| Foreword by an Academician |
| Preface |
| Acknowledgments |
| About the Author |
| Introduction to Computers / 1： |
| What Is a Computer? |
| Bits and Bytes |
| Components of a Computer |
| Hardware-CPU, RAM, Bus, and System Clock |
| CPU |
| Bus |
| RAM |
| System Clock |
| Input/Output Devices |
| Software |
| Firmware |
| Operating System |
| Processor Management |
| Memory Management |
| Device Management |
| Information Management |
| Network Management |
| Miscellaneous Utilities |
| Application Software |
| What Can Computers Do? |
| How Do Computers Work? |
| Final Words |
| Introduction to Data and Data Types / 2： |
| What Is Data? |
| Basic Data Types |
| Character Data |
| Numeric Data |
| Special Data Types |
| Data Classes |
| Local Data |
| Global Data |
| Use of Data in the Programs |
| Data Storage and Retrieval / 3： |
| Storage of Data |
| Magnetic Disks |
| Records |
| Data Files |
| Sequential-Access Data Files |
| Random-Access Data Files |
| Indexed Sequential-Access Data Files |
| Database Management System |
| Introduction to Computer Programs / 4： |
| Introduction |
| Components of a Program |
| Program Statements |
| Source Code, Object Code, and Executable Code |
| Computer Programming |
| How Does a Computer Execute a Program? |
| Programming Styles |
| Readability of Programs |
| Introduction to Program Structure |
| Semantics and Syntax |
| Algorithms and Flowcharts / 5： |
| Algorithm |
| Developing Algorithms |
| Flowcharts |
| Handling Data in Real-Life Programs |
| Statements and Assignment Statements / 6： |
| Syntax |
| Types of Statements |
| Assignment Statements |
| Utility of Assignment Statements |
| Best Practices in Writing Assignment Statements |
| Arithmetic, Relational, and Logical Expressions / 7： |
| Introduction to Expressions |
| Types of Expressions |
| Arithmetic Expressions |
| Precedence Rules of Evaluation |
| Best Practices in Forming Arithmetic Expressions |
| Relational Expressions |
| Best Practices in Forming Relational Expressions |
| Logical Expressions |
| Best Practices in Using Logical Expressions |
| Control Statements / 8： |
| Goto Statements |
| Goto Label/Statement Number |
| If … Then … Else Statements |
| Switch … Case Statements |
| Utility of Switch … Case Statement |
| Precautions for Using Switch … Case Statement |
| Loops |
| Counting-Based Loops |
| Utility of FOR Loops |
| Precautions for Using the FOR Loop |
| Condition-Based Loops |
| WHILE Loop |
| Precautions for Using the WHILE Loop |
| DO … WHILE Loop |
| Best Practices in Programming Loops |
| Input Statements / 9： |
| How Data Comes into the Computer |
| Opening of Files and Tables for Input |
| Form |
| Frame |
| Text Box |
| Combo Box |
| List Box |
| Grid |
| Radio Buttons |
| Check Boxes |
| Command Button |
| Labels |
| Links |
| Input Statements within Programs |
| Data Validation |
| Receiving Data from Cars, Rockets, Airplanes, and Machines |
| Output Statements / 10： |
| Output versus Enquiry |
| Structure of Output Statements |
| Output to Flat Files |
| Output to Database Tables |
| Establish a Connection to the Database on the Database Server |
| Open the Database Table |
| Insert a New Record |
| Modify the Contents of an Existing Record |
| Output to Files Like Excel, Word, PDF, and So On |
| Sending Output to Machines |
| Output to the Screens |
| Bulk Outputs to Screen |
| Output to Enquiries |
| Output to Printers |
| Control Statistics |
| Output onto Internet |
| Sending Information over Other Networks |
| Other Statements / 11： |
| Documentation Statements |
| Starting and Ending Statements |
| Declaration Statements |
| System Calls |
| API Programming |
| Inter-Program Communication |
| Interrupt Handling |
| Device Handling Statements |
| Error Handling / 12： |
| Errors, Defects, Faults, and Failure |
| Facilities Provided by the OS to Handle Faults |
| Errors and Defects |
| Error Prevention |
| Handling Errors |
| Possible Alternative Actions for Error Handling |
| Handling User Mistakes |
| Responsibility for Error Handling |
| Inter-Program Communication through Disk Files / 13： |
| Facilities Available for Inter-Program Communication through RAM |
| Coding, Debugging, and Performance Tuning / 14： |
| Coding |
| Testing |
| Debugging |
| Getting a Wrong Result in Arithmetic Operations |
| Results Getting Truncated |
| Getting Wrong Data in Retrievals |
| Getting Wrong Results in Printing |
| Debugging Erroneous Communication |
| Performance Tuning |
| Performance Tuning in Databases |
| Subroutines / 15： |
| Characteristics of a Subroutine |
| Function |
| Methods |
| Objects and Classes of Object-Oriented Methodology |
| Data Used inside a Subroutine |
| Argument Passing |
| Message Passing |
| Advantages of Using Subroutines |
| Best Practices in Programming Subroutines |
| Pitfalls in Programming Subroutines |
| Building and Using Libraries / 16： |
| Types of Libraries |
| Building Libraries |
| How to Use Libraries |
| Document the Routines in the Library |
| Organizational Role in Building and Using Libraries |
| Programming Device Drivers / 17： |
| What Is a Device? |
| Functions Performed by a Device Driver |
| Coding the Core Functionality Actions |
| Coding the Ancillary Functionality Actions |
| Programming Multi-Language Software / 18： |
| Attributes of a Multi-Language Software |
| Methods of Achieving Multi-Lingual User Interface |
| Make the Software Amenable for Use in One Language Only but Customizable |
| Make the Software Amenable for Use in English and One Other Language |
| Make the Software Amenable for Use in Multiple Languages |
| Limitations |
| Programming Languages and Their Evolution / 19： |
| Evolution of Programming Languages |
| Conference or Committee on Data System Languages |
| 4th Generation Languages |
| Programming Standards / 20： |
| Some Quotable Quotes on Coding |
| Introduction to Standards |
| Standards and Guidelines |
| Scope of These Guidelines |
| Ease of Understanding and Maintenance Guidelines |
| Naming Conventions |
| Formatting Source Code |
| Distinguishing the Principal Statements from the Subordinate Statements |
| Limiting the Length of the Line Such That It Becomes Easily Readable |
| Separating Segments of the Code |
| Inline Documentation and Commenting |
| Commenting Style |
| Program Header Example |
| Example of Revision History Documentation |
| Example of Loop Control Documentation |
| Special Inline Documentation |
| Efficient Use of Resource Guidelines |
| Defect Prevention Guidelines |
| Computational Statements |
| Efficiency Guidelines |
| Effectiveness Guidelines |
| Personal Software Process / 21： |
| Productivity |
| Quality |
| Schedule |
| Data Collection |
| Methodology |
| Coding Methodology |
| Peer Review Methodology |
| Testing Methodology |
| Housekeeping |
| Index |
| Foreword by an Academician |
| Preface |
| Acknowledgments |
| About the Author |
| Introduction to Computers / 1： |
| What Is a Computer? |
