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1.

図書

図書
Stephen E. Palmer
出版情報: Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, c1999  xxii, 810 p., [8] p. of plates ; 26 cm
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Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Organization of the Book
Foundations
Spatial Vision
Visual Dynamics
Tailoring the Book to Different Needs
Acknowledgments
An Introduction to Vision Science / Part I:
Visual Perception / 1.1:
Defining Visual Perception / 1.1.1:
The Evolutionary Utility of Vision / 1.1.2:
Perception as a Constructive Act / 1.1.3:
Perception as Modeling the Environment / 1.1.4:
Perception as Apprehension of Meaning / 1.1.5:
Optical Information / 1.2:
The Behavior of Light / 1.2.1:
The Formation of Images / 1.2.2:
Vision as an "Inverse" Problem / 1.2.3:
Visual Systems / 1.3:
The Human Eye / 1.3.1:
The Retina / 1.3.2:
Visual Cortex / 1.3.3:
Theoretical Approaches / 2:
Classical Theories of Vision / 2.1:
Structuralism / 2.1.1:
Gestaltism / 2.1.2:
Ecological Optics / 2.1.3:
Constructivism / 2.1.4:
A Brief History of Information Processing / 2.2:
Computer Vision / 2.2.1:
Information Processing Psychology / 2.2.2:
Biological Information Processing / 2.2.3:
Information Processing Theory / 2.3:
The Computer Metaphor / 2.3.1:
Three Levels of Information Processing / 2.3.2:
Three Assumptions of Information Processing / 2.3.3:
Representation / 2.3.4:
Processes / 2.3.5:
Four Stages of Visual Perception / 2.4:
The Retinal Image / 2.4.1:
The Image-Based Stage / 2.4.2:
The Surface-Based Stage / 2.4.3:
The Object-Based Stage / 2.4.4:
The Category-Based Stage / 2.4.5:
Color Vision: A Microcosm of Vision Science / 3:
The Computational Description of Color Perception / 3.1:
The Physical Description of Light / 3.1.1:
The Psychological Description of Color / 3.1.2:
The Psychophysical Correspondence / 3.1.3:
Image-Based Color Processing / 3.2:
Basic Phenomena / 3.2.1:
Theories of Color Vision / 3.2.2:
Physiological Mechanisms / 3.2.3:
Development of Color Vision / 3.2.4:
Surface-Based Color Processing / 3.3:
Lightness Constancy / 3.3.1:
Chromatic Color Constancy / 3.3.2:
Color Naming / 3.4:
Focal Colors and Prototypes / 3.4.2:
A Fuzzy-Logical Model of Color Naming / 3.4.3:
Processing Image Structure / Part II:
Retinal and Geniculate Cells / 4.1:
Striate Cortex / 4.1.2:
Striate Architecture / 4.1.3:
Development of Receptive Fields / 4.1.4:
Psychophysical Channels / 4.2:
Spatial Frequency Theory / 4.2.1:
Physiology of Spatial Frequency Channels / 4.2.2:
Computational Approaches / 4.3:
Marr's Primal Sketches / 4.3.1:
Edge Detection / 4.3.2:
Alternative Computational Theories / 4.3.3:
A Theoretical Synthesis / 4.3.4:
Visual Pathways / 4.4:
Physiologlcal Evidence / 4.4.1:
Perceptual Evidence / 4.4.2:
Perceiving Surfaces Oriented in Depth / 5:
The Problem of Depth Perception / 5.1:
Heuristic Assumptions / 5.1.1:
Marr's 2.5-D Sketch / 5.1.2:
Ocular Information / 5.2:
Accormmodation / 5.2.1:
Convergence / 5.2.2:
Stereoscopic Information / 5.3:
Binocular Disparity / 5.3.1:
The Correspondence Problem / 5.3.2:
Computational Theories / 5.3.3:
Vertical Disparity / 5.3.4:
Da Vinci Stereopsis / 5.3.6:
Dynamic Information / 5.4:
Motion Parallax / 5.4.1:
Optic Flow Caused by a Moving Observer / 5.4.2:
Optic Flow Caused by Moving Objects / 5.4.3:
Accretion/Deletion of Texture / 5.4.4:
Pictorial Information / 5.5:
Perspective Projection / 5.5.1:
Convergence of Parallel Lines / 5.5.2:
Position Relative to the Horizon of a Surface / 5.5.3:
Relative Size / 5.5.4:
Familiar Size / 5.5.5:
Texture Gradients / 5.5.6:
Edge Interpretation / 5.5.7:
Shading Information / 5.5.8:
Aerial Perspective / 5.5.9:
Integrating Information Sources / 5.5.10:
Development of Depth Perception / 5.6:
Organizing Objects and Scenes / 5.6.1:
Perceptual Grouping / 6.1:
The Classical Principles of Grouping / 6.1.1:
New Principles of Grouping / 6.1.2:
Measuring Grouping Effects Quantitatively / 6.1.3:
Is Grouping an Early or Late Process? / 6.1.4:
Past Experience / 6.1.5:
Region Analysis / 6.2:
Uniform Connectedness / 6.2.1:
Region Segmentation / 6.2.2:
Texture Segregation / 6.2.3:
Figure/Ground Organization / 6.3:
Principles of Figure/Ground Organization / 6.3.1:
Ecological Considerations / 6.3.2:
Effects of Meaningfulness / 6.3.3:
The Problem of Holes / 6.3.4:
Visual Interpolation / 6.4:
Visual Completion / 6.4.1:
Illusory Contours / 6.4.2:
Perceived Transparency / 6.4.3:
Figural Scission / 6.4.4:
The Principle of Nonaccidentalness / 6.4.5:
Multistability / 6.5:
Connectionist Network Models / 6.5.1:
Neural Fatigue / 6.5.2:
Eye Fixations / 6.5.3:
The Role of Instructions / 6.5.4:
Development of Perceptual Organization / 6.6:
The Habituation Paradigm / 6.6.1:
The Development of Grouping / 6.6.2:
Perceiving Object Properties and Parts / 7:
Size / 7.1:
Size Constancy / 7.1.1:
Size Illusions / 7.1.2:
Shape / 7.2:
Shape Constancy / 7.2.1:
Shape Illusions / 7.2.2:
Orientation / 7.3:
Orientation Constancy / 7.3.1:
Orientation Illusions / 7.3.2:
Position / 7.4:
Perception of Direction / 7.4.1:
Position Constancy / 7.4.2:
Position Illusions / 7.4.3:
Perceptual Adaptation / 7.5:
Parts / 7.6:
Evidence for Perception of Parts / 7.6.1:
Part Segmentation / 7.6.2:
Global and Local Processing / 7.6.3:
Representing Shape and Structure / 8:
Shape Equivalence / 8.1:
Defining Objective Shape / 8.1.1:
Invariant Features / 8.1.2:
Transformational Alignment / 8.1.3:
Object-Centered Reference Frames / 8.1.4:
Theories of Shape Representation / 8.2:
Templates / 8.2.1:
Fourier Spectra / 8.2.2:
Features and Dimensions / 8.2.3:
Structural Descriptions / 8.2.4:
Figural Goodness and Pragnanz / 8.3:
Theories of Figural Goodness / 8.3.1:
Structural Information Theory / 8.3.2:
Perceiving Function and Category / 9:
The Perception of Function / 9.1:
Direct Perception of Affordances / 9.1.1:
Indirect Perception of Function by Categorization / 9.1.2:
Phenomena of Perceptual Categorization / 9.2:
Categorical Hierarchies / 9.2.1:
Perspective Viewing Conditions / 9.2.2:
Part Structure / 9.2.3:
Contextual Effects / 9.2.4:
Visual Agnosia / 9.2.5:
Theories of Object Categorization / 9.3:
Recognition by Components Theory / 9.3.1:
Accounting for Empirical Phenomena / 9.3.2:
Viewpoint-Specific Theories / 9.3.3:
Identifying Letters and Words / 9.4:
Identifying Letters / 9.4.1:
Identifying Words and Letters Within Words / 9.4.2:
The Interactive Activation Model / 9.4.3:
Perceiving Motion and Events / Part III:
Image Motion / 10.1:
The Computational Problem of Motion / 10.1.1:
Continuous Motion / 10.1.2:
Apparent Motion / 10.1.3:
Object Motion / 10.1.4:
Perceiving Object Velocity / 10.2.1:
Depth and Motion / 10.2.2:
Long-Range Apparent Motion / 10.2.3:
Dynamic Perceptual Organization / 10.2.4:
Self-Motion and Optic Flow / 10.3:
Induced Motion of the Self / 10.3.1:
Perceiving Self-Motion / 10.3.2:
Understanding Events / 10.4:
Biological Motion / 10.4.1:
Perceiving Causation / 10.4.2:
Intuitive Physics / 10.4.3:
Visual Selection: Eye Movements And Attention / 11:
Eye Movements / 11.1:
Types Of Eye Movements / 11.1.1:
The Physiology Of The Oculomotor System / 11.1.2:
Saccaadic Exploration Of The Visual Environment / 11.1.3:
Visual Attention / 11.2:
Early Versus Late Selection / 11.2.1:
Costs and Benefits of Attention / 11.2.2:
Theories of Spatial Attention / 11.2.3:
Selective Attention to Properties / 11.2.4:
Distributed versus Focused Attention / 11.2.5:
Feature Integration Theory / 11.2.6:
The Physiology of Attention / 11.2.7:
Attention and Eye Movements / 11.2.8:
Visual Memory and Imagery / 12:
Visual Memory / 12.1:
Three Memory Systems / 12.1.1:
Iconic Memory / 12.1.2:
Visual Short-Term Memory / 12.1.3:
Visual Long-Term Memory / 12.1.4:
Memory Dynamics / 12.1.5:
Visual Imagery / 12.2:
The Analog/Propositional Debate / 12.2.1:
Mental Transformtions / 12.2.2:
Image Inspection / 12.2.3:
Kosslyn's Model of Imagery / 12.2.4:
The Relation of Imagery to Perception / 12.2.5:
Visual Awareness / 13:
Philosophical Foundations / 13.1:
The Mind-Body Problem / 13.1.1:
The Problem of Other Minds / 13.1.2:
Neuropsychology of Visual Awareness / 13.2:
Split-Brain Patients / 13.2.1:
Blindsight / 13.2.2:
Unconscious Processing in Neglect and Balint's Syndrome / 13.2.3:
Unconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia / 13.2.4:
Visual Awareness in Normal Observers / 13.3:
Perceptual Defense / 13.3.1:
Subliminal Perception / 13.3.2:
Inattentional Blindsight / 13.3.3:
Theories of Consciousness / 13.4:
Functional Architecture Theories / 13.4.1:
Biological Theories / 13.4.2:
Consciousness and the Limits of Science / 13.4.3:
Psychophysical Methods / Appendix A:
Measuring Thresholds / A.1:
Method of Adjustment / A.1.1:
Method of Limits / A.1.2:
Method of Constant Stimuli / A.1.3:
The Theoretical Status of Thresholds / A.1.4:
Signal Detection Theory / A.2:
Response Bias / A.2.1:
The Signal Detection Paradigm / A.2.2:
The Theory of Signal Detectability / A.2.3:
Difference Thresholds / A.3:
Just Noticeable Differences / A.3.1:
Weber's Law / A.3.2:
Psychophysical Scaling / A.4:
Fechner's Law / A.4.1:
Stevens's Law / A.4.2:
Suggestions for Futher Reading
Connectionist Modeling / Appendix B:
Network Behavior / B.1:
Unit Behavior / B.1.1:
System Architecture / B.1.2:
Systemic Behavior / B.1.3:
Connectionist Learning Algorithms / B.2:
Back Propagation / B.2.1:
Gradient Descent / B.2.2:
Color Technology / Appendix C:
Additive versus Subtractive Color Mixture / C.1:
Adding versus Multiplying Spectra / C.1.1:
Maxwell's Color Triangle / C.1.2:
C.I.E. Color Space / C.1.3:
Subtractive Color Mixture Space? / C.1.4:
Color Television / C.2:
Paints and Dyes / C.3:
Subtractive Combination of Paints / C.3.1:
Additive Combination of Paints / C.3.2:
Color Photography / C.4:
Color Printing / C.5:
Suggestions for Further Reading
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
2.

