis Basics |
Null vs. Alternative |
Difference vs. Direction |
Hypothesis Writing Formula |
Hypotheses With More Than One IV |
Research Questions |
Types of Experiments / 4: |
Campbell and Stanley's Typology of Experiments |
Three Pre-Experimental Designs |
The One-Shot Case Study |
One Group Pretest-Posttest Design |
Static Group Comparison |
Three True Experimental Designs |
Pretest-Posttest Control Group |
Solomon Four-Group Design |
Posttest-Only Control Group Design |
Quasi Experiments |
Natural Experiments |
Field Experiments |
Internal and External Validity / 5: |
Ecological and External Validity |
Generalizability |
Random Sampling |
Two-Step Randomization |
Nonresponse Bias |
Representativeness |
Cause and Effect |
Logical Inference |
Replication |
Self-Replication |
Exact vs. Conceptual Replication |
Multiple Experiments |
External Replication |
Triangulation |
Internal Validity |
Three Basic Criteria |
Random Assignment |
History |
Maturation |
Testing |
Instrumentation |
Statistical Regression |
Selection |
Attrition |
Factorial Designs / 6: |
Single-Factor Designs |
Main Effects and Interactions |
Factorial Notation |
Design Tables |
Choosing a Design |
How Subjects Are Used in Designs |
Between-Subjects Designs |
Within-Subjects Designs |
Mixed Factorial Designs |
Incomplete Factorials |
The No-Treatment Control Group |
Creativity in Control Groups |
The Status Quo Control Group |
No Control Group |
The Purpose of Random Assignment / 7: |
Avoiding Confounds |
What Is Random? |
Operationalizing Random Assignment |
Computerized Randomization |
Survey Experiments |
In-Person Randomizing |
Reporting Random Assignment |
Balanced and Unbalanced Designs |
Checking That Random Assignment Was Effective |
Aggregate Level Random Assignment |
Reporting Random Assignment Results |
When Random Assignment Fails |
Blocking, Matching, and Other Strategies |
Blocking vs. Simple Random Assignment |
Stratified Random Assignment |
Random Assignment of Other Things |
Counterbalancing |
Latin Squares |
Random Assignment Resistance |
Sampling and Effect Sizes / 8: |
Student Samples |
Higher Than Average Cognitive Skills |
Compliance With Authority |
Weaker Sense of Self |
Myriad Other Differences |
Homogeneity |
Basic Psychological Processes |
Guarding Against Bias With Students |
Amazon's Mechanical Turk |
Is MTurk Representative? |
Advantages and Drawbacks |
Other Subject Sources |
Recruiting |
Incentives |
Sample Size and Power |
Effect Sizes |
Power Analyses |
Observed Power |
Stimuli and Manipulation Checks / 9: |
Examples of Stimuli |
Advice on Creating Stimuli |
Keep It Real |
Control as Much as Possible |
Vary Only the Things Being Studied |
Maximize Comparisons |
Employ Message Variance |
How Many Stimuli to Create? |
Fixed vs. Random Factors |
Manipulation Checks |
Manipulation Check, Pretest, or Pilot Study? |
Direct vs. Indirect Manipulations |
Mediators and Psychological States |
Manipulation Checks in Survey Experiments |
Practical Issues |
Reporting the Stimuli and Manipulation Checks |
Stimuli Write-Up |
Manipulation Check Write-Up |
Instruments and Measures / 10: |
Instruments |
Questionnaires |
Single Items vs. Indexes |
Pros and Cons |
Unobtrusive and Nonreactive Measures |
Technological Instruments |
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
Heart Rate |
Skin Conductance |
Other Physiological instruments |
Eye Tracking |
Eyes on Screen |
Web Tracking |
Latency Response |
Secondary Reaction Tasks |
Continuous Response instruments |
Thought Listing and Think Aloud |
Observations |
Interobserver Reliability |
Other Unobtrusive Instruments |
Unobtrusive Questions |
Measurement Issues |
Levels of Measure |
Response Choices |
Ceiling and Floor Effects |
Construct Validity |
The Institutional Review Board and Conducting Ethical Experiments / 11: |
Institutional Review Boards |
Ethical Issues in Experiments |
Deception |
Harm |
Abuse of Power |
Protecting Subjects |
Informed Consent |
Privacy and Confidentiality |
Researcher Issues |
Data Ethics |
Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism |
Authorship Issues |
Pitot Studies |
Glossary |
Index |
Preface |
Acknowledgments |
About the Author |
Discovering Cause and Effect / 1: |
Causation |
Experiments Compared to Other Methods |