図書

図書
F. Albert Cotton and Richard A. Walton
出版情報: Oxford : Clarendon Press , New York : Oxford University Press, 1993  xxii, 787 p. ; 25 cm
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Introduction and Survey
Prolog / 1.1:
From Werner to the new transition metal chemistry / 1.1.1:
Prior to about 1963 / 1.1.2:
How It All Began / 1.2:
Rhenium chemistry from 1963 to 1965 / 1.2.1:
The recognition of the quadruple bond / 1.2.2:
Initial work on other elements / 1.2.3:
An Overview of the Multiple Bonds / 1.3:
A qualitative picture of the quadruple bond / 1.3.1:
Bond orders less than four / 1.3.2:
Oxidation states / 1.3.3:
Growth of the Field / 1.4:
Going Beyond Two / 1.5:
Complexes of the Group 5 Elements
General Remarks / 2.1:
Divanadium Compounds / 2.2:
Triply-bonded divanadium compounds / 2.2.1:
Metal-metal vs metal-ligand bonding / 2.2.2:
Divanadium compounds with the highly reduced V23+ core / 2.2.3:
Diniobium Compounds / 2.3:
Diniobium paddlewheel complexes / 2.3.1:
Diniobium compounds with calix[4]arene ligands and related species / 2.3.2:
Tantalum / 2.4:
Chromium Compounds
Dichromium Tetracarboxylates / 3.1:
History and preparation / 3.1.1:
Properties of carboxylate compounds / 3.1.2:
Unsolvated Cr2(O2CR)4 compounds / 3.1.3:
Other Paddlewheel Compounds / 3.2:
The first 'supershort' bonds / 3.2.1:
2-Oxopyridinate and related compounds / 3.2.2:
Carboxamidate compounds / 3.2.3:
Amidinate compounds / 3.2.4:
Guanidinate compounds / 3.2.5:
Miscellaneous Dichromium Compounds / 3.3:
Compounds with intramolecular axial interactions / 3.3.1:
Compounds with Cr-C bonds / 3.3.2:
Other pertinent results / 3.3.3:
Concluding Remarks / 3.4:
Molybdenum Compounds
Dimolybdenum Bridged by Carboxylates or Other O,O Ligands / 4.1:
General remarks / 4.1.1:
Mo2(O2CR)4 compounds / 4.1.2:
Other compounds with bridging carboxyl groups / 4.1.3:
Paddlewheels with other O,O anion bridges / 4.1.4:
Paddlewheel Compounds with O,N, N,N and Other Bridging Ligands / 4.2:
Compounds with anionic O,N bridging ligands / 4.2.1:
Compounds with anionic N,N bridging ligands / 4.2.2:
Compounds with miscellaneous other anionic bridging ligands / 4.2.3:
Non-Paddlewheel Mo24+ Compounds / 4.3:
Mo2X84- and Mo2X6(H2O)22- compounds / 4.3.1:
[Mo2X8H]3- compounds / 4.3.2:
Other aspects of dimolybdenum halogen compounds / 4.3.3:
M2X4L4 and Mo2X4(LL)2 compounds / 4.3.4:
Cationic complexes of Mo24+ / 4.3.5:
Complexes of Mo24+ with macrocyclic, polydentate and chelate ligands / 4.3.6:
Alkoxide compounds of the types Mo2(OR)4L4 and Mo2(OR)4(LL)2 / 4.3.7:
Other Aspects of Mo24+ Chemistry / 4.4:
Cleavage of Mo24+ compounds / 4.4.1:
Redox behavior of Mo24+ compounds / 4.4.2:
Hydrides and organometallics / 4.4.3:
Heteronuclear Mo-M compounds / 4.4.4:
An overview of Mo-Mo bond lengths in Mo24+ compounds / 4.4.5:
Higher-order Arrays of Dimolybdenum Units / 4.5:
General concepts / 4.5.1:
Two linked pairs with carboxylate spectator ligands / 4.5.2:
Two linked pairs with nonlabile spectator ligands / 4.5.3:
Squares: four linked pairs / 4.5.4:
Loops: two pairs doubly linked / 4.5.5:
Rectangular cyclic quartets / 4.5.6:
Other structural types / 4.5.7:
Tungsten Compounds
Multiple Bonds in Ditungsten Compounds / 5.1:
The W24+ Tetracarboxylates / 5.2:
W24+ Complexes Containing Anionic Bridging Ligands Other Than Carboxylate / 5.3:
W24+ Complexes without Bridging Ligands / 5.4:
Compounds coordinated by only anionic ligands / 5.4.1:
Compounds coordinated by four anionic ligands and four neutral ligands / 5.4.2:
Multiple Bonds in Heteronuclear Dimetal Compounds of Molybdenum and Tungsten / 5.5:
Paddlewheel Compounds with W25+ or W26+ Cores / 5.6:
X3 M ≡ MX3 Compounds of Molybdenum and Tungsten
Introduction / 6.1:
Homoleptic X3M ≡ MX3 Compounds / 6.2:
Synthesis and characterization of homoleptic M2X6 compounds / 6.2.1:
Bonding in M2X6 compounds / 6.2.2:
X3M ≡ MX3 Compounds as Molecular Precursors to Extended Solids / 6.2.3:
M2X2(NMe2)4 and M2X4(NMe2)2 Compounds / 6.3:
Other M2X2Y4, M2X6-n Yn and Related Compounds / 6.4:
Mo2X2(CH2SiMe3)4 compounds / 6.4.1:
1,2-M2R2(NMe2)4 compounds and their derivatives / 6.4.2:
M4 Complexes: Clusters or Dimers? / 6.5:
Molybdenum and tungsten twelve-electron clusters M4(OR)12 / 6.5.1:
M4X4(OPri)8 (X = Cl, Br) and Mo4Br3(OPri)9 / 6.5.2:
W4 (p-tolyl)2 (OPri)10 / 6.5.3:
W4O(X)(OPri)9, (X = Cl or OPri) / 6.5.4:
K(18-crown-6)2Mo44-H)(OCH2But)12 / 6.5.5:
Linked M4 units containing localized MM triple bonds / 6.5.6:
M2X6L, M2X6L2 and Related Compounds / 6.6:
Mo2(CH2Ph)2(OPri)4(PMe3) and [Mo2(OR)7]- / 6.6.1:
M2(OR)6L2 compounds and their congeners / 6.6.2:
Amido-containing compounds / 6.6.3:
Mo2Br2(CHSiMe3)2(PMe3)4 / 6.6.4:
Calix[4]arene complexes / 6.6.5:
Triple Bonds Uniting Five- and Six-Coordinate Metal Atoms / 6.7:
Redox Reactions at the M26+ Unit / 6.8:
Organometallic Chemistry of M2(OR)6 and Related Compounds / 6.9:
Carbonyl adducts and their products / 6.9.1:
Isocyanide complexes / 6.9.2:
Reactions with alkynes / 6.9.3:
Reactions with C≡N bonds / 6.9.4:
Reactions with C=C bonds / 6.9.5:
Reactions with H2 / 6.9.6:
Reactions with organometallic compounds / 6.9.7:
(η-C5H4R)2W2X4 compounds where R = Me, Pri and X = Cl, Br / 6.9.8:
Conclusion / 6.10:
Technetium Compounds
Synthesis and Properties of Technetium / 7.1:
Preparation of Dinuclear and Polynuclear Technetium Compounds / 7.2:
Bonds of Order 4 and 3.5 / 7.3:
Tc26+ and Tc25+ Carboxylates and Related Species with Bridging Ligands / 7.4:
Bonds of Order 3 / 7.5:
Hexanuclear and Octanuclear Technetium Clusters / 7.6:
Rhenium Compounds
The Last Naturally Occurring Element to Be Discovered / 8.1:
Synthesis and Structure of the Octachlorodirhenate(III) Anion / 8.2:
Synthesis and Structure of the Other Octahalodirhenate(III) Anions / 8.3:
Substitution Reactions of the Octahalodirhenate(III) Anions that Proceed with Retention of the Re26+ Core / 8.4:
Monodentate anionic ligands / 8.4.1:
The dirhenium(III) carboxylates / 8.4.2:
Other anionic ligands / 8.4.3:
Neutral ligands / 8.4.4:
Dirhenium Compounds with Bonds of Order 3.5 and 3 / 8.5:
The first metal-metal triple bond: Re2Cl5(CH3SCH2CH2SCH3)2 and related species / 8.5.1:
Simple electron-transfer chemistry involving the octahalodirhenate(III) anions and related species that contain quadruple bonds / 8.5.2:
Oxidation of [Re2X8]2- to the nonahalodirhenate anions [Re2X9]n- (n = 1 or 2) / 8.5.3:
Re25+ and Re24+ halide complexes that contain phosphine ligands / 8.5.4:
Other Re25+ and Re24+ complexes / 8.5.5:
Other dirhenium compounds with triple bonds / 8.5.6:
Dirhenium Compounds with Bonds of Order Less than 3 / 8.6:
Cleavage of Re-Re Multiple Bonds by o-donor and π-acceptor Ligands / 8.7:
σ-Donor ligands / 8.7.1:
Jπ-Acceptor ligands / 8.7.2:
Other Types of Multiply Bonded Dirhenium Compounds / 8.8:
Postscript on Recent Developments / 8.9:
Ruthenium Compounds
Ru25+ Compounds / 9.1:
Ru25+ compounds with O,O′-donor bridging ligands / 9.2.1:
Ru25+ compounds with N,O-donor bridging ligands / 9.2.2:
Ru25+ compounds with N,N′-donor bridging ligands / 9.2.3:
Ru24+ Compounds / 9.3:
Ru24+ compounds with O,O′-donor bridging ligands / 9.3.1:
Ru24+ compounds with N,O-donor bridging ligands / 9.3.2:
Ru24+ compounds with N,N′-donor bridging ligands / 9.3.3:
Ru26+ Compounds / 9.4:
Ru26+ compounds with O,O′-donor bridging ligands / 9.4.1:
Ru26+ compounds with N,N′-donor bridging ligands / 9.4.2:
Compounds with Macrocyclic Ligands / 9.5:
Applications / 9.6:
Catalytic activity / 9.6.1:
Biological importance / 9.6.2:
Osmium Compounds
Syntheses, Structures and Reactivity of Os26+ Compounds / 10.1:
Syntheses and Structures of Os25+ Compounds / 10.2:
Syntheses and Structures of Other Os2 Compounds / 10.3:
Magnetism, Electronic Structures, and Spectroscopy / 10.4:
Iron, Cobalt and Iridium Compounds / 10.5:
Di-iron Compounds / 11.1:
Dicobalt Compounds / 11.3:
Tetragonal paddlewheel compounds / 11.3.1:
Trigonal paddlewheel compounds / 11.3.2:
Dicobalt compounds with unsupported bonds / 11.3.3:
Compounds with chains of cobalt atoms / 11.3.4:
Di-iridium Compounds / 11.4:
Paddlewheel compounds and related species / 11.4.1:
Unsupported Ir-Ir bonds / 11.4.2:
Other species with Ir-Ir bonds / 11.4.3:
Iridium blues / 11.4.4:
Rhodium Compounds
Dirhodium Tetracarboxylato Compounds / 12.1:
Preparative methods and classification / 12.2.1:
Structural studies / 12.2.2:
Other Dirhodium Compounds Containing Bridging Ligands / 12.3:
Complexes with fewer than four carboxylate bridging groups / 12.3.1:
Complexes supported by hydroxypyridinato, carboxamidato and other (N, O) donor monoanionic bridging groups / 12.3.2:
Complexes supported by amidinato and other (N, N) donor bridging groups / 12.3.3:
Complexes supported by sulfur donor bridging ligands / 12.3.4:
Complexes supported by phosphine and (P, N) donor bridging ligands / 12.3.5:
Complexes supported by carbonate, sulfate and phosphate bridging groups / 12.3.6:
Dirhodium Compounds with Unsupported Rh-Rh Bonds / 12.4:
The dirhodium(II) aquo ion / 12.4.1:
The [Rh2(NCR)10]4+ cations / 12.4.2:
Complexes with chelating and macrocyclic nitrogen ligands / 12.4.3:
Other Dirhodium Compounds / 12.5:
Complexes with isocyanide ligands / 12.5.1:
Rhodium blues / 12.5.2:
Reactions of Rh24+ Compounds / 12.6:
Oxidation to Rh25+ and Rh26+ species / 12.6.1:
Cleavage of the Rh-Rh bond / 12.6.2:
Applications of Dirhodium Compounds / 12.7:
Catalysis / 12.7.1:
Supramolecular arrays based on dirhodium building blocks / 12.7.2:
Biological applications of dirhodium compounds / 12.7.3:
Photocatalytic reactions / 12.7.4:
Other applications / 12.7.5:
Chiral Dirhodium(II) Catalysts and Their Applications
Synthetic and Structural Aspects of Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxamidates / 13.1:
Synthetic and Structural Aspects of Dirhodium(II) Complexes Bearing Orthometalated Phosphines / 13.3:
Dirhodium(II) Compounds as Catalysts / 13.4:
Catalysis of Diazo Decomposition / 13.5:
Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxylates / 13.6:
Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxamidates / 13.7:
Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanation and Cyclopropenation / 13.8:
Intramolecular reactions / 13.8.1:
Intermolecular reactions / 13.8.2:
Cyclopropenation / 13.8.3:
Macrocyclization / 13.8.4:
Metal Carbene Carbon-Hydrogen Insertion / 13.9:
Catalytic Ylide Formation and Reactions / 13.9.1:
Additional Transformations of Diazo Compounds Catalyzed by Dirhodium(II) / 13.11:
Silicon-Hydrogen Insertion / 13.12:
Nickel, Palladium and Platinum Compounds
Dinickel Compounds / 14.1:
Dipalladium Compounds / 14.3:
A singly bonded Pd26+ species / 14.3.1:
Chemistry of Pd25+ and similar species / 14.3.2:
Other compounds with Pd-Pd interactions / 14.3.3:
Diplatinum Compounds / 14.4:
Complexes with sulfate and phosphate bridges / 14.4.1:
Complexes with pyrophosphite and related ligands / 14.4.2:
Complexes with carboxylate, formamidinate and related ligands / 14.4.3:
Complexes containing monoanionic bridging ligands with N,O and N,S donor sets / 14.4.4:
Unsupported Pt-Pt bonds / 14.4.5:
Dinuclear Pt25+ species / 14.4.6:
The platinum blues / 14.4.7:
Other compounds
Extended Metal Atom Chains
Overview / 15.1:
EMACs of Chromium / 15.2:
EMACs of Cobalt / 15.3:
EMACs of Nickel and Copper / 15.4:
EMACs of Ruthenium and Rhodium / 15.5:
Other Metal Atom Chains / 15.6:
Physical, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Results
Structural Correlations / 16.1:
Bond orders and bond lengths / 16.1.1:
Internal rotation / 16.1.2:
Axial ligands / 16.1.3:
Comparison of second and third transition series homologs / 16.1.4:
Disorder in crystals / 16.1.5:
Rearrangements of M2X8 type molecules / 16.1.6:
Diamagnetic anisotropy of M-M multiple bonds / 16.1.7:
Thermodynamics / 16.2:
Thermochemical data / 16.2.1:
Bond energies / 16.2.2:
Electronic Structure Calculations / 16.3:
Background / 16.3.1:
[M2X8]n- and M2X4(PR3)4 species / 16.3.2:
The M2(O2CR)4 (M = Cr, Mo, W) molecules / 16.3.3:
M2(O2CR)4R′2 (M = Mo, W) compounds / 16.3.4:
Dirhodium species / 16.3.5:
Diruthenium compounds / 16.3.6:
M2X6 molecules (M = Mo, W) / 16.3.7:
Other calculations / 16.3.8:
Electronic Spectra / 16.4:
Details of the δ manifold of states / 16.4.1:
Observed δ → δ* transitions / 16.4.2:
Other electronic absorption bands of Mo2, W2, Tc2 and Re2 species / 16.4.3:
Spectra of Rh2, Pt2, Ru2 and Os2 compounds / 16.4.4:
CD and ORD spectra / 16.4.5:
Excited state distortions inferred from vibronic structure / 16.4.6:
Emission spectra and photochemistry / 16.4.7:
Photoelectron Spectra / 16.5:
Paddlewheel molecules / 16.5.1:
Other tetragonal molecules / 16.5.2:
M2X6 molecules / 16.5.3:
Miscellaneous other PES results / 16.5.4:
Vibrational Spectra / 16.6:
M-M stretching vibrations / 16.6.1:
M-L stretching vibrations / 16.6.2:
Other types of Spectra / 16.7:
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance / 16.7.1:
X-Ray spectra, EXAFS, and XPS / 16.7.2:
Abbreviations
Index
Introduction and Survey
Prolog / 1.1:
From Werner to the new transition metal chemistry / 1.1.1:
3.

図書

図書
Stephen I. Gallant
出版情報: Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c1993  xvi, 365 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Bradford book
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Foreword
Basics / I:
Introduction and Important Definitions / 1:
Why Connectionist Models? / 1.1:
The Grand Goals of Al and Its Current Impasse / 1.1.1:
The Computational Appeal of Neural Networks / 1.1.2:
The Structure of Connectionist Models / 1.2:
Network Properties / 1.2.1:
Cell Properties / 1.2.2:
Dynamic Properties / 1.2.3:
Learning Properties / 1.2.4:
Two Fundamental Models: Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP's) and Backpropagation Networks (BPN's) / 1.3:
Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP's) / 1.3.1:
Backpropagation Networks (BPN's) / 1.3.2:
Gradient Descent / 1.4:
The Algorithm / 1.4.1:
Practical Problems / 1.4.2:
Comments / 1.4.3:
Historic and Bibliographic Notes / 1.5:
Early Work / 1.5.1:
The Decline of the Perceptron / 1.5.2:
The Rise of Connectionist Research / 1.5.3:
Other Bibliographic Notes / 1.5.4:
Exercises / 1.6:
Programming Project / 1.7:
Representation Issues / 2:
Representing Boolean Functions / 2.1:
Equivalence of {+1, -1,0} and {1,0} Forms / 2.1.1:
Single-Cell Models / 2.1.2:
Nonseparable Functions / 2.1.3:
Representing Arbitrary Boolean Functions / 2.1.4:
Representing Boolean Functions Using Continuous Connectionist Models / 2.1.5:
Distributed Representations / 2.2:
Definition / 2.2.1:
Storage Efficiency and Resistance to Error / 2.2.2:
Superposition / 2.2.3:
Learning / 2.2.4:
Feature Spaces and ISA Relations / 2.3:
Feature Spaces / 2.3.1:
Concept-Function Unification / 2.3.2:
ISA Relations / 2.3.3:
Binding / 2.3.4:
Representing Real-Valued Functions / 2.4:
Approximating Real Numbers by Collections of Discrete Cells / 2.4.1:
Precision / 2.4.2:
Approximating Real Numbers by Collections of Continuous Cells / 2.4.3:
Example: Taxtime! / 2.5:
Programming Projects / 2.6:
Learning In Single-Layer Models / II:
Perceptron Learning and the Pocket Algorithm / 3:
Perceptron Learning for Separable Sets of Training Examples / 3.1:
Statement of the Problem / 3.1.1:
Computing the Bias / 3.1.2:
The Perceptron Learning Algorithm / 3.1.3:
Perceptron Convergence Theorem / 3.1.4:
The Perceptron Cycling Theorem / 3.1.5:
The Pocket Algorithm for Nonseparable Sets of Training Examples / 3.2:
Problem Statement / 3.2.1:
Perceptron Learning Is Poorly Behaved / 3.2.2:
The Pocket Algorithm / 3.2.3:
Ratchets / 3.2.4:
Examples / 3.2.5:
Noisy and Contradictory Sets of Training Examples / 3.2.6:
Rules / 3.2.7:
Implementation Considerations / 3.2.8:
Proof of the Pocket Convergence Theorem / 3.2.9:
Khachiyan's Linear Programming Algorithm / 3.3:
Winner-Take-All Groups or Linear Machines / 3.4:
Generalizes Single-Cell Models / 4.1:
Perceptron Learning for Winner-Take-All Groups / 4.2:
The Pocket Algorithm for Winner-Take-All Groups / 4.3:
Kessler's Construction, Perceptron Cycling, and the Pocket Algorithm Proof / 4.4:
Independent Training / 4.5:
Autoassociators and One-Shot Learning / 4.6:
Linear Autoassociators and the Outer-Product Training Rule / 5.1:
Anderson's BSB Model / 5.2:
Hopfieid's Model / 5.3:
Energy / 5.3.1:
The Traveling Salesman Problem / 5.4:
The Cohen-Grossberg Theorem / 5.5:
Kanerva's Model / 5.6:
Autoassociative Filtering for Feedforward Networks / 5.7:
Concluding Remarks / 5.8:
Mean Squared Error (MSE) Algorithms / 5.9:
Motivation / 6.1:
MSE Approximations / 6.2:
The Widrow-Hoff Rule or LMS Algorithm / 6.3:
Number of Training Examples Required / 6.3.1:
Adaline / 6.4:
Adaptive Noise Cancellation / 6.5:
Decision-Directed Learning / 6.6:
Unsupervised Learning / 6.7:
Introduction / 7.1:
No Teacher / 7.1.1:
Clustering Algorithms / 7.1.2:
k-Means Clustering / 7.2:
Topology-Preserving Maps / 7.2.1:
Example / 7.3.1:
Demonstrations / 7.3.4:
Dimensionality, Neighborhood Size, and Final Comments / 7.3.5:
Art1 / 7.4:
Important Aspects of the Algorithm / 7.4.1:
Art2 / 7.4.2:
Using Clustering Algorithms for Supervised Learning / 7.6:
Labeling Clusters / 7.6.1:
ARTMAP or Supervised ART / 7.6.2:
Learning In Multilayer Models / 7.7:
The Distributed Method and Radial Basis Functions / 8:
Rosenblatt's Approach / 8.1:
The Distributed Method / 8.2:
Cover's Formula / 8.2.1:
Robustness-Preserving Functions / 8.2.2:
Hepatobiliary Data / 8.3:
Artificial Data / 8.3.2:
How Many Cells? / 8.4:
Pruning Data / 8.4.1:
Leave-One-Out / 8.4.2:
Radial Basis Functions / 8.5:
A Variant: The Anchor Algorithm / 8.6:
Scaling, Multiple Outputs, and Parallelism / 8.7:
Scaling Properties / 8.7.1:
Multiple Outputs and Parallelism / 8.7.2:
A Computational Speedup for Learning / 8.7.3:
Computational Learning Theory and the BRD Algorithm / 8.7.4:
Introduction to Computational Learning Theory / 9.1:
PAC-Learning / 9.1.1:
Bounded Distributed Connectionist Networks / 9.1.2:
Probabilistic Bounded Distributed Concepts / 9.1.3:
A Learning Algorithm for Probabilistic Bounded Distributed Concepts / 9.2:
The BRD Theorem / 9.3:
Polynomial Learning / 9.3.1:
Noisy Data and Fallback Estimates / 9.4:
Vapnik-Chervonenkis Bounds / 9.4.1:
Hoeffding and Chernoff Bounds / 9.4.2:
Pocket Algorithm / 9.4.3:
Additional Training Examples / 9.4.4:
Bounds for Single-Layer Algorithms / 9.5:
Fitting Data by Limiting the Number of Iterations / 9.6:
Discussion / 9.7:
Exercise / 9.8:
Constructive Algorithms / 9.9:
The Tower and Pyramid Algorithms / 10.1:
The Tower Algorithm / 10.1.1:
Proof of Convergence / 10.1.2:
A Computational Speedup / 10.1.4:
The Pyramid Algorithm / 10.1.5:
The Cascade-Correlation Algorithm / 10.2:
The Tiling Algorithm / 10.3:
The Upstart Algorithm / 10.4:
Other Constructive Algorithms and Pruning / 10.5:
Easy Learning Problems / 10.6:
Decomposition / 10.6.1:
Expandable Network Problems / 10.6.2:
Limits of Easy Learning / 10.6.3:
Backpropagation / 10.7:
The Backpropagation Algorithm / 11.1:
Statement of the Algorithm / 11.1.1:
A Numerical Example / 11.1.2:
Derivation / 11.2:
Practical Considerations / 11.3:
Determination of Correct Outputs / 11.3.1:
Initial Weights / 11.3.2:
Choice of r / 11.3.3:
Momentum / 11.3.4:
Network Topology / 11.3.5:
Local Minima / 11.3.6:
Activations in [0,1] versus [-1, 1] / 11.3.7:
Update after Every Training Example / 11.3.8:
Other Squashing Functions / 11.3.9:
NP-Completeness / 11.4:
Overuse / 11.5:
Interesting Intermediate Cells / 11.5.2:
Continuous Outputs / 11.5.3:
Probability Outputs / 11.5.4:
Using Backpropagation to Train Multilayer Perceptrons / 11.5.5:
Backpropagation: Variations and Applications / 11.6:
NETtalk / 12.1:
Input and Output Representations / 12.1.1:
Experiments / 12.1.2:
Backpropagation through Time / 12.1.3:
Handwritten Character Recognition / 12.3:
Neocognitron Architecture / 12.3.1:
The Network / 12.3.2:
Robot Manipulator with Excess Degrees of Freedom / 12.3.3:
The Problem / 12.4.1:
Training the Inverse Network / 12.4.2:
Plan Units / 12.4.3:
Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines / 12.4.4:
Simulated Annealing / 13.1:
Boltzmann Machines / 13.2:
The Boltzmann Model / 13.2.1:
Boltzmann Learning / 13.2.2:
The Boltzmann Algorithm and Noise Clamping / 13.2.3:
Example: The 4-2-4 Encoder Problem / 13.2.4:
Remarks / 13.3:
Neural Network Expert Systems / 13.4:
Expert Systems and Neural Networks / 14:
Expert Systems / 14.1:
What Is an Expert System? / 14.1.1:
Why Expert Systems? / 14.1.2:
Historically Important Expert Systems / 14.1.3:
Critique of Conventional Expert Systems / 14.1.4:
Neural Network Decision Systems / 14.2:
Example: Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Occlusion / 14.2.1:
Example: Autonomous Navigation / 14.2.2:
Other Examples / 14.2.3:
Decision Systems versus Expert Systems / 14.2.4:
MACIE, and an Example Problem / 14.3:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Sarcophagal Disease / 14.3.1:
Network Generation / 14.3.2:
Sample Run of Macie / 14.3.3:
Real-Valued Variables and Winner-Take-All Groups / 14.3.4:
Not-Yet-Known versus Unavailable Variables / 14.3.5:
Applicability of Neural Network Expert Systems / 14.4:
Details of the MACIE System / 14.5:
Inferencing and Forward Chaining / 15.1:
Discrete Multilayer Perceptron Models / 15.1.1:
Continuous Variables / 15.1.2:
Winner-Take-All Groups / 15.1.3:
Using Prior Probabilities for More Aggressive Inferencing / 15.1.4:
Confidence Estimation / 15.2:
A Confidence Heuristic Prior to Inference / 15.2.1:
Confidence in Inferences / 15.2.2:
Information Acquisition and Backward Chaining / 15.3:
Concluding Comment / 15.4:
Noise, Redundancy, Fault Detection, and Bayesian Decision Theory / 15.5:
The High Tech Lemonade Corporation's Problem / 16.1:
The Deep Model and the Noise Model / 16.2:
Generating the Expert System / 16.3:
Probabilistic Analysis / 16.4:
Noisy Single-Pattern Boolean Fault Detection Problems / 16.5:
Convergence Theorem / 16.6:
Extracting Rules from networks / 16.7:
Why Rules? / 17.1:
What Kind of Rules? / 17.2:
Criteria / 17.2.1:
Inference Justifications versus Rule Sets / 17.2.2:
Which Variables in Conditions / 17.2.3:
Inference Justifications / 17.3:
MACIE's Algorithm / 17.3.1:
The Removal Algorithm / 17.3.2:
Key Factor Justifications / 17.3.3:
Justifications for Continuous Models / 17.3.4:
Rule Sets / 17.4:
Limiting the Number of Conditions / 17.4.1:
Approximating Rules / 17.4.2:
Conventional + Neural Network Expert Systems / 17.5:
Debugging an Expert System Knowledge Base / 17.5.1:
The Short-Rule Debugging Cycle / 17.5.2:
Appendix Representation Comparisons / 17.6:
DNF Expressions / A.1 DNF Expressions and Polynomial Representability:
Polynomial Representability / A.1.2:
Space Comparison of MLP and DNF Representations / A.1.3:
Speed Comparison of MLP and DNF Representations / A.1.4:
MLP versus DNF Representations / A.1.5:
Decision Trees / A.2:
Representing Decision Trees by MLP's / A.2.1:
Speed Comparison / A.2.2:
Decision Trees versus MLP's / A.2.3:
p-lDiagrams / A.3:
Symmetric Functions and Depth Complexity / A.4:
Bibliography / A.5:
Index
Foreword
Basics / I:
Introduction and Important Definitions / 1:
4.

図書

図書
Yoshiharu Doi
出版情報: New York, N.Y. : VCH, c1990  ix, 156 p. ; 23 cm
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Introduction / Chapter 1:
Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 1.1:
Microbial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) / 1.2:
Environmentally Degradable Polyesters / 1.3:
References
Fermentation and Analysis of Microbial Polyesters / Chapter 2:
Fermentation Production / 2.1:
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 2.1.1:
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) / 2.1.2:
Polymer Isolation / 2.2:
Solvent Extraction / 2.2.1:
Alkaline Hypochlorite Treatment / 2.2.2:
Enzyme Treatment / 2.2.3:
Analysis / 2.3:
Polyester Content of Cells / 2.3.1:
Composition of Copolymers / 2.3.2:
Molecular Weight? / 2.3.3:
Microorganisms and Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) / Chapter 3:
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Microorganisms / 3.1:
Functions of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 3.1.1:
Structure of Native P(3HB) Granules / 3.1.2:
Biosynthesis of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) / 3.2:
Alcaligenes eutrophus / 3.2.1:
Pseudomonas oleovorans / 3.2.2:
Other Bacterial Strains / 3.2.3:
Molecular Structures of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) / 3.3:
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalerate) / 3.3.1:
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates-co-3-hydroxy--chloroalkanoates) / 3.3.2:
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism / Chapter 4:
Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis / 4.1:
Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis / 4.2:
Enzymology of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis / 4.3:
3-Ketothiolase / 4.3.1:
Acetoacetyl-CoA Reductase / 4.3.2:
P(3HB) Synthase / 4.3.3:
Pathways of P(3-hydroxybutyrate) Degradation / 4.4:
Cyclic Nature of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism / 4.5:
Replacement of P(3HB) by P(3HB-co-3HV) / 4.5.1:
Replacement of P(3HB-co-3HV) by P(3HB) / 4.5.2:
Application to PHA Fermentation / 4.5.3:
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) / Chapter 5:
Alcaligenes eutrophus and Carbon Substrates / 5.1:
Molecular Structure / 5.2:
Biosynthetic Pathway? / 5.3:
Structure and Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / Chapter 6:
Crystal Structure and Properties / 6.1:
Crystal Structure / 6.1.1:
Solid-State Properties / 6.1.2:
Solution Properties / 6.2:
Solid-State Properties of Copolyesters / Chapter 7:
Composition and Physical Properties / 7.1:
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis / 7.1.1:
Solid-State CP/MAS 13C-NMR Analysis / 7.1.2:
Mechanical Properties / 7.1.3:
Thermal Properties / 7.2:
Melting Temperatures / 7.2.1:
Glass-Transition Temperatures / 7.2.2:
Thermal Stability / 7.2.3:
Kinetics of Crystallization / 7.3:
Biodegradation of Microbial Polyesters / Chapter 8:
Extracellular P(3HB) Depolymerase / 8.1:
Pseudomonas lemoignei / 8.1.1:
Alcaligenes faecalis / 8.1.2:
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Copolyesters / 8.2:
Simple Hydrolysis of Polyesters / 8.3:
Applications and Prospects / 8.4:
Environmentally Degradable Plastics / 8.4.1:
Medical Applications / 8.4.2:
Index
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 1.1:
Microbial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) / 1.2:
5.

図書

図書
Motoichi Ohtsu
出版情報: Boston : Artech House, c1992  xi, 340 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: The Artech House optoelectronics library
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Preface
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Requirements of Highly Coherent Semiconductor Lasers / 1.1:
Five Requirements to Be Met / 1.2:
Structure and Oscillation Mechanisms / Chapter 2:
Coherence of Light / 2.1:
Device Structures / 2.2:
Formulation of Laser Oscillation / 2.3:
Noise Characteristics / 2.4:
Intensity Noise / 2.4.1:
Frequency Noise / 2.4.2:
Coherence Deterioration Induced in Semiconductor Lasers by Specific Noise / 2.5:
Oscillation Instabilities Induced by Reflected Lightwaves / 2.5.1:
Mode-Hopping and Mode-Partition Noise / 2.5.2:
Optical Frequency Discriminators, Detections, and Modulations / Chapter 3:
Optical Frequency Demodulators / 3.1:
Noise Sources in the FM Noise Detection System / 3.2:
Modulation Characteristics of a Semiconductor Laser / 3.3:
FM Noise Reduction and Improvement of Frequency Accuracy / Chapter 4:
Center Frequency Stabilization of the Field Spectrum / 4.1:
Improvements in the Accuracy and Reproducibility of the Stabilized Laser Frequency / 4.2:
Wideband FM Noise Reduction / 4.3:
Negative Electrical Feedback / 4.3.1:
Injection Locking and Optical Feedback / 4.3.2:
Optical Phase Locking and Frequency Sweep / Chapter 5:
Optical Phase- and Frequency-Locked Loops / 5.1:
Heterodyne Optical Phase-Locked Loop / 5.1.1:
Homodyne Optical Phase-Locked Loop / 5.1.2:
Other Promising Techniques / 5.1.3:
Stable, Accurate, and Wideband Optical Frequency Sweep / 5.2:
Fine Frequency Sweep / 5.2.1:
Wideband Coarse Frequency Sweep / 5.2.2:
Applications of Highly Coherent Semiconductor Lasers / Chapter 6:
Optical Communication Systems / 6.1:
Optical Measurements / 6.2:
Passive Ring Resonator-Type Fiber Gyroscope / 6.2.1:
Velocity and Displacement Measurements / 6.2.2:
Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope / 6.3:
Analytical Spectroscopy / 6.4:
Laser Radar (Lidar) / 6.4.1:
Isotope Separation and Analysis of Radicals / 6.4.2:
Optical Pumping of Atomic Clocks / 6.5:
Cesium Atomic Clock at 9.2 GHz / 6.5.1:
Rubidium Atomic Clock at 6.8 GHz / 6.5.2:
Quantum Optics and Basic Physics / 6.6:
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Atoms and Molecules / 6.6.1:
Test of Basic Principles of Physics / 6.6.2:
Manipulations of Atoms and Ions / 6.6.3:
Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (Cavity QED) / 6.6.4:
Toward the Future / Chapter 7:
Improvement in Device Structure / 7.1:
Advanced Longitudinal-Mode Controlled Lasers / 7.1.1:
Narrow-Linewidth Lasers / 7.1.2:
Wideband Frequency Sweep / 7.1.3:
Realization of Novel Lasing Wavelengths / 7.1.4:
High-Power Laser Devices / 7.1.5:
Reduction of Chirping / 7.1.6:
Expansion of the Lasing Frequency Range / 7.2:
Short-Wavelength Lasers / 7.2.1:
Stable, Wideband Optical Sweep Generators / 7.2.2:
Ultrafast Detection of Lightwaves, Waveform Conversion, and Optical-Frequency Counting Systems / 7.3:
Generation and Application of Nonclassical Photons / 7.4:
Photon Antibunching and the Properties of the Squeezed State of Light / 7.4.1:
Quantum Nondemolition Measurements / 7.4.2:
Control and Manipulation of Atoms and Photons / 7.5:
High-Power Lasers and Optical Energy Storage / 7.6:
Conclusion / Chapter 8:
Quantization of the Light Field / Appendix I:
Definitions of the Measures for Evaluating the FM Noise Magnitude / Appendix II:
Methods for Measuring FM Noise and the Allan Variance Real-Time Processing System / Appendix III:
Rate Equation and Relaxation Oscillation / Appendix IV:
Theoretical Analyses of Optical Phase-Locked Loops / Appendix V:
Index
Preface
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Requirements of Highly Coherent Semiconductor Lasers / 1.1:
6.

図書

図書
editors, M. Guisnet ... [et al.]
出版情報: Amsterdam ; Tokyo : Elsevier, 1991  xviii, 608 p.
シリーズ名: Studies in surface science and catalysis ; 59
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7.

図書

図書
edited by Hiroo Tominaga and Masakazu Tamaki
出版情報: Chichester : John Wiley, 1997  x, 403 p.; 24 cm
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Preface to the English Edition
Preface
Chemical Reactions and Design of Chemical Reactors / Hiroo TominagaChapter 1:
Introduction / 1.1:
Science and Engineering for Reactor Design / 1.2:
Theory of Chemical Reaction / 1.3:
Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Design / 1.4:
Reactor Design for Industrial Processes / 1.5:
Naphtha Cracking / 1.5.1:
Tubular Steam Reforming / 1.5.2:
Epoxy Resin Production / 1.5.3:
Hydrotreating / 1.5.4:
Fluid Catalytic Cracking / 1.5.5:
Flue Gas Desulphurization / 1.5.6:
Equilibrium and Reaction Rate / Hiroshi KomiyamaChapter 2:
Nature of Chemical Reaction / 2.1:
Supply of Activation Energy / 2.1.1:
Elementary and Complex Reactions / 2.1.2:
Other Factors in Reactor Design / 2.1.3:
Direction of the Reaction Progress and Chemical Equilibrium / 2.2:
Direction of the Reaction Progress / 2.2.1:
Role of the Catalyst / 2.2.2:
Reversible and Irreversible Reactions / 2.2.3:
How to Calculate the Heat of Reaction and the Equilibrium Constant / 2.2.4:
Operating Conditions and Energy Efficiency of Chemical Reactions / 2.2.5:
The Rate of Reaction / 2.3:
Factors Governing the Rate of Reaction / 2.3.1:
Complex Reaction System / 2.4:
Rate-determining Step / 2.4.1:
Patterning of Reaction Systems / 2.4.2:
Relations with Other Transfer Processes / 2.4.3:
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer / Koichi AsanoChapter 3:
Rate Equations / 3.1:
Conduction of Heat / 3.1.1:
Diffusion / 3.1.2:
Diffusion Flux and Mass Flux / 3.1.3:
Mass and Heat Transfer Coefficients / 3.2:
Mass Transfer Coefficient / 3.2.1:
Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient / 3.2.2:
Heat Transfer Coefficient / 3.2.3:
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient / 3.2.4:
Heat and Mass Transfer in a Laminar Boundary Layer along a Flat Plate / 3.3:
Governing Equations of Heat and Mass Transfer / 3.3.1:
Physical Interpretation of the Dimensionless Groups used in Heat and Mass Transfer Correlation / 3.3.2:
Similarity Transformation / 3.3.3:
Numerical Solutions for Heat and Mass Transfer / 3.3.4:
High Mass Flux Effect / 3.3.5:
Heat Transfer inside a Circular Tube in Laminar Flow / 3.4:
Heat Transfer inside a Circular Tube with Uniform Velocity Profile / 3.4.1:
Heat Transfer inside a Circular Tube with Parabolic Velocity Profile (Graetz problem) / 3.4.2:
Mass Transfer of Bubbles, Drops and Particles / 3.5:
Hadamard Flow / 3.5.1:
Evaporation of a Drop in the Gas Phase / 3.5.2:
Continuous Phase Mass Transfer of Bubbles or Drops in the Liquid Phase / 3.5.3:
Dispersed Phase Mass Transfer / 3.5.4:
Heat and Mass Transfer of a Group of Particles and the Void Function / 3.5.5:
Radiant Heat Transfer / 3.6:
Heat Radiation / 3.6.1:
Governing Equations of Radiant Heat Transfer / 3.6.2:
Fundamentals of Reactor Design / Chapter 4:
Reactor Types and Their Applications / Shintaro Furusaki4.1:
Homogeneous Reactors / 4.1.1:
Heterogeneous Reactors / 4.1.2:
Design of Homogeneous Reactors / Yukihiro Shimogaki4.2:
Material and Heat Balances in Reaction Systems / 4.2.1:
Design of Batch Stirred Tank Reactor / 4.2.2:
Design of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors / 4.2.3:
Design of Tubular Reactors / 4.2.4:
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Complex Reactions / 4.2.5:
Planning and Design of Multiphase Reactors / Masayuki Horio4.3:
Features of Planning and Design of Multiphase Reaction Processes / 4.3.1:
Model Description of Multiphase Processes / 4.3.2:
Concepts of Multiphase Reaction Processes / 4.3.3:
Development and Scale-up of Multiphase Reactors / 4.3.4:
Dynamic Analysis of Reaction System / Hisayoshi Matsuyama4.4:
Dynamics of Reactors / 4.4.1:
Stability of Reactors / 4.4.2:
Control of Reactors / 4.4.3:
Optimization of Reactor Systems / 4.4.4:
Design of an Industrial Reactor / Chapter 5:
Petrochemical Complex in Japan / Hiroshi Yagi5.1:
Cracking Furnace for Naphtha / 5.1.2:
Treatment of a Cracked Gas / 5.1.3:
Quench and Heat Recovery / 5.1.4:
Thermodynamics of Thermal Cracking Reaction / 5.1.5:
Mechanism of Thermal Cracking / 5.1.6:
Reaction Model for Yield Estimation / 5.1.7:
Design Procedure of Cracking Furnace / 5.1.8:
Results of Thermal Cracking Simulation / 5.1.9:
Technology Trend of a Cracking Furnace / 5.1.10:
The Reactions / J. R. Rostrup-Nielsen ; Lars J. Christiansen5.2:
The Tubular Reformer / 5.2.2:
The Catalyst and Reaction Rate / 5.2.3:
Poisoning / 5.2.4:
Carbon Formation / 5.2.5:
CO[subscript 2] Reforming / 5.2.6:
Reforming of High Hydrocarbons / 5.2.7:
Alternatives to Steam Reforming Technology / 5.2.8:
Epoxy Resin / Goro Soma ; Yasuo Hosono5.3:
Quality Parameters of Epoxy Resin / 5.3.2:
Elementary Reactions for Epoxy Resin Production / 5.3.3:
Epoxy Resin Production Processes / 5.3.4:
Process Operating Factors / 5.3.5:
The Reaction Model / 5.3.6:
Batch Operation / 5.3.7:
Simulation Using the Reaction Model / 5.3.8:
Design of the First-stage Reactor / 5.3.9:
Design of the Second-stage Reactor / 5.3.10:
Hydrotreating Reactor Design / Alan G. Bridge ; E. Morse Blue5.4:
Hydrotreating Objectives / 5.4.1:
Process Fundamentals / 5.4.2:
VGO Hydrotreating Reactions / 5.4.3:
VGO Hydrotreating Catalysts / 5.4.4:
VGO Hydrotreating Process Conditions / 5.4.5:
VGO Hydrotreating Reactor Design / 5.4.6:
VGO Hydrotreating Operation / 5.4.7:
VGO Hydrotreating Safety Procedures / 5.4.8:
Future Trends / 5.4.9:
Outline of the FCC Process / Toru Takatsuka ; Hideki Minami5.5:
Basic Theory of Fluid Catalytic Cracking / 5.5.2:
Theoretical Discussion of FCC Reactor Design / 5.5.3:
Practice of FCC Reactor Design / 5.5.4:
Material Balance and Heat Balance around Reactors / 5.5.5:
Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization / Hiroshi Yanagioka ; Teruo Sugiya5.6:
Process Description / 5.6.1:
Structure of JBR / 5.6.2:
Chemical Reactions in JBR / 5.6.3:
Heat and Material Balance around the Reactor / 5.6.4:
Reactive Impurities in the Flue Gas / 5.6.5:
Applicable Materials for the Wet FGD Plant / 5.6.6:
Index
Preface to the English Edition
Preface
Chemical Reactions and Design of Chemical Reactors / Hiroo TominagaChapter 1:
8.

図書

図書
Mortimer J. Adler, editor in chief
出版情報: Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, c1990  2 v. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Great books of the Western World / Mortimer J. Adler, editor in chief ; 1-2
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図書
[editors,] Rodney Boyer, Gerhard Welsch, E.W. Collings
出版情報: Materials Park, OH : ASM International, 1994  xxii, 1176 p. ; 29 cm
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Preface
Contributors and Reviewers
Summary Table of Titanium Alloys
Alloy Data Sheet Contents
Technical Note Contents
Abbreviations and Symbols
Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys / Section I:
Introduction
Classification of Titanium Alloys
Physical Properties
Equilibrium Phases
Nonequilibrium Phases
Deformation
Aging
Titanium Alloys for Low-Temperature Service
Evolution of Conventional (Ingot Metallurgy) High-Temperature Titanium Alloys
Powder Metallurgy and Rapid-Solidification Processing
Rapid-Solidification Processing of Precipitate and Dispersion-Strengthened Titanium Alloys
Mechanical Properties
References
Titanium Data Sheets / Section II:
High-Purity Ti
Commercially Pure and Modified Ti
Alpha and Near-Alpha Alloys / Section III:
Ti-3Al-2.5V
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8 Mo (Ti-6211)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) Si
Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V
Ti-11
Timetal (R) 1100
IMI 230
IMI 417
IMI 679
IMI 685
IMI 829
IMI 834
Ti-5Al-6Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.1Si
Alpha-Beta Alloys / Section IV:
Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr (Ti-17)
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6246)
Ti-6Al-4V
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
Ti-7Al-4Mo
Timetal (R) 62S
Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SP-700)
IMI 367
IMI 550
IMI 551
Corona 5
Ti-6-22-22-S
Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V
Ti-5Al-1.5Fe-1.4Cr-1.2Mo
Ti-5Al-2.5Fe
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-0.25Si
Ti-6.4Al-1.2Fe (RMI Low-Cost Alloy)
Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo
Ti-8Mn
Beta and Near-Beta Alloys / Section V:
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III)
Ti-8V-3Al-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta C)
Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-10-2-3)
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al
Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn (Ti-15-3)
Timetal 21S
Beta CEZ (R)
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al
Ti-15Mo-5Zr
Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al
Ti-11.5V-2Al-2Sn-11Zr (Transage 129)
Ti-12V-2.5Al-2Sn-6Zr (Transage 134)
Ti-13V-2.7Al-7Sn-2Zr (Transage 175)
Ti-8V-5Fe-1Al
Ti-16V-2.5Al
Advanced Materials / Section VI:
Titanium Aluminides
Ti3Al Alloys
Gamma (Ti-Al) Alloys
Ti-Ni Shape Memory Alloys
Technical Notes / Section VII:
Metallography and Microstructure / Technical Note 1:
Corrosion / Technical Note 2:
Casting / Technical Note 3:
Forging / Technical Note 4:
Forming / Technical Note 5:
Superplastic Forming / Technical Note 5a:
Heat Treating / Technical Note 6:
Machining / Technical Note 7:
Powder Metallurgy / Technical Note 8:
Surface Treatments / Technical Note 9:
Welding and Brazing / Technical Note 10:
Rolling
Friction and Wear of Titanium Alloys
Preface
Contributors and Reviewers
Summary Table of Titanium Alloys
10.

図書

図書
edited by J. Larson, C. Unger
出版情報: Amsterdam ; New York : North-Holland, 1992  xi, 423 p. ; 23 cm
シリーズ名: IFIP transactions ; A . Computer science and technology ; 18
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図書
Ronald L. Graham, Jaroslav Nešetřil (eds.)
出版情報: Berlin : Springer, c1997  2 v. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名: Algorithms and combinatorics ; 13-14
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東工大
目次DB
Y. Horie and A.B. Sawaoka
出版情報: Tokyo : KTK Scientific, c1993  x, 364 p. ; 24 cm
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Preface
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
   1.1 The Nature of Shock Waves, 3
   1.2 Compaction of Powders and Shock Activation, 6
   1.3 First-Order Phase Transitions and Chemical Reactions, 10
   1.4 Time Scales and Interactions of Basic Mechanisms, 12
   1.4.1 Shock propagation in a particle assemblage, 12
   1.4.2 Energy localization, 12
   1.4.3 Thermal relaxation of hot spots, 14
   1.4.4 Mass diffusion in solids, 14
   1.4.5 Kinetic constants, 14
   1.5 Some Roles of Shock Compression Techniques in Material Sciences Study, 16
   1.5.1 Shock Compression Techniques as a tool of high pressure production, 16
   1.5.2 Appearance of diamond anvil-type high-pressure apparatus, 16
   1.5.3 New roles of Shock Compression Technology as a unique method of very high temperature production, 18
   1.5.4 Development of conventional hypervelocity impact techniques for precise measurement of materials under shock compression, 19
Chapter 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF SHOCK WAVE PROPAGATION
   2.1 Hydrodynamic Jump Conditions and the Hugoniot Curve, 23
   2.2 Shock Transition in Hydrodynamic Solids, 32
   2.3 Non-Hydrostatic Deformation of Solids, 42
   2.3.1 Elastic-ideally-plastic solids, 42
   2.3.2 Experimental observations of elastic-plastic behavior, 53
   2.4 Wave-body interactions, 56
   2.4.1 Preliminaries, 57
   2.4.2 Planar impact of similar and dissimilar bodies, 60
   2.4.3 Shock wave interaction with material boundaries, 61
   2.4.4 Wave-wave interactions, 65
   2.4.5 Detonation wave and interaction with a solid surface 66
Chapter 3 SHOCK COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY
   3.1 Gun Techniques, 80
   3.1.1 Single stage gun, 80
   3.1.2 Conventional two stage light gas gun, 80
   3.1.3 Velocity measurement of projectile, 83
   3.1.4 Magnetoflyer method, 83
   3.1.5 CW x-ray velocity meter, 84
   3.1.6 Measurement of interior projectile motion, 86
   3.1.7 Recovery experiments, 87
   3.2 Explosive Techniques, 89
   3.2.1 Plane shock wave generation and recovery fixture、 89
   3.2.2 Numerical simulaation of shock compression in the recovery capsule, 91
   3.2.3 Cylindrical recovery fixture, 94
   3.3 In-situ Measurements, 95
   3.3.1 Manganin pressure gauge, 95
   3.3.2 Particle velocity gauge, 99
   3.3.3 Observations of multiple shock reverberations by using a manganin pressure gauge and particle velocity gauge, 100
   3.3.4 Shock temperature measurement, 106
   3.3.5 Copper-Constantan thermocouple as a temperature and pressure gauge, 111
Chapter 4 THERMOMECHANICS OF POWDER COMPACTION AND MASS MIXING
   4.1 A One Dimensional Particulate Model, 117
   4.2 Continuum Models, 123
   4.2.1 Hydrodynamic models, 124
   4.2.2 Continuum plasticity theory, 141
   4.2.3 Application, 148
   4.3 Particle Bonding and Heterogeneous Processes, 154
   4.4 Mass Mixing, 160
Chapter 5 THERMOCHEMISTRY OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
   5.1 Thermodynamic Functions of Heterogeneous Mixtures, 172
   5.2 Analytical Equations of State, 187
   5.3 Hugoniots of Inert Mixtures, 191
   5.3.1 Thermodynamically equilibrium models, 191
   5.3.2 Mechanical models, 197
   5.4 First-Order Phase Transitions, 199
   5.5 Chemical Equilibria, 206
   5.6 Reaction Kinetics, 212
   5.6.1 Rate equations, 212
   5.6.2 Nucleation, 214
   5.6.3 Growth, 216
   5.6.4 Pressure effects, 217
   5.7 Shock-Induced Reactions in Powder Mixtures, 218
Chapter 6 HYDRODYNAMICAL CALCULATIONS
   6.1 Conservation Equations of Continuum Flow, 227
   6.1.1 Mass conservation, 228
   6.1.2 Conservation of linear momentum, 230
   6.1.3 Enegy conservation, 231
   6.2 Constitutive Modeling of Inorganic Shock Chemistry, 234
   6.2.1 VIR model, 235
   6.2.2 Pore collapse, 239
   6.2.3 Chemical kinetics, 239
   6.2.4 Computational constitutive reactions, 240
   6.3 Applications of the VIR Model, 245
   6.3.1 Shock wave profiles in Ni/Al powder mixtures, 245
   6.3.2 Compaction of diamond with Si and graphite, 250
   6.4 Continuum Mixture Theory and the VIR Model, 257
   6.4.1 Continuum mixture theory, 257
   6.4.2 Derivation of the VIR model using the CMT, 263
   6.4.3 A model of heterogeneous flow, 269
Chapter 7 SHOCK CONDITIONING AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS
   7.1 Shock Conditioning of Powder of Inorganic Materials, 277
   7.1.1 Brief review of shock conditioning studies, 277
   7.1.2 Aluminum oxide powder, 277
   7.2 Shock Synthesis of Inorganic Materials, 281
   7.2.1 Shock synthesis studies, 281
   7.2.2 High dense forms of carbon, 281
   7.2.3 High dense forms of boron nitride, 285
   7.2.4 Shock treatment of boron nitride powders, 287
   7.3 Shock Consolidation of Ceramic Powders, 301
   7.3.1 Why non-oxide ceramics?, 301
   7.3.2 Dynamic consolidation of SiC powders, 302
   7.3.3 Approach to the fabrication of crack free compacts, 304
   7.3.4 Shock consolidation of SiC powder utilizing post shock heating by exothermic reaction, 305
   7.4 Dynamic Compaction of Zinc Blende Type Boron Nitride and Diamond Powders, 310
   7.4.1 Back ground, 310
   7.4.2 Cubic boron nitride, 311
   7.4.3 Diamond, 318
   7.4.4 Diamond composites obtained by utilizzing exothermic chemical reaction, 326
   7.5 Very High Pressure Sintering of Shock Treated Powders, 332
   7.5.1 Silicon nitride, 334
   7.5.2 w-BN, 336
   7.6 Rapid Condensation of High Temperature Ultrasupersaturated Gas, 347
   7.6.1 Silicon nitride, 347
   7.6.2 Carbon, 352
Index, 361
Preface
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
   1.1 The Nature of Shock Waves, 3
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図書
東工大
目次DB
A.B. Sawaoka (ed.)
出版情報: Tokyo ; New York : Springer-Verlag, c1993  xiv, 227 p. ; 25 cm
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Chapter1 Heterogeneous Distribution of Temperatures and Pressures in the Shock Recovery Fixtures and its Utilization to Materials Science Study 1
   1 Introduction 1
   2 Reasonable Size of recovery fixture 2
   3 Sock wave reflection in solids 2
   4 Recovery assemblt of a very thin specimen,sandwiched bertween high impedance materials 5
   5 Recovery fixtvire having thick specimen chamber 6
   5.1 Gun recovery expermint
   5.2 Explosive recovery expermint
   6 Numerical simulation of shock compression in the recovery capsule 8
   7 Shock compression of a solid by means of converging shock waves 11
   7.1 Simulation of conically converging shock wave in the rod-in-cylinder structure 11
   7.2 Shock compression of iron by using the conically converging technique 13
   8 Conclusions 15
Chapter2 Dynamic Synthesis of Superhard Materials 17
   1 Introduction 17
   2 Dynamic synthesis of super hard materials 17
   3 Considerations of synthesis mechanism 21
   4 Conclusions 30
Chapter3 Solid State Reactivity of Shock-Processed Solids 35
   1 Introduction 35
   2 Shock modification of shock-processed solids 36
   3 Single-component system 36
   3.1 Solid -solid interaction 36
   3.2 Solid-liquid interactions 48
   3.3 Solid-gas interactions 50
   4 Multiple-component Systems 52
   4.1 Conventional reaction processing 53
   4.2 Shock compression processing 55
   5 Summary and concluding remarks 61
Chapter4 Shock-Induced Chemical Reactions in Inorganic Powder Mixtures 67
   1 Introduction 67
   2 Materials synthesis 68
   2.1 Aluminades 68
   2.2 Diamond 76
   2.3 Diamond/ceramics composites 77
   3 Computational modeling 79
   4 Conclusions 98
Chapter5 Shock Effects on Structural and Superconducting Properties of High Tc Oxides 101
   1 Introduction 101
   2 Specific features of high Tc oxides as type II superconductor 102
   3 Mechanical and chemical effects of shock waves on high Tc oxides 103
   3.1 Shock synthesis and decomposition 103
   3.2 Shock compaction 103
   3.3 Shock-induced strain 103
   3.4 Deformation textures and induced defects 105
   4 Shock effects on superconductiong properties 107
   4.1 Shock effects on Tc 107
   4.2 Effect on pinning energy 108
   5 Concluding remarks 110
Chapter6 Shock compression studies on ceramic materials 113
   1 Introduction 113
   2 Experimental facilities combined with the keyed-powder gun 114
   2.1 Keyed-powder gun 114
   2.2 Inclined-mirror method 116
   2.3 Manganin-gauge method 117
   2.4 Electromagnetic-gauge method 119
   3 Shock compression studies on selected ceramics 120
   3.1 Alumina(Al2O3) 120
   3.2 Zirconia(ZrO2) 124
   3.3 Silicon nitride(Si3N4) 131
   4 Phenomenological discussion on the shock-yielding phenomena of brittle materials 132
   4.1 Some problems in experimental and analysis of shock compression of solids 133
   4.2 Classification of the shock-yielding phenomena of solids 134
   4.3 Correlation with some crystal state and thermal property 138
   5 Concluding remarks 141
Chapter7 The role of Thermal Energy in Shock Consolidation 145
   1 Introduction 145
   2 Energy deposition during shock processing 145
   3 Experimental techniques 145
   3.1 Cylindrical system 154
   3.2 Sawaoka system 154
   4 Consolidation experiments:Results and discussion 158
   4.1 Hot shock consolidation 159
   4.2 shock consolidation followed by annealing or hot isostatic pressing 165
   4.3 Reaction-assisted shock consolidation 171
   5 Conclusions 175
Chapter8 A New Processing for rhe Self-propagating High Temperature Synthesis(SHS)Combined with Shock Compression Technique 177
   1 Introduction 177
   2 Explosive treatment of final SHS products 179
   3 Shock wave effects in starting SHS compositions 185
   4 Concomitant occurrence of SHS and explosive pressing 186
   5 Conclusions 192
Chapter9 Shock wave interaction in solid materials 195
   1 Introduction 195
   2 Gas gun based methods of realizing wave interaction 196
   2.1 Shock wave registration system 197
   2.2 New procedure of generating shock convergence or collision 199
   3 Symmetrically converging cylindrical shock waves in solids 201
   3.1 Approximate theory of converging shock waves in condensed media 201
   3.2 Converging shock wave:a unique application 206
   4 Collision of plane shock waves and Mach stem produced by conical convergence 211
   4.1 Regular and irregular reflection 212
   4.2 Experimental procedures 216
   4.3 Results and discussion 219
   5 Concluding remarks 223
Chapter1 Heterogeneous Distribution of Temperatures and Pressures in the Shock Recovery Fixtures and its Utilization to Materials Science Study 1
   1 Introduction 1
   2 Reasonable Size of recovery fixture 2
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図書
東工大
目次DB
Motoichi Ohtsu and Hirokazu Hori
出版情報: New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub., c1999  xii, 386 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lasers, photonics, and electro-optics
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Chapter 1. Introduction
   1.1. Near-Field Optics and Photonics 1
   1.1.1. Optical Processes and Electromagnetic Interactions 1
   1.2. Ultra-High-Resolution Near-Field Optical Microscopy (NOM) 4
   1.2.1. From Interference-to Interaction-Type Optical Microscopy 4
   1.2.2. Development of Near-Field Optical Microscopy and Related Techniques 6
   1.3. General Features of Optical Near-Field Problems 10
   1.3.1. Optical Processes and the Scale of Interest 10
   1.3.2. Effective Fields and Interacting Subsystems 12
   1.3.3. Electromagnetic Interaction in a Dielectric System 15
   1.3.4. Optical Near-Field Measurements 20
   1.4. Theoretical Treatment of Optical Near-Field Problems 25
   1.4.1. Near-Field Optics and Inhomogeneous Waves 25
   1.4.2. Field-Theoretic Treatment of Optical Near-Field Problems 28
   1.4.3. Explicit Treatment of Field-Matter Interaction 32
   1.5. Remarks on Near-Field Optics and Outline of This Book 33
   1.5.1. Near-Field Optics and Related Problems 33
   1.5.2. Outline of This Book 34
   1.6. References 35
Chapter 2. Principles of Near-Field Optical Microscopy
   2.1. An Example of Near-Field Optical Microscopy 43
   2.2. Construction of the NOM System 45
   2.2.1. Building Blocks of the NOM System 45
   2.2.2. Environmental Conditions 47
   2.2.3. Functions of the Building Blocks 48
   2.3. Theoretical Description of Near-Field Optical Microscopy 50
   2.3.1. Basic Character of the NOM Process 50
   2.3.3. Demonstration of Localization in the Near-Field Interaction 53
   2.3.4. Representation of the Spatial Localization of an Electromagnetic Event 55
   2.3.5. Model Description of a Local Electromagnetic Interaction 55
   2.4. Near-Field Problems and the Tunneling Process 56
   2.4.1. Bardeen's Description of Tunneling Current in STM 57
   2.4.2. Comparison of the Theoretical Aspects of NOM and STM 58
   2.5. References 61
Chapter 3. Instrumentation
   3.1. Basic Systems of a Near-Field Optical Microscope 63
   3.1.1. Modes of Operation 66
   3.1.2. Position Control of the Probe 69
   3.1.3. Mechanical Components 74
   3.1.4. Noise Sources Internal to the NOM 75
   3.1.5. Operation under Special Circumstances 78
   3.2. Light Sources 82
   3.2.1. Basic Properties of Lasers 82
   3.2.2. Characteristics of CW Lasers 84
   3.2.3. Additional Noise Properties of CW Lasers 88
   3.2.4. Short-Pulse Generation 94
   3.2.5. Nonlinear Optical Wavelength Conversion 97
   3.3. Light Detection and Signal Amplification 98
   3.3.1. Detector 98
   3.3.2. Signal Detection and Amplification 103
   3.4. References 111
Chapter 4. Fabrication of Probes
   4.1. Sharpening of Fibers by Chemical Etching 113
   4.1.1. A Basic Sharpened Fiber 114
   4.1.2. A Sharpened Fiber with Reduced-Diameter Cladding 118
   4.1.3. A Pencil-Shaped Fiber 119
   4.1.4. A Flattened-Top Fiber 122
   4.1.5. A Double-Tapered Fiber 127
   4.2. Metal Coating and Fabrication of a Protruded Probe 130
   4.2.1. Removal of Metallic Film by Selective Resin Coating 132
   4.2.2. Removal of Metallic Film by Nanometric Photolithography 135
   4.3. Other Noverl Probes 139
   4.3.1. Functional Probes 139
   4.3.2. Optically Trapped Probes 141
   4.4. References 141
Chapter 5. Imaging Experiments
   5.1. Basic Features of the Localized Evanescent Field 143
   5.1.1. Size-Dependent Decay Length of the Field Intensity 143
   5.1.2. Manifestation of the Short-Range Electromagnetic Interaction 146
   5.1.3. High Discrimination Sensitivity of the Evanescent Field Intensity Normal to the Surface 149
   5.2. Imaging Biological Samples 152
   5.2.1. Imaging by the C-Mode 152
   5.2.2. Imaging by the I-Mode 161
   5.3. Spatial Power Spectral Analysis of the NOM Image 170
   5.4. References 177
Chapter 6. Diagnostics and Spectroscopy of Photonic Devices and Materials
   6.1. Diagnosing a Dielectric Optical Waveguide 179
   6.2. Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Lateral p-n Junctions in Silicon-Doped Gallium Arsenide 184
   6.2.1. Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Spectroscopy 185
   6.2.2. Photocurrent Measurement by Multiwavelength NOM 191
   6.3. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of a Semiconductor Quantum Dot 196
   6.4. Imaging of Other Materials 201
   6.4.1. Fluorescence Detection from Dye Molecules 201
   6.4.2. Spectroscopy of Solid-State Materials 205
   6.5. References 207
Chapter 7. Fabrication and Manipulation
   7.1. Fabrication of Photonic Devices 209
   7.1.1. Development of a High-Efficiency Probe 212
   7.1.2. Development of a Highly Sensitive Storage Medium 212
   7.1.3. Fast Scanning of the Probe 213
   7.2. Manipulating Atoms 213
   7.2.1. Zero-Dimensional Manipulation 214
   7.2.2. One-Dimensional Manipulation 216
   7.3. References 231
Chapter 8. Optical Near-Field Theory
   8.1. Introduction 235
   8.2. Electromagnetic Theory as the Basis of Treating Near-Field Problems 237
   8.2.1. Microscopic Electromagnetic Interaction and Averaged Field 237
   8.2.2. Optical Response of Macroscopic Matter 241
   8.2.3. Optical Response of Small Objects and the Idea of System Susceptibility 244
   8.2.4. Electromagnetic Boundary Value Problem 245
   8.3. Optical Near-Field Theory as an Electromagnetic Scattering Problem 255
   8.3.1. Self-Consistent Approach for Multiple Scattering Problems 255
   8.3.2. Scattering Theory in the Near-Field Regime Based on Polarization Potential and Magnetic Current 260
   8.4. Diffraction Theory in Near-Field Optics 275
   8.4.1. Diffraction of Light from Subwavelength Aperture 275
   8.4.2. Kirchhoff's Diffraction Integral and Far-Field Theory 276
   8.4.3. Small-Aperture Diffraction and Equivalent Problem 277
   8.4.4. Magnetic Current Distribution and Self-Consistency 278
   8.4.5. Leviatan's "Exact" Solutions for the Aperture Problem 280
   8.5. Institutive Model of Optical Near-Field Processes 281
   8.5.1. Short-Range Quasistatic Nature of Optical Near-Field Processes 281
   8.5.2. Intuitive Model Based on Yukawa-Type Screened Potential 282
   8.5.3. Application of Virtual Photon Model for Diffraction from a Small Aperture 285
   8.5.4. Virtual Photon Model of NOM 288
   8.5.5. Meaning of the Screened Potential Model and Physical Meaning of the Virtual Photon 292
   8.6. References 297
Chapter 9. Theoretical Description of Near-Field Optical Microscope
   9.1. Electromagnetic Processes Involved in the Near-Field Optical Microscope 300
   9.2. Representation of the Electromagnetic Field and the Interaction Propagator 302
   9.2.1. Spherical Representation of Scalar Waves 302
   9.2.2. Vector Nature of the Electromagnetic Field 307
   9.3. States of Vector Fields and Their Representations 316
   9.3.1. State of Vector Plane Waves 316
   9.3.2. State of Vector Spherical Waves 318
   9.3.3. State of Vector Cylindrical Waves 319
   9.3.4. Spatial Fourier Representation of Electromagnetic Fields 319
   9.3.5. Multipole Expansion of Vector Plane Waves 321
   9.4. Angular Spectrum Representation of Electromagnetic Interactions 324
   9.4.1. Angular Spectrum Representation of Scattering Problems 325
   9.4.2. Meaning of the Angular Spectrum Representation 327
   9.4.3. Angular Spectrum Representation of Scalar Multipole Field and Propagator 329
   9.4.4. Angular Spectrum Representation of Vector Multipole Field and Propagator 332
   9.4.5. Angular Spectrum Representation of Cylindrical Field and Propagator 340
   9.4.6. Transformation between Spherical and Cylindrical Representations 341
   9.4.7. Summary: Representations of the Electromagnetic Fields Transformations between Mode Functions 343
   9.5. Near-Field Interaction of Dielectric Spheres Near a Planar Dielectric Surface 347
   9.5.1. Sample-Probe Interaction at a Dielectric Surface 348
   9.5.2. Mode Description of Evanescent Waves of Fresnel 351
   9.5.3. Multipolar Representation of Evanescent Modes 352
   9.5.4. Near-Field Interaction of Dielectric Spheres at a Planar Dielectric Surface 359
   9.6. References 379
Index 381
Chapter 1. Introduction
   1.1. Near-Field Optics and Photonics 1
   1.1.1. Optical Processes and Electromagnetic Interactions 1
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東工大
目次DB
M. Ohtsu, ed
出版情報: Tokyo ; New York : Springer-Verlag, 1998  xiv, 302 p. ; 25 cm
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Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
1. Introduction 1
   1.1 Near-Field Optics and Related Technologies 1
   1.2 History of Near-Field Optics and Related Technologies 2
   1.3 Basic Features of an Optical Near Field 3
   1.3.1 Optically “Near” System 3
   1.3.2 Effective Field and Evanescent Field 5
   1.3.3 Near-Field Detection of Effective Fields 6
   1.3.4 Role of a Probe Tip 8
   1.4 Building Blocks of Near-Field Optical Systems 9
   1.5 Comments on the Theory of Near-Field Optics 11
   1.6 Composition of This Book 13
   References 13
2. Principles of the Probe 15
   2.1 Basic Probe 15
   2.1.1 Optical Fiber Probe for the Near-Field Optical Microscope 15
   2.1.2 Principle of the Imaging Mechanism: Dipole-Dipole Interaction 16
   2.1.3 Resolution 17
   2.1.4 Contrast 19
   2.1.5 Sensitivity 24
   2.2 Functional Probe: New Contrast Mechanisms 25
   2.2.1 Signal Conversion by Functional Probes 25
   2.2.2 Absorption and Emission: Radiative and Nonradiative Energy Transfer 26
   2.2.3 Resonance, Nonlinearity, and Other Mechanisms 27
   References 29
3. Probe Fabrication 31
   3.1 Introduction 31
   3.2 Selective Etching of a Silica Fiber Composed of a Core and Cladding 34
   3.2.1 Geometrical Model of Selective Etching 34
   3.2.2 Pure Silica Fiber with a Fluorine Doped Cladding 35
   3.2.3 GeO2 Doped Fiber 36
   3.2.4 Tapered Fibers for Optical Transmission Systems 37
   3.3 Selective Etching of a Dispersion Compensating Fiber 38
   3.3.1 Shoulder-Shaped Probe 38
   3.3.1.1 Shoulder-Shaped Probe with a Controlled Cladding Diameter 38
   3.3.1.2 Shoulder-Shaped Probe with a Nanometric Flattened Apex 40
   3.3.1.3 Double-Tapered Probe 42
   3.3.2 Pencil-Shaped Probe 45
   3.3.2.1 Pencil-Shaped Probe with an Ultra-Small Cone Angle 45
   3.3.2.2 Pencil-Shaped Probe with a Nanometric Apex Diameter 47
   3.4 Protrusion-Type Probe 51
   3.4.1 Selective Resin Coating Method 52
   3.4.2 Chemical Polishing Method 54
   3.5 Hybrid Selective Etching of a Double-Cladding Fiber 56
   3.5.1 Triple-Tapered Probe 56
   3.5.2 Geometrical Model of Selective Etching of a Double-Cladding Fiber 57
   3.5.3 Application-Oriented Probes: Pencil-Shaped Probe and Triple-Tapered Probe 59
   3.6 Probe for Ultraviolet NOM Applications 62
   3.6.1 UV Single-Tapered Probe 62
   3.6.2 UV Triple-Tapered Probe 65
   3.6.2.1 Advanced Method Based on Hybrid Selective Etching of a Double Core Fiber 65
   3.6.2.2 Geometrical Model 67
   References 68
4. High-Throughput Probes 71
   4.1 Introduction 71
   4.2 Excitation of the HE-Plasmon Mode 73
   4.2.1 Mode Analysis 73
   4.2.2 Edged Probes for Exciting the HE-Plasmon Mode 74
   4.3 Multiple-Tapered Probes 77
   4.3.1 Double-Tapered Probe 77
   4.3.2 Triple-Tapered Probe 82
   References 87
5. Functional Probes 89
   5.1 Introduction 89
   5.2 Methods of Fixation 90
   5.3 Selecting a Functional Material 92
   5.4 Probe Characteristics and Applications 93
   5.4.1 Dye-Fixed Probes 93
   5.4.2 Chemical Sensing Probes 94
   5.5 Future Directions 98
   References 99
6. Instrumentation of Near-Field Optical Microscopy 101
   6.1 Operation Modes of NOM 101
   6.1.1 c-Mode NOM 102
   6.1.2 i-Mode NOM 104
   6.1.3 Comparative Features of Modes of NOM 105
   6.2 Scanning Control Modes 107
   6.2.1 Constant-height Mode 107
   6.2.2 Constant-Distance Mode 108
   6.2.2.1 Shear-force Feed Back 108
   6.2.2.2 Optical Near-Field Intensity Feedback 111
   References 114
7. Basic Features of Optical Near-Field and Imaging 117
   7.1 Resolution Characteristics 117
   7.1.1 Longitudinal Resolution 117
   7.1.2 Lateral Resolution 120
   7.2 Factors Influencing Resolution 123
   7.2.1 Influence of Probe Parameters 124
   7.2.2 Dependence on Sample-Probe Separation 124
   7.3 Polarization Dependence 125
   7.3.1 Influence of Polarization on the Images of an Ultrasmooth Sapphire Surface 126
   7.3.2 Influence of Polarization on the Images of LiNbO3 Nanocrystals 130
   References 130
8. Imaging Biological Specimens 133
   8.1 Introduction 133
   8.2 Observation of Flagellar Filaments by c-Mode NOM 133
   8.2.1 Imaging in Air 134
   8.2.2 Imaging in Water 136
   8.3 Observation of Subcellular Structures of Neurons by i-Mode NOM 136
   8.3.1 Imaging in Air Under Shear-Force Feedback 137
   8.3.1.1 Imaging of Neurons Without Dye Labeling 138
   8.3.1.2 Imaging of Neurons Labeled with Toluidine Blue 139
   8.3.2 Imaging in Water Under Optical Near-Field Intensity Feedback 140
   8.3.2.1 Imaging in Air 140
   8.3.2.2 Imaging in PBS 142
   8.4 Imaging of Microtubules by c-Mode NOM 144
   8.5 Imaging of Fluorescent-Labeled Biospecimens 145
   8.6 Imaging DNA Molecules by Optical Near-Field Intensity Feedback 148
   References 151
9. Diagnosing Semiconductor Nano-Materials and Devices 153
   9.1 Fundamental Aspects of Near-Field Study of Semiconductors 153
   9.1.1 Near-Field Spectroscopy of Semiconductors 153
   9.1.2 Optical Near Field Generated by a Small Aperture and Its Interaction with Semiconductors 154
   9.1.3 Operation in Illumination-Collection Hybrid Mode 156
   9.2 Multidiagnostics of Lateral p-n Junctions 158
   9.2.1 Sample and Experimental Set-up 158
   9.2.2 Spatially Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 159
   9.2.3 Two-Dimensional Mapping of Photoluminescence Intensity 163
   9.2.4 Collection-Mode Imaging of Electroluminescence 163
   9.2.5 Multiwavelength Photocurrent Spectroscopy 164
   9.3 Low-Temperature Single Quantum Dot Spectroscopy 169
   9.3.1 Near-Field single quantum dot spectroscopy 169
   9.3.2 Low-Temperature NOM 170
   9.3.3 Sample and Experimental Set-up 171
   9.3.4 Fundamental Performance of the System 172
   9.3.5 Physical Insight of Single Quantum Dot Photoluminescence 174
   9.3.6 Observation of Other Types of Quantum Dots 176
   9.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Polysilane Molecules 178
   9.4.1 Polysilanes 178
   9.4.2 Near-Field Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 180
   9.4.3 Imaging and Spectroscopy of Polysilane Aggregates 181
   9.5 Raman Spectroscopy of Semiconductors 183
   9.5.1 Near-Field Raman Spectroscopy 183
   9.5.2 Raman Imaging and Spectroscopy of Polydiacetylene and Si 184
   9.6 Diagnostics of A1 Stripes in an Integrated Circuit 186
   9.6.1 Principle of Detection 186
   9.6.2 Heating with a Metallized Probe 187
   9.6.3 Heating by an Apertured Probe 188
   References 189
10. Toward Nano-Photonic Devices 193
   10.1 Introduction 193
   10.2 Use of Surface Plasmons 193
   10.2.1 Principles of Surface Plasmons 193
   10.2.2 Observation of Surface Plasmons 195
   10.2.3 Toward Two-Dimensional Devices 197
   10.2.4 Toward Three-Dimensional Devices 200
   10.2.5 A Protruded Metallized Probe with an Aperture 204
   10.3 Application to High-Density Optical Memory 207
   10.3.1 Problems to Be Solved 207
   10.3.2 Approaches to Solving the Problems 208
   10.3.2.1 Structure of the Read-Out Head 208
   10.3.2.2 Storage Probe Array 210
   10.3.2.3 Track-less Read-out 210
   10.3.3 Fabrication of a Two-Dimensional Planar Probe Array 212
   References 214
11. Near-Field Optical Atom Manipulation: Toward Atom Photonics 217
   11.1 Introduction 217
   11.1.1 Control of Gaseous Atoms: From Far Field to Near Field 217
   11.1.2 Dipole Force 219
   11.1.3 Atomic Quantum Sheets: Atom Reflection Using a Planar Optical Near Field 220
   11.1.4 Atomic Quantum Wires: Atom Guidance Using a Cylindrical Optical Near Field 221
   11.1.5 Atomic Quantum Dots: Atom Manipulation Using a Localized Optical Near Field 222
   11.2 Cylindrical Optical Near Field for Atomic Quantum Wires 224
   11.2.1 Exact Light-Field Modes in Hollow Optical Fibers 224
   11.2.2 Approximate Light-Field Modes in Hollow Optical Fibers 227
   11.2.3 Field Intensity of the LP Modes 229
   11.3 Atomic Quantum Wires 230
   11.3.1 Near-Field Optical Potential 230
   11.3.2 Laser Spectroscopy of Guided Atoms with Two-Step Photoionization 231
   11.3.3 Observation of Cavity QED Effects in a Dielectric Cylinder 235
   11.3.4 Atomic Quantum Wires with a Light Coupled Sideways 239
   11.4 Optically Controlled Atomic Deposition 240
   11.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Guided Atoms 241
   11.4.2 Precise Control of Deposition Rate 243
   11.4.3 In-line Spatial Isotope Separation 244
   11.5 Near-Field Optical Atomic Funnels 246
   11.5.1 Atomic Funnel with Atomic Quantum Sheet 247
   11.5.2 Sisyphus Cooling Induced by Optical Near Field 248
   11.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulations 251
   11.6 Atomic Quantum Dots 254
   11.6.1 Phenomenological Approach to the Interaction Between Atoms and the Localized Optical Near Field 254
   11.6.2 Atom Deflection 256
   11.6.3 Atom Trap with a Sharpened Optical Fiber 258
   11.6.4 Three-Dimensional Atom Trap 259
   11.7 Future Outlook 261
   References 263
12. Related Theories 267
   12.1 Comparison of Theoretical Approaches 267
   12.2 Semi-microscopic and Microscopic Approaches 270
   12.2.1 Basic Equations 270
   12.2.2 Example of an Evanescent Field 272
   12.2.3 Direct and Indirect Field Propagators 273
   12.2.4 Electric Susceptibility of Matter 275
   12.3 Numerical Examples 277
   12.3.1 Weak vs. Strong Coupling 277
   12.3.2 Near-Field- and Far-Field-Propagating Signals 280
   12.3.3 Scanning Methods 282
   12.3.4 Possibility of Spin-Polarization Detection 284
   12.4 Effective Field and Massive Virtual Photon Model 288
   12.5 Future Direction 290
   References 290
Index 295
Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
16.

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volume editor, J. Roovers ; with contributions by B. Charleux ... [et al.]
出版情報: Berlin : Springer-Verlag, c1999  2 v. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名: Advances in polymer science ; 142, 143
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Hojjat Adeli, editor
出版情報: New York : McGraw-Hill, c1990  v. <1-2 > ; 25 cm
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v. 1. Fundamentals
v. 2. Applications
v. 1. Fundamentals
v. 2. Applications
18.

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editor, H. Dugas ; with contributions by S.A. Benner ... [et al.]
出版情報: Berlin ; Tokyo : Springer-Verlag, c1990-  v. ; 25 cm
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東工大
目次DB
太田次郎著
出版情報: 東京 : 裳華房, 1996.10  xi, 240p ; 21cm
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1 生命の単位
 1.1 生体を構成する物質 2
   1.1.1 生体を構成する元素 2
   1.1.2 生体の化学成分 3
 1.2 細胞の構造と機能 10
   1.2.1 細胞の形態 10
   1.2.2 細胞の内部構造 13
   1.2.3 細胞小器官の構造と機能 14
 1.3 細菌とウイルス 30
   1.3.1 細菌の構造 30
   1.3.2 ウイルス 31
2 物質代謝とエネルギー代謝
 2.1 生体反応の特性 39
   2.1.1 酵素とそのはたらき 39
   2.1.2 化学エネルギーとATP 41
 2.2 生体のエネルギー獲得 43
   2.2.1 光合成 43
   2.2.2 窒素同化 49
   2.2.3 発酵と解糖 51
   2.2.4 呼吸 54
 2.3 生体のエネルギー消費 57
   2.3.1 筋肉の収縮 57
   2.3.2 能動輸送 62
   2.3.3 生体物質の合成 64
3 生物の恒常性と調節
 3.1 神経による調節 66
   3.1.1 神経細胞と興奮の伝達 66
   3.1.2 ヒトの神経系 69
 3.2 ホルモンによる調節 77
   3.2.1 ヒトの内分泌器官とホルモン 77
   3.2.2 ホルモンの相互作用 80
   3.2.3 ホルモンの作用機構 82
 3.3 ホメオスタシス―恒常性の維持 84
   3.3.1 血糖量の維持 84
   3.3.2 体温の調節 86
   3.3.3 その他の恒常性と調節 87
   3.3.4 バイオリズムと体内時計 88
 3.4 免疫 89
   3.4.1 抗原と抗体 89
   3.4.2 抗体産生の機構 90
   3.4.3 細胞性免疫 91
 3.5 植物の調節 91
   3.5.1 植物の成長と調節 92
   3.5.2 光周性 97
4 生命の連続性-その(1)生殖と発生
 4.1 生殖 100
   4.1.1 無性生殖と有性生殖 100
   4.1.2 細胞分裂 102
   4.1.3 配偶子の形成 111
   4.1.4 受精 113
 4.2 発生 114
   4.2.1 動物の発生の経過 115
   4.2.2 動物の発生のしくみ 115
   4.2.3 ヒトの発生 120
   4.2.4 植物の発生 131
5 生命の連続性-その(2)遺伝と変異
 5.1 遺伝 133
   5.1.1 遺伝の法則 133
   5.1.2 遺伝子と染色体 136
   5.1.3 遺伝子の本体 141
   5.1.4 遺伝子の形質発現 114
   5.1.5 遺伝子工学とバイオテクノロジー 153
   5.1.6 細胞質と遺伝 156
   5.1.7 ヒトの遺伝 157
 5.2 変異 164
   5.2.1 環境変異 165
   5.2.2 突然変異 165
6 生物の集団
 6.1 個体群 169
   6.1.1 個体群の密度 169
   6.1.2 個体群の変動 171
   6.1.3 個体群の構造 173
   6.1.4 個体群の相互作用 175
 6.2 生物群集 177
   6.2.1 食物連鎖と食物網 178
   6.2.2 生態的地位 179
   6.2.3 生物群集の構造 180
   6.2.4 生物群集における物質経済 181
 6.3 生態系 183
   6.3.1 生態系の構造と種類 183
   6.3.2 生態系の遷移 190
   6.3.3 生態系におけるエネルギーの流れ 192
   6.3.4 生態系における物質の循環 194
 6.4 生物圏と人類 199
   6.4.1 生物圏 199
   6.4.2 物質循環におよぼす人類の影響 200
   6.4.3 自然保護 202
7 生命の変遷
 7.1 生命の起源 204
   7.1.1 自然発生説とその否定 204
   7.1.2 生命の出現 206
   7.1.3 物質代謝と細胞の進化 210
 7.2 生物の進化 214
   7.2.1 地質時代の生物の進化 214
   7.2.2 人類の起源と進化 220
 7.3 進化のしくみ 224
   7.3.1 進化論の確立 224
   7.3.2 現代の進化に関する研究 226
1 生命の単位
 1.1 生体を構成する物質 2
   1.1.1 生体を構成する元素 2
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日本機械学会著
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第1章 材料力学
   1.1 緒言 1
   1.2 棒の断面に伝わっている荷重 1
   1.2.1 平衡条件 1
   1.2.2 棒の横断面に伝わっている力および偶力の種類 2
   1.2.3 応力とひずみ 2
   1.3 直線棒の応力と変形 3
   1.3.1 引張力による応力と変形 3
   1.3.2 曲げモーメントによる応力と変形 4
   1.3.3 ねじりモーメントによる応力と変形 15
   1.3.4 引張力、曲げモーメントおよびねじりモーメントによる応力と変形の統一的取扱い 18
   1.4 細長い曲線棒の応力と変形 22
   1.4.1 重ね合わせの原理による変形の求め方 22
   1.4.2 カスティリアーノの定理による変形の求め方 24
   1.5 太く短い曲線棒の引張りと曲げ 26
   1.5.1 応力と変形 26
   1.5.2 断面定数kの計算 28
   1.6 細長い直線棒の圧縮による座屈 28
   1.6.1 安定な釣合いと不安定な釣合い 28
   1.6.2 ばねで支えられた剛体棒の座屈荷重 29
   1.6.3 オイラーの座屈荷重 29
   1.7 材料力学と弾性力学の関係 31
第2章 弾性力学
   2.1 弾性学の基礎式 33
   2.1.1 応力成分とひずみ成分 33
   2.1.2 応力・ひずみ成分の座標変換 35
   2.1.3 弾性基礎式 38
   2.2 二次元弾性理論 42
   2.2.1 二次元弾性基礎式 42
   2.2.2 直角座標における平面応力理論 43
   2.2.3 極座標における平面応力理論 48
   2.2.4 半無限板に関する混合境界値問題 56
   2.2.5 複素応力関数による平面応力問題 61
   2.2.6 等角写像関数を用いた平面応力問題 69
   2.3 一様断面棒のねじり 72
   2.3.1 一様断面棒のねじり 72
   2.3.2 薄肉断面棒のねじり 76
   2.3.3 複素関数による解法(単連結領域) 78
   2.4 一様断面ばりの曲げ 79
   2.4.1 片持ちばりの曲げ 79
   2.4.2 せん断中心 81
   2.4.3 薄肉断面材の曲げ 82
   2.5 平板の曲げ 84
   2.5.1 たわみの基礎方程式(直角座標) 84
   2.5.2 たわみの基礎方程式(極座標) 90
   2.6 三次元弾性理論 91
   2.6.1 三次元弾性基礎式と変位関数 91
   2.6.2 軸対称ねじり 97
   2.6.3 ねじりなし軸対称応力状態 100
   2.6.4 半無限体に関する混合境界値問題 111
   2.7 弾性接触論 114
   2.7.1 ヘルツの弾性接触論 114
   2.7.2 摩擦を考慮した弾性接触問題 118
   2.8 熱応力 121
   2.8.1 熱弾性基礎式 121
   2.8.2 棒の定常熱応力 124
   2.8.3 円板・中空円板の熱応力 124
   2.8.4 厚板の熱応力 126
   2.8.5 円柱および円筒の熱応力 127
   2.8.6 球・中空球の熱応力 128
   2.9 衝撃応力 130
   2.9.1 棒の縦衝撃理論(一次元動弾性理論) 130
   2.9.2 二次元動弾性理論と三次元動弾性理論 133
   2.9.3 はりの曲げ衝撃 136
   2.9.4 ヘルツの弾性接触論に基づく衝撃荷重の解析 137
   2.10 付録 139
   2.10.1 調和関数と重調和関数 139
   2.10.2 フーリエ変換 141
   2.10.3 アーベル変換 142
   2.10.4 ヒルベルト問題 143
   2.10.5 連立積分方程式 144
   2.10.6 材料力学の歴史 146
第3章 塑性・クリープ力学
   3.1 単軸応力下の塑性変形 149
   3.1.1 引張応力-ひずみ曲線 149
   3.1.2 真応力と真ひずみ 149
   3.1.3 応力-ひずみ曲線の数式表示 151
   3.1.4 バウシンガ効果 151
   3.2 塑性構成式 151
   3.2.1 初期降伏曲面 151
   3.2.2 von Misesの降伏条件 152
   3.2.3 Tresca の降伏条件 153
   3.2.4 後続降伏条件 154
   3.2.5 Druckerの仮説と最大塑性仕事の原理 160
   3.2.6 関連流れ則 160
   3.2.7 繰返し塑性 163
   3.3 単軸応力下のクリープ変形 165
   3.3.1 クリープ現象と機構 165
   3.3.2 単軸クリープの数式化 167
   3.3.3 線形単軸粘弾性モデル 169
   3.4 クリープ構成式 172
   3.4.1 クリープポテンシャルと流れ則 172
   3.4.2 定常クリープの構成式 172
   3.4.3 非定常クリープの構成式 174
   3.4.4 応力反転時のクリープ則 176
   3.4.5 異方性クリープの構成式 176
   3.4.6 粘塑性構成式 177
   3.4.7 クリープ破断の構成式 179
第4章 応力解析法
   4.1 ひずみエネルギー 185
   4.1.1 エネルギー原理 185
   4.2 近似解法 189
   4.2.1 リッツの方法とガラーキンの方法 189
   4.2.2 塑性近似解法 191
   4.3 数値解析法 198
   4.3.1 有限要素法 198
   4.3.2 境界要素法 208
   4.3.3 体積力法 222
第1章 材料力学
   1.1 緒言 1
   1.2 棒の断面に伝わっている荷重 1
21.

図書

図書
edited by Wolfgang-M. Boerner ... [et al.]
出版情報: Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers : D. Reidel, c1992  2 v. (xxxiv, 1938 p.) ; 26 cm
シリーズ名: NATO ASI series ; Series C . Mathematical and physical sciences ; v. 350
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22.

図書

図書
edited by Steven L. McKnight, Keith R. Yamamoto
出版情報: Plainview, N.Y. : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1992  2 v.(xii, 1334 p.) ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Cold Spring Harbor monograph series ; 22
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23.

図書

図書
Kanji Text Research Group University of Tokyo
出版情報: Rutland, Vt : Tokyo : Charles E. Tuttle, 1993-1998  2 v. ; 26 cm
シリーズ名: Tuttle language library
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24.

図書

図書
日本規格協会編集
出版情報: 東京 : 日本規格協会, 1995-  冊 ; 21cm
シリーズ名: JISハンドブック / 日本規格協会編 ; 1, 1-2
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目次情報: 続きを見る
用語
資格及び認証
金属材料の試験
鉄鋼材料の試験
原材料
機械構造用炭素鋼・合金鋼
特殊用途鋼
クラッド鋼
鋳鍛造品
電気用材料
関連
参考
棒鋼・形鋼・鋼板・鋼帯
鋼管
線材・線材二次製品
用語
資格及び認証
金属材料の試験
概要: 用語/資格及び認証/金属材料の試験/鉄鋼材料の試験/原材料/機械構造用炭素鋼・合金鋼/特殊用途鋼(ステレンス鋼・耐熱鋼・超合金、工具鋼、ばね鋼、快削鋼、軸受鋼)/クラッド鋼/鋳鍛造品(鍛鋼金、鋳鋼品、鋳鉄品)/電気用材料/参考。<br /> 棒鋼・形鋼・鋼板・鋼帯(構造用、一般加工用、圧力容器用、厚さ方向特性、寸法・質量・許容差、土木・建築用、鉄道用)/鋼管(配管用、熱伝達用、構造用、特殊用途鋼管・合金管)/線材・線材二次製品/参考。 続きを見る
25.

図書

図書
M.M. Zdravkovich
出版情報: Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1997-2003  2 v. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Oxford science publications
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Nomenclature
Aspect Ratio / 21:
Introduction / 21.1:
Horseshoe-swirl system / 21.2:
Laminar boundary layer / 21.2.1:
Oscillating horseshoe-swirl system / 21.2.2:
Turbulent boundary layer / 21.2.3:
Closed test section / 21.3:
Steady laminar wake, L2 regime / 21.3.1:
Periodic laminar wake, L3 regime / 21.3.2:
Cylinder spanning the free jet / 21.4:
Transition-in-shear layer, TrSL state / 21.4.1:
End plates / 21.5:
Laminar periodic wake, L3 regime / 21.5.1:
Effect of a single end plate / 21.5.2:
Effect of two end plates / 21.5.3:
Transition-in-wake, TrW, state / 21.5.4:
Transition-in-shear-layer, TrSL, state / 21.5.5:
Small aspect ratio / 21.5.6:
Fluctuating force / 21.5.7:
Transition-in-boundary layer, TrBL, state / 21.5.8:
Free water surface / 21.6:
Towed cylinder in water at low Re / 21.6.1:
Theoretical modelling / 21.7:
The Landau model / 21.7.1:
Extension of Landau's model / 21.7.2:
Other theoretical models / 21.7.3:
Free end / 21.8:
Secondary flow at the free end / 21.8.1:
Spanwise variation in mean pressure / 21.8.3:
Spanwise variation in the local drag coefficient / 21.8.4:
Spanwise fluctuating pressure and lift / 21.8.5:
Strouhal number variation along the span / 21.8.6:
Symmetric eddy street / 21.8.7:
Short cylinder in a boundary layer / 21.8.8:
Finite cylinder in the TrBL4 regime / 21.8.9:
Eddy shedding near the free end / 21.8.10:
Local fluctuating lift and drag / 21.8.11:
Finite cylinder in natural wind / 21.8.12:
Fuel storage tank / 21.8.13:
Two free ends / 21.9:
Drag variation in terms of the aspect ratio / 21.9.1:
Asymmetric pressure distribution / 21.9.2:
Small aspect ratio, L/D [less than sign] 1 / 21.9.3:
Surface Roughness and Change in Diameter / 22:
Nature of surface roughness / 22.1:
Fage and Warsap's glass paper tests / 22.1.2:
Skin friction distribution / 22.1.3:
Strouhal number variation / 22.1.4:
Correlation length and vorticity dispersion / 22.1.5:
Surface roughness textures / 22.2:
Pyramidal roughness / 22.2.1:
Brick-wall roughness / 22.2.2:
Wire-gauze roughness / 22.2.3:
Marine roughness / 22.2.4:
Partially roughened surface / 22.2.5:
Roughness Reynolds number / 22.2.6:
Tripping wires / 22.3:
Historical introduction / 22.3.1:
Fage and Warsap's tripping wire tests / 22.3.2:
Effect of tripping wire location / 22.3.3.:
Classification of flow regimes / 22.3.4:
Staggered separation wires / 22.3.5:
Tripping and separation wires / 22.3.6:
Helical wires and strakes / 22.3.7:
Stranded cables and conductors / 22.3.8:
Tripping spheres / 22.4:
Pairs of spheres / 22.4.1:
Spanwise row of spheres / 22.4.2:
Other surface disturbances / 22.5:
Streamwise eddy generators / 22.5.1:
Serrated saw-blade / 22.5.2:
Dimpled surface / 22.5.3:
Spanwise slit / 22.5.4:
Fins / 22.5.5:
Circumferential grooves / 22.5.6:
Skin friction and boundary layer / 22.5.7:
Partly grooved surface / 22.5.8:
Spanwise grooves / 22.5.9:
Change in diameter / 22.6:
Laminar periodic wake, the L3 regime / 22.6.1:
Transition-in-shear-layer, the TrSL state / 22.6.3:
Step interference in the TrSL3 regime / 22.6.4:
Tapered cylinder / 22.7:
Shedding cells along the span / 22.7.1:
Theoretical model / 22.7.3:
Turbulent wake, the TrSL state / 22.7.4:
Tapered cylinder with free end / 22.7.5:
Non-linear change in diameter / 22.8:
Cooling towers / 22.8.1:
Model tests / 22.8.3:
Validity of Re extrapolation / 22.8.4:
Surface roughness / 22.8.5:
Meridional ribs / 22.8.6:
Cooling tower model in a gust / 22.8.7:
Full-scale tests in natural wind / 22.8.8:
Possible causes of the Ferrybridge failure / 22.8.9:
Blockage and Wall Proximity / 23:
Laminar, L, state of flow / 23.1:
Creeping flow, the L1 regime / 23.2.1:
Closed near-wake, the L2 regime / 23.2.2:
Instability of the near-wake / 23.2.3:
Transition in shear layers, the TrSL state of flow / 23.2.4:
Mechanics of blockage / 23.3.1:
Mean pressure distribution and drag / 23.3.2:
Strouhal number and fluctuating pressure / 23.3.3:
Suppression of eddy shedding / 23.3.4:
Strength and correlation of eddies / 23.3.5:
Effect of free stream turbulence / 23.3.6:
Transition in the boundary layer, the TrBL state / 23.4:
Drag variation with blockage / 23.4.1:
Strouhal number and fluctuating force / 23.4.3:
Theoretical correction models / 23.5:
Fage's blockage correction / 23.5.1:
Lock's method of images / 23.5.3:
Glauert's semi-empirical formula / 23.5.4:
Allen and Vincenti's source model / 23.5.5:
Maskell's correction model / 23.5.6:
Modi and El-Sherbiny's streamline model / 23.5.7:
Asymmetric blockage / 23.6:
Laminar wake / 23.6.1:
Turbulent wake / 23.6.2:
Proximity to a boundary / 23.7:
Contact regime / 23.7.1:
Potential flow for a circle on a boundary / 23.7.4:
Narrow-gap regime / 23.7.5:
Wide-gap regime / 23.7.6:
Effect of wall boundary layer / 23.7.7:
Erodible boundary, scour / 23.8:
Scouring mechanism / 23.8.1:
Forces and Strouhal number / 23.8.2:
Boundary Layer Control / 24:
Rotating cylinder / 24.1:
Magnus effect / 24.2.1:
Classification of flow patterns / 24.2.2:
Prandtl's concept of circulation / 24.2.3:
Potential flow theory / 24.2.4:
Bickley's potential model / 24.2.5:
Effect of Reynolds number / 24.3:
Laminar, L3, and transitional, TrW, wakes / 24.3.1:
Pressure distribution in the TrSL state / 24.3.2:
Inversion of the Magnus effect / 24.3.3:
Boundary layer / 24.3.4:
Strouhal number / 24.3.5:
Effect of end plates / 24.3.6:
Effect of surface roughness and fins / 24.3.7:
Far-wake development / 24.3.8:
Applications / 24.4:
Flettner's rotor ship / 24.4.1:
Rotor windmill / 24.4.2:
Madaras Power Plant Project / 24.4.3:
Wallis's 'dam-buster' / 24.4.4:
Rotary angular oscillation of a surface / 24.5:
Physical background / 24.5.1:
Laminar L2 and L3 regimes / 24.5.2:
A solution of Navier-Stokes equations / 24.5.3:
Forced rotary oscillation eddy shedding / 24.5.4:
Concentric rotating cylinders / 24.6:
Taylor's theory and experiment / 24.6.1:
Coles' further transitions / 24.6.3:
Boundary layer control by suction and blowing / 24.6.4:
Suction / 24.7.1:
Porous surface suction / 24.7.2:
Thwaites' flap / 24.7.3:
Jet-blowing / 24.7.4:
Lift and drag forces / 24.7.5:
Dunham's theoretical model / 24.7.6:
Yawed Cylinders / 25:
Independence principle / 25.1:
Laminar wakes in the L2 and L3 regimes / 25.2:
Effect of end plate / 25.2.1:
Free-ended and yawed cylinders / 25.2.3:
Transition-in-shear layers, TrSL, state / 25.3:
Eddy formation region and base pressure / 25.3.1:
Elliptic cross-section / 25.3.2:
Effect of the aspect ratio / 25.3.3:
Skin friction / 25.3.5:
Drag coefficient / 25.3.6:
Turbulent wakes in the TrBL state / 25.4:
Marine surface roughness / 25.4.1:
High angle of incidence / 25.4.2:
Impulsive cross-flow analogy / 25.5.1:
Strength of detached vortices / 25.5.3:
Normal and side force components / 25.5.4:
Effect of Mach number / 25.5.5:
Detachment instability / 25.5.7:
Suppression of eddy detachment / 25.5.8:
Two Cylinders / 26:
Basic interference flow regimes / 26.1:
Tandem arrangements / 26.2:
Creeping flow regime, L1 / 26.2.1:
Karman-Benard street, L3 regime / 26.2.2:
Early research in the TrSL state of flow / 26.2.3:
Modification of pressure distribution / 26.2.4:
Drag coefficients / 26.2.5:
Transition-in-boundary-layer, TrBL, state / 26.2.7:
Effect of surface roughness / 26.2.8:
Effect of finite height / 26.2.10:
Effect of heat transfer / 26.2.11:
Side-by-side arrangements / 26.3:
Classification of interference regimes / 26.3.1:
Laminar wakes / 26.3.2:
Drag and lift forces / 26.3.3:
Origin of biased gap flow / 26.3.5:
Effect of partition plate and sound / 26.3.6:
Landweber's theoretical model / 26.3.7:
Staggered arrangements / 26.3.8:
Classification of interference flows / 26.4.1:
Mean pressure distribution in the TrSL state / 26.4.2:
Lift and drag in the TrSL state / 26.4.4:
Gap flow interference regime / 26.4.5:
Wake displacement interference regime / 26.4.6:
Stranded conductors / 26.4.7:
Effect of the finite aspect ratio / 26.4.11:
Twin cooling towers / 26.4.12:
Two cylinders of unequal diameter / 26.5:
Categorization of arrangements / 26.5.1:
Tandem cylinders, D[subscript 1]/D[subscript 2] [less than sign] 1 / 26.5.2:
Tandem cylinders, D[subscript 1]/D[subscript 2] [greater than sign] 1 / 26.5.3:
Strouhal number for tandem cylinders / 26.5.4:
Synchronization of eddy shedding / 26.5.5:
Unequal side-by-side cylinders / 26.5.6:
Control cylinder upstream / 26.5.7:
Control cylinder outside laminar wake / 26.5.8:
Boundary layer control / 26.5.9:
Free shear layer control / 26.5.10:
Two cylinders crossing at right angles / 26.6:
Local pressure and forces along cylinders / 26.6.1:
Tentative topology / 26.6.3:
Two intersecting cylinders / 26.6.4:
Effect of gap between cylinders / 26.6.5:
Cylinder Clusters / 27:
Three cylinders / 27.1:
In-line clusters / 27.2.1:
Effect of tripping wires / 27.2.2:
Three cylinders of different diameters / 27.2.3:
Side-by-side and staggered clusters / 27.2.4:
Triangle clusters at low Re / 27.2.5:
Triangle clusters, forces / 27.2.6:
Triangle clusters, Strouhal number / 27.2.7:
Irregular triangle clusters / 27.2.8:
Four cylinders / 27.3:
Heat transfer / 27.3.1:
Side-by-side clusters / 27.3.3:
Square clusters, forces / 27.3.4:
Square clusters, Strouhal number / 27.3.5:
Cluster of n [greater than sign] 4 cylinders / 27.4:
Five cylinders, side-by-side clusters / 27.4.1:
Seven cylinders, side-by-side clusters / 27.4.2:
Six and eight cylinders, polygonal clusters / 27.4.3:
3 x 3, 4 x 4, ..., n x n clusters / 27.4.4:
Satellite clusters / 27.5:
Interference parameters / 27.5.1:
Force on satellite clusters / 27.5.3:
Effect of satellite tube spacing / 27.5.4:
Multi-Tube Arrays / 28:
Categorization of tube arrays / 28.1:
Single row of tubes / 28.2:
Gap flow jets / 28.2.1:
Structure of non-uniform flow / 28.2.2:
Mean pressure distribution and forces / 28.2.3:
Transition to turbulence in the TrBL state / 28.2.4:
Metastable states of flow / 28.2.5:
Suppression of metastable states / 28.2.6:
Effect of tube proximity / 28.2.7:
In-line tube arrays / 28.3:
Mean pressure distribution / 28.3.1:
Fluctuating forces / 28.3.2:
Acoustic resonance; historical background / 28.3.3:
Speed of sound in tube arrays / 28.3.5:
Acoustic excitation and suppression / 28.3.6:
Owen's buffeting model / 28.3.7:
Interstitial flow, transition eddies / 28.3.8:
Instability of jet shear layers / 28.3.9:
Acoustic synchronization mechanism / 28.3.10:
Interstitial flow and turbulence / 28.3.11:
Classification of in-line tube arrays / 28.3.12:
Staggered tube arrays / 28.4:
Proximity effects / 28.4.1:
Mean and fluctuating pressure / 28.4.2:
Structure of interstitial flow / 28.4.3:
Effect of tube displacement / 28.4.4:
Strouhal number; historical / 28.4.5:
Parallel triangle tube arrays / 28.4.7:
Rotated square arrays / 28.4.8:
Normal triangle arrays / 28.4.9:
New universal St; a proposal / 28.4.10:
Maximum sound level and its prediction / 28.4.11:
Non-uniform flow in and behind arrays / 28.5:
Non-uniform interstitial flow / 28.5.1:
Appendix
Glossary of terms / A1:
Non-dimensional similarity parameters / A2:
Epitome of disturbance-free flow regimes / A3:
Abbreviations / A4:
D. References
Author Index
Subject Index
Nominally Two-Dimensional Cylinder In An Almost Disturbance-Free Flow / A:
Conceptual overview / 1:
Steady laminar wake / 2:
Periodic laminar regime / 3:
Transition-in-wake state / 4:
Transition-in-shear-layers state / 5:
Transition-in-boundary-layers state / 6:
Fully turbulent state / 7:
Theoretical Models / B:
Solutions of the N-S equations / 8:
Boundary layer approximation / 9:
Free streamline models / 10:
Vortex models and stability / 11:
Vortex sheet models / 12:
Miscellaneous models / 13:
Real Flow Effects / C:
Free stream turbulence / 14:
Non-uniform free stream / 15:
Compressible flow / 16:
Aerodynamic sound / 17:
Cavitation / 19:
Non-Newtonian fluids / 20:
Nomenclature
Aspect Ratio / 21:
Introduction / 21.1:
26.

図書

図書
Mitsuo Fukuda
出版情報: Boston : Artech House, c1991  x, 343 p. ; 24 cm
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Preface
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Basics of Semiconductor LEDs and Lasers / Chapter 2:
Band Structure in Semiconductors / 2.1:
Optical Devices and Semiconductors / 2.2:
Radiative and Nonradiative Recombination in Semiconductors / 2.3:
p-n Junctions and Double Heterostructures / 2.4:
Light-Emitting Diodes / 2.5:
Laser Diodes / 2.6:
Reliability in LEDs and Lasers / Chapter 3:
Reliability Mathematics / 3.1:
Probability Density Function of LED and Laser Failure / 3.2:
Failure Distribution Function / 3.3:
Reliability Testing and Data / 3.4:
Failure Physics / 3.5:
Concluding Remarks / 3.6:
Basic Degradation Mechanisms and Enhancement Factors / Chapter 4:
Degradation and Enhancement Factors / 4.1:
Degradation of the Inner Region / 4.2:
Facet Degradation and Catastrophic Optical Damage / 4.3:
Degradation of Electrodes and Bonds / 4.4:
Degradation Due to Electrical Surge / 4.5:
Method of Failure (Degradation) Analysis / 4.6:
Reliability and Degradation of AlGaAs/GaAs Light Sources / 4.7:
Fabry-Perot (FP) Lasers / 5.1:
Reliability and Degradation of InGaAsP/InP Surface Emitting Type LEDs / 5.3:
Degradation Modes / 6.1:
Homogeneous Degradation Mechanisms / 6.2:
Reliability of InGaAsP/InP LEDs / 6.3:
Electrical Surge Endurance Level / 6.4:
Reliability and Degradation of InGaAsP/InP Laser Diodes / 6.5:
Distributed Feedback (DFB) Lasers / 7.1:
Reliability of InGaAsP/InP Lasers / 7.3:
Degradation of MBE- and MOVPE-Grown Lasers / Chapter 8:
Normal FP Lasers / 8.1:
Quantum Well (QW) Lasers / 8.2:
Strained Quantum Well Lasers / 8.3:
Degradation of Bonds and Heat Sinks / 8.4:
Degradation of Bonds / 9.1:
Degradation of the Heat Sink / 9.2:
Degradation Modes and Lifetime of Semiconductor LEDs and Lasers / 9.3:
The Future / 10.1:
Index
Preface
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Basics of Semiconductor LEDs and Lasers / Chapter 2:
27.

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東工大
目次DB

図書
東工大
目次DB
石井彰三, 荒川文生著 ; 電気学会電気技術国産化の歴史調査専門委員会編
出版情報: 東京 : 朝倉書店, 1999.6  vi, 198p ; 21cm
シリーズ名: インターレクチュアライブラリ ; 4
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1 なぜ,技術史なのか ふたつの文化を結ぶ橋 2
   1.1 技術史研究の意義 2
   1.1.1 技術とは 2
   1.1.2 未来を歴史に問う 4
   1.1.3 現在と過去の対話 4
   1.1.4 歴史は常に新しい 5
   1.1.5 歴史家を見よ 8
   1.1.6 客観的とは 9
   1.1.7 パラダイムの変換 11
   1.2 歴史研究の方法 13
   1.2.1 史料の謎を解く 13
   1.2.2 技術者にとって歴史とは 14
   1.2.3 実際学としての歴史とは 16
   1.2.4 世界へ向けての発信 17
   1.2.5 歴史研究のモデル 19
   1.2.6 技術と社会の連携モデル 20
   1.2.7 ステージ・モデル 21
   1.2.8 モデルの適用例 23
   1.2.9 科学技術史としての電気技術史 25
   1.2.10 工学としての技術史 27
   1.3 歴史研究の成果 29
   1.3.1 日本らしい技術とは 29
   1.3.2 人間らしさとは 32
   1.3.3 海の向こうでは 35
   1.3.4 謎解きの成果は 37
2 電気技術はいかに国産化されたか エネルギーからエレクトロニクスまで 42
   2.1 分析の視点としての国産化 42
   2.1.1 「国産化」とは 42
   2.1.2 謎解きの手がかり 43
   2.2 技術の総合的進歩と国産化 44
   2.2.1 変圧器技術の国産化 44
   2.2.2 戦前における変圧器技術 45
   2.2.3 戦後の海外導入技術と超高圧変圧器 49
   2.2.4 500kV変圧器開発と技術の国産化 53
   2.2.5 新技術への挑戦 56
   2.2.6 まとめ 58
   2.3 社会・経済的状況と国産化 58
   2.3.1 電力系統技術の歴史 58
   2.3.2 電力系統の形成 59
   2.3.3 電力系統の発展 61
   2.3.4 電力系統技術の新しい展開 64
   2.3.5 電力系統技術の史実分析とモデル化 65
   2.4 模倣から独自技術への展開 66
   2.4.1 遮断器技術の国産化 66
   2.4.2 油遮断器開発の歴史 67
   2.4.3 空気遮断器開発の歴史 72
   2.4.4 SF6ガス遮断器開発の歴史 74
   2.4.5 遮断器国産化の分析とモデル化 77
   2.5 計測器技術と海外技術の導入 80
   2.5.1 計測と計測器 80
   2.5.2 計測器と日本の電気計測器産業 81
   2.5.3 電気計測器の国産化 82
   2.5.4 積算電力計の起源 84
   2.5.5 積算電力計の国産化 85
   2.5.6 国産化に与えたさまざまな要素 90
   2.5.7 まとめ 91
   2.6 国策と産業の保護 91
   2.6.1 電子計算機技術の国産化 91
   2.6.2 電子計算機における技術開発の特徴 92
   2.6.3 わが国の電子計算機国産化の歴史 93
   2.6.4 電子計算機への産業政策 100
   2.6.5 まとめ 104
   2.7 民主・家電用途への特化 105
   2.7.1 マグネトロンの発明と初期の研究 105
   2.7.2 第二次世界大戦までにおけるマグネトロンの実用化 110
   2.7.3 戦後におけるマグネトロンの開発と国産化 111
   2.7.4 電子レンジ用連続波マグネトロンの開発 112
   2.7.5 まとめ 116
   2.8 海外技術の途絶と国産化 116
   2.8.1 水車発電機技術開発の歴史 116
   2.8.2 直流発電機と誘導発電機 117
   2.8.3 明治時代の同期発電機 118
   2.8.4 大正時代と海外技術の途絶 119
   2.8.5 昭和初期における技術展開 121
   2.8.6 戦後における発電機の技術開発 122
   2.8.7 揚水発電と発電電動機 124
   2.8.8 日本の電気鉄道における技術開発 126
3 技術はどのように発展すべきか 多様なシナリオを描く 130
   3.1 問題提起は覆面で 130
   3.2 日本らしい技術などあるのか 136
   3.3 われわれに何が求められているか 142
   3.4 技術を発展させたものは何か 151
   3.5 科学と技術の原点を問う 160
   3.6 技術と技術者のありかた 167
4 技術者は何を訴えるか メッセージを発信しよう 180
   4.1 反省の中から 180
   4.2 社会との協力 182
   4.3 研究と教育の場 184
   4.4 夢を育てる 185
参考文献 187
技術用語の解説 191
おわりに 195
索引 196
1 なぜ,技術史なのか ふたつの文化を結ぶ橋 2
   1.1 技術史研究の意義 2
   1.1.1 技術とは 2
28.

図書

東工大
目次DB

図書
東工大
目次DB
Kenichi Iga, Susumu Kinoshita
出版情報: Berlin ; Tokyo : Springer, c1996  x, 169 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Springer series in materials science ; v. 30
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目次情報: 続きを見る
1. Introduction 1
   1.1 Outline of Semiconductor Laser Theory 1
   1.2 Semiconductor Lasers in Opto-electronics 3
   1.3 Necessary Technology for Semiconductor Lasers 4
   1.4 Brief History of Semiconductor Lasers 5
   1.5 Typical Semiconductor Lasers 7
2. Materials for Semiconductor Lasers 8
   2.1 III-V Compound Semiconductors 8
   2.1.1 Band Structure of III-V Semiconductors 8
   2.1.2 Other Characteristics of III-V Compound Semiconductors 13
   2.2 Crystals for Visible to Near-Infrared-Wavelength Emission Semiconductor Lasers 15
   2.2.1 Importance of Visible to Near-Infrared-Wavelenth Laser Emission 15
   2.2.2 Crystal Materials for the Near-Infrared Region 15
   2.2.3 Crystal Materials for Visible Laser Emission 17
   2.3 Crystals for Semiconductor Lasers with 1-μm and Longer Emission Wavelengths 18
   2.3.1 Importance of the 1-μm Emission Wavelength 18
   2.3.2 Crystal Materials for the 1-μm Emission Wavelength 20
   2.3.3 Longer-Wavelength Materials 21
3. Basic Design of Semiconductor Lasers 22
   3.1 Double Heterostructures and Their Design 22
   3.1.1 Double Heterostructures 22
   3.1.2 Design of Double-Heterostructure Lasers 23
   3.1.3 Energy-Band Diagram of DH Lasers 24
   3.1.4 Optical Properties of DH Lasers 32
   a) Step-Index Planar Waveguide 32
   b) TE Modes 34
   c) TM Modes 37
   d) Mode-Confinement Factor 38
   3.1.5 Threshold Current of DH Lasers 40
4. Epitaxy of III-V Compound Semiconductors 43
   4.1 III-V Substrates for Semiconductor Lasers 43
   4.1.1 Necessity of Substrates 43
   4.1.2 Substrate Quality Requirements 43
   4.2 Bulk Growth Techniques 45
   4.3 Heteroepitaxial Techniques 45
   4.3.1 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy 45
   4.3.2 Vapor-Phase Epitaxy 47
   4.3.3 Metalo-Organic Chemical-Vapor Deposition 47
   4.3.4 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 48
   4.3.5 Chemical Beam Epitaxy 49
5. Liquid Phase Epitaxy and Growth Technology 51
   5.1 Outline of an LPE System 51
   5.2 Reactors 52
   5.2.1 Horizontal Reactor 52
   5.2.2 Vertical Reactor 56
   5.3 Loading Sub-System 57
   5.4 Pump and Exhaust Sub-System 58
   5.5 Gas-Flow Sub-System 59
   5.6 Heating Sub-System 60
   5.7 Maintenance 60
   5.7.1 Maintenance of a Graphite Boat 60
   5.7.2 Baking of the Reactor 60
   5.8 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy 61
   5.9 LPE Process 63
   5.9.1 GaA1As/GaAs System 63
   a) Determination of the Source-Material Quantity 63
   b) LPE Procedure 67
   5.9.2 GaInAsP/InP System 69
   5.9.3 Other Materials 77
   a) Visible-Light Semiconductor Lasers 80
   b) Longer-Wavelength (λ>2μm) Semiconductor Lasers 81
6. Vapor Phase and Beam Epitaxies 82
   6.1 Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) 82
   6.1.1 MOCVD System 82
   6.1.2 Example of MOCVD Growth 84
   a) A Double-Heterostructure Wafer 84
   b) Semiconductor Multilayer Reflector 85
   6.1.3 Characterization 87
   a) Evaluation of the Nominal Threshold-Current Density 87
   b) Reflectivity of a Multilayer Bragg Reflector 88
   6.2 Molecular-Beam and Chemical-Beam Epitaxy 89
   6.2.1 Background 89
   6.2.2 Chemical Beam Epitaxial System 91
   6.2.3 Preparation for Growth 92
   6.2.4 GaAs and InP Growth 93
   6.2.5 GaxIn1-xAsyP1-y Growth 96
   6.2.6 Doping-Level Control 98
   6.2.7 Summary of CBE 99
7. Characterization of Laser Materials 101
   7.1 Evaluation of Laser Wafers 101
   7.2 Measurement of Lattice Mismatch 103
   7.3 Measurement of the Impurity Concentration 105
   7.3.1 Four-Point Probe Method 105
   7.3.2 Schottky Method 107
   7.3.3 Hall Measurement 108
   7.4 Photoluminescence 110
   7.5 Measurement of the Refractive Index 111
   7.6 Misfit Dislocation 111
8. Semiconductor-Laser Devices-Fabrication and Characteristics 112
   8.1 Fabrication of Fundamental Laser Devices 112
   8.1.1 Broad Contact Lasers 112
   8.1.2 Stripe-Geometry Lasers 113
   8.2 Current Injection and Contacts 114
   8.2.1 Current/Voltage Characteristics 114
   8.2.2 Current Injection 116
   8.3 Evaluation of the Threshold-Current Density 119
   8.4 Gain Bandwidth and Oscillation Spectra 119
   8.5 Output and Efficiency of Semiconductor Lasers 121
   8.6 Near-Field Pattern and Far-Field Pattern 122
   8.7 Temperature Characteristics 122
   8.8. Reliability 123
9. Mode-Control Techniques in Semiconductor Lasers 124
   9.1 Transverse-Mode Characteristics and the Single-Mode Condition 124
   9.1.1 Necessity of Transverse-Mode Stabilization 124
   9.1.2 Equivalent Refractive-Index Method 126
   9.1.3 Eigenvalue Equation of a Guided Mode 127
   9.2 Longitudinal-Mode Control 129
   9.3 Burying Epitaxy on Mesas and V-Grooves 133
   9.3.1 Structures on Index-Guided Lasers 133
   9.3.2 Fabrication of Transverse-Mode-Controlled Structures 134
   9.4 Mass-Transport Technique 136
   9.5 Selective Meltback Technique 137
   9.5.1 Selective Meltback Characteristics 137
   9.5.2 Application to an Inner-Stripe Structure 138
   9.5.3 Application to BH Stripe-Lasers 140
   9.6 Overgrowth on Gratings 141
   9.7 Growth of Quantum Wells 141
   9.8 Growth of Multilayer Bragg Mirrors 145
10. Surface-Emitting Lasers 147
   10.1 The Concept of Surface-Emitting Lasers 147
   10.2 Structure and Characteristics 148
   10.2.1 GaInAsP/InP Surface-Emitting Lasers 148
   10.2.2 GaA1As/GaAs SE Lasers 149
   10.3 Semiconductor Multi-Layer Structure 150
   10.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays 151
   10.5 Ultralow-Threshold Devices 153
   10.6 Future Prospects 154
References 155
Subject Index 167
1. Introduction 1
   1.1 Outline of Semiconductor Laser Theory 1
   1.2 Semiconductor Lasers in Opto-electronics 3
29.

図書

図書
Richard B. Firestone ; Virginia S. Shirley, editor ; assistant editors, Coral M. Baglin, S.Y. Frank Chu, and Jean Zipkin
出版情報: New York : John Wiley, 1996  2 v. ; 29 cm.
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30.

図書

図書
Edward Gibbon
出版情報: Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, c1990  2 v. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Great books of the Western World / Mortimer J. Adler, editor in chief ; 37, 38
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31.

図書

図書
edited by Dov M. Gabbay, and C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson ; volume co-ordinator, J. Siekmann
出版情報: Oxford : Clarendon Press , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1994  xv, 511 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Handbook of logic in artificial intelligence and logic programming / edited by Dov M. Gabbay, and C.J. Hogger and J.A. Robinson ; v. 2
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Automated Reasoning / L. Wos ; R. Veroff2.1:
General Unification Theory / J. Siekmann2.2:
Induction / Ch. Walther2.3:
Higher-Order Features, Types and Fixpoints / D. Leivant2.4:
Metalanguages, Reflection Principles and Self Reference / D. Perlis ; V.S. Subrahmanian2.5:
Classical vs non-classical Logic / D. Gabbay2.6:
Automated Reasoning / L. Wos ; R. Veroff2.1:
General Unification Theory / J. Siekmann2.2:
Induction / Ch. Walther2.3:
32.

図書

図書
edited by J. Turner, J. Pegna, M. Wozny
出版情報: Amsterdam : North-Holland , New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co., 1991  xii, 330 p. ; 23 cm
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33.

図書

東工大
目次DB

図書
東工大
目次DB
安居院猛, 中嶋正之共著
出版情報: 東京 : 昭晃堂, 1990.3  2, 4, 189p ; 22cm
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目次情報: 続きを見る
1 画像工学とは
   1.1 画像工学とは 1
   1.1.1 画像工学の形成 1
   1.1.2 画像工学の特徴 3
   1.2 画像情報の取扱い 3
   1.2.1 画像の表現 3
   1.2.2 ディジタル画像について 5
   1.2.3 ディジタル画像の情報量 10
   演習問題 11
2 画像の表示
   2.1 階調画像の表示 12
   2.1.1 濃度変換について 12
   2.1.2 階調画像の2値表示 16
   2.2 階調画像の擬似表示 18
   2.2.1 ディザ法 18
   2.2.2 カラー画像の擬似表現 24
   演習問題 28
3 画像の変換
   3.1 空間フィルタ処理 29
   3.1.1 画像の平滑化操作 30
   3.1.2 画像の尖鋭化 32
   3.1.3 特殊なフィルタ 35
   3.2 画像のスペクトル変換 36
   3.2.1 フーリエ変換について 36
   3.2.2 高速フーリェ変換 41
   3.2.3 多次元のフーリェ変換 41
   3.2.4 画像処理への応用 43
   3.3 画像のウォルシュ変換 47
   3.3.1 離散的ウォルシュ変換 47
   3.3.2 画像処理への応用 50
   3.3.3 各種の直交変換 52
   演習問題 54
4 画像の伝送
   4.1 ディジタル画像信号の符号化 55
   4.1.1 ディジタル信号の基本的な符号化法 55
   4.1.2 線形予測法 58
   4.2 テレビジョン信号の符号化法 64
   4.2.1 テレビジョン信号 64
   4.2.2 テレビジョン信号の高能率符号化法 68
   4.3 ファクシミリ信号の符号化法 72
   4.3.1 ファクシミリ装置の構成 72
   4.3.2 2値ファクシミリ信号の符号化 75
   4.4 線図形の符号化法 82
   4.4.1 チェーンコード符号化法 82
   4.4.2 直線近似化法 84
   演習問題 88
5 画像の解析
   5.1 線対応の画像解析 90
   5.1.1 線成分の抽出 90
   5.1.2 ディジタル図形の解析 93
   5.1.3 輪郭線の抽出 100
   5.1.4 閉曲線情報処理 102
   5.2 領域対応の画像解析 105
   5.2.1 テクスチャ解析 106
   5.2.2 ピラミッド構造の利用 110
   5.3 動画像の解析 114
   5.3.1 動画像解析処理について 114
   5.3.2 生物体の動きの解析 117
   演習問題 121
6 画像の認識
   6.1 パターン認識 123
   6.1.1 パターン認識システム 123
   6.1.2 パターンマッチング 125
   6.1.3 画像間の距離 128
   6.2 文字のパターン認識 129
   6.2.1 文字の特徴を利用する方法 129
   6.2.2 白地情報を用いる方法 131
   6.3 図形の認識 133
   6.3.1 線成分の認識 133
   6.3.2 図面の認識 137
   6.3.3 地図の認識 138
   6.3.4 文書画像処理 141
   6.4 画像のパターン認識 144
   6.4.1 医用画像処理 144
   6.4.2 産業応用 147
   演習問題 149
7 画像情報機器
   7.1 画像入力装置 152
   7.1.1 画像入力システム 152
   7.1.2 対話形入力装置 160
   7.1.3 立体入力装置 162
   7.2 画像出力装置 168
   7.2.1 ハードコピー装置 168
   7.2.2 ディスプレイ装置 172
   7.3 動画像の記録装置 175
   7.3.1 動画像記録装置 175
   7.3.2 ディジタル画像記録装置 179
   演習問題 180
演習問題解答 182
索引 185
1 画像工学とは
   1.1 画像工学とは 1
   1.1.1 画像工学の形成 1
34.

図書

図書
ホッブズ著 ; 水田洋訳
出版情報: 東京 : 岩波書店, 1992  4冊 ; 15cm
シリーズ名: 岩波文庫 ; 白4-1,2,3,4, 白(34)-004-1,2,3,4
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35.

図書

東工大
目次DB

図書
東工大
目次DB
池田駿介著
出版情報: 東京 : 技報堂出版, 1999.1  xiv, 435p ; 22cm
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目次情報: 続きを見る
第1部 粘性を無視できる流れ
   第1章 基礎的事項 1
    1.1 序 1
     1.1.1 流体力学と水理学 1
     1.1.2 流体の定義-連続体 1
     1.1.3 流体の物性 2
     1.1.4 完全流体と粘性流体 2
    1.2 未知量と運動方程式・質量保存式 3
     1.2.1 流れの未知量 3
     1.2.2 運動方程式と質量保存式 3
     1.2.3 ベクトル表示したEulerの運動方程式と質量保存式 8
     1.2.4 流体の変形 9
     1.2.5 渦度循環 11
     1.2.6 渦の不生不滅 12
    1.3 速度ポテンシャルと流れ関数 14
     1.3.1 速度ポテンシャル 14
     1.3.2 流線と流れ関数 14
     1.3.3 共役関数 16
   第2章 エネルギー保存則 19
    2.1 一般化されたBernoulli(ベルヌーイ)の定理 19
    2.2 一般化されたBernoulliの定理の簡単な応用例 20
     2.2.1 静水圧 20
     2.2.2 Torricelli(トリチェリー)の定理 22
     2.2.3 Pitot(ピトー)管 25
    2.3 流線に沿うBernoulliの定理 27
     2.3.1 流線に沿うEulerの運動方程式と質量保存式 27
     2.3.2 流線に沿うBernoulliの定理とエネルギーフラックス 30
     2.3.3 流管に関する平均的エネルギー保存則 31
    2.4 Bernoulliの定理の応用 33
     2.4.1 U字管振動 33
     2.2.2 Venture(ベンチュリ)管 35
     2.2.3 スルースゲートからの流出 36
     2.2.4 水面を伝わる波 38
    2.5 比エネルギー 39
     2.5.1 比エネルギーの定義 39
     2.5.2 限界水深 42
    2.6 比エネルギーの応用 45
     2.6.1 突起上の流れの水面特性 45
     2.6.2 ダムの流量公式 47
     2.6.3 幅が変化する流れの水面形 47
   第3章 速度ポテンシャルを持つ2次元流れ 49
    3.1 複素速度ポテンシャル 49
    3.2 複素速度ポテンシャルの簡単な応用 51
     3.2.1 一様流 51
     3.2.2 隅を曲がる流れ 52
     3.2.3 角を曲がる流れ 53
     3.2.4 渦(vortex) 54
     3.2.5 湧き出しと吸い込み 56
     3.2.6 二重湧き出し 56
     3.2.7 円柱まわりの流れ 58
     3.2.8 円柱に働く力 60
    3.3 写像変換の利用 63
     3.3.1 Schwartz・Christoffelの定理 63
     3.3.2 Schwartz・Christoffelの定理の応用 64
     3.3.3 Joukowski変換 70
     3.3.4 Joukowski変換の応用 70
    3.4 フローネット(flow net)の方法 76
     3.4.1 フローネットの理論 76
     3.4.2 フローネットの描き方 78
     3.4.3 圧力 p の求め方 79
     3.4.4 フローネットの応用 80
    3.5 変数分離法の利用-波 82
     3.5.1 波動運動の特性 82
     3.5.2 波動運動の支配方程式 82
     3.5.3 微小振幅波 83
     3.5.4 変数分離法の適用 84
     3.5.5 波の分類 87
     3.5.6 水粒子の軌跡 88
     3.5.7 群速度 90
     3.5.8 波のエネルギー 91
     3.5.9 重複波とセイシュ 93
   第4章 運動量保存則 95
    4.1 運動量保存則 95
    4.2 運動量保存則とEulerの運動方程式の関係 96
    4.3 流管における定常流の運動量保存則 98
    4.4 流管に関する平均的運動量保存則 99
    4.5 運動量保存則の応用 100
     4.5.1 曲がった管に作用する力 100
     4.5.2 水槽からの噴流 101
     4.5.3 スルースケートからの流出 103
    4.6 開水路への応用 104
     4.6.1 比力 104
     4.6.2 比力図 105
     4.6.3 比力と比エネルギーの関係 106
     4.6.4 跳水 107
     4.6.5 段波 109
     4.6.6 開水路の衝撃波 110
第2部 粘性がある流れ
   第5章 粘性がある流れの基礎的事項 115
    5.1 運動方程式と質量保存式 115
     5.1.1 運動方程式 115
     5.1.2 内部応力の性質 116
     5.1.3 Navier・Stokesの運動方程式と連続式 118
     5.1.4 ベクトル表示したNavier・Stokesの運動方程式 118
    5.2 Navier・Stokesの運動方程式の厳密解と粘性の役割 119
     5.2.1 Rayleigh(レイリー)の第1問題-瞬間的に運動を始めた平板上の流れ 119
     5.2.2 Rayleighの第2問題-振動平板による流れ 121
     5.2.3 平行平板間の流れ 123
     5.2.4 粘性によるエネルギー逸散 124
    5.3 層流と乱流 126
     5.3.1 層流と乱流の概念-Reynoldsの実験 126
     5.3.2 層流から乱流への遷移-限界Reynolds数 127
     5.3.3 Reynolds応力 127
     5.3.4 壁乱流と自由乱流,Prandtl(プラントル)の混合距離理論 131
   第6章 遅い流れと速い流れ 133
    6.1 Navier・Stokesの運動方程式とReynolds数 133
    6.2 遅い流れ 133
     6.2.1 遅い流れの運動方程式 133
     6.2.2 地下水の流れ 134
     6.2.3 1次元の地下水流れ 136
     6.2.4 2次元の地下水流れ 138
     6.2.5 透水試験 142
     6.2.6 Hele・Shaw(ヘル・ショー)流れ 143
     6.2.7 球のまわりの遅い流れ-Stokes近似 145
    6.3 速い流れ : 大きなReynolds数を持つ流れ 150
     6.3.1 境界層の概念 150
     6.3.2 層流境界層方程式一境界層近似 150
     6.3.3 平板上の層流境界層Blasius(ブラジウス)の流れ 153
     6.3.4 境界層の運動量方程式 157
     6.3.5 層流から乱流への遷移-安定解析 159
     6.3.6 滑らかな平板上の乱流境界層 161
    6.4 流れの剥離 165
     6.4.1 圧力勾配の影響 165
     6.4.2 流れの剥離(separation) 166
     6.4.3 Karman渦列 168
    6.5 流体力 169
     6.5.1 流体力のまとめ 169
     6.5.2 定常流体力 169
     6.5.3 非定常流体力 173
    6.6 流体力による振動 174
     6.6.1 渦励振 174
     6.6.2 ギャロッピング(galloping) 175
     6.6.3 フラッター(trosional galloping) 178
     6.6.4 バフェッティング(buffeting)と不規則応答解析 179
   第7章 管路の流れ 181
    7.1 円管内の層流 : Hagen・Poiseuilleの流れ 181
    7.2 円管内の乱流 183
     7.2.1 圧力分布とせん断力分布 183
     7.2.2 流速分布 185
    7.3 円管内流れの摩擦抵抗と運動量およびエネルギー保存則 191
     7.3.1 運動量保存則 191
     7.3.2 エネルギー保存則 193
    7.4 摩擦水頭損失 : Darcy・Weisbachの式 194
     7.4.1 層流-Hagen・Poiseuille流れの摩擦抵抗係数(摩擦損失係数) 194
     7.4.2 乱流の摩擦抵抗係数 195
     7.4.3 一様砂を貼り付けた円管のf-Re関係 197
     7.4.4 実用管のf-Re関係 197
    7.5 摩擦水頭損失以外の水頭損失 201
     7.5.1 一般的事項 201
     7.5.2 断面変化による水頭損失 201
     7.5.3 曲がりによる水頭損失 207
     7.5.4 弁による水頭損失 208
     7.5.5 その他の水頭損失 209
    7.6 単一管路の流れ 209
     7.6.1 水槽間をつなぐ管路の流れ 209
     7.6.2 水槽から管路を経て空中に流れが放出している場合 210
     7.6.3 サイフォン 211
     7.6.4 エネルギーの供給,取り出しがある流れ 212
    7.7 複合管路の流れ 213
    7.8 管路の非定常流れ 214
     7.8.1 円管内の層流振動流 214
     7.8.2 円管内振動層流の乱流遷移と乱流摩擦抵抗則 216
     7.8.3 水撃圧 217
     7.8.4 その他の非定常流現象 229
第3部 やや複雑な乱流とモデリング
   第8章 自由乱流 235
    8.1 自由乱流の性質と支配方程式 235
    8.2 静止流体中に流出する2次元噴流 236
    8.3 2次元後流 240
   第9章 開水路の流れ 245
    9.1 開水路流れの特徴と種類 245
    9.2 開水路流れの抵抗則 246
     9.2.1 平均流速公式 246
     9.2.2 Manningの粗度係数と対数速度分布から得られる抵抗則の関係 250
    9.3 等流 251
    9.4 漸変流 : 緩やかに変化する不等流 252
     9.4.1 基礎方程式率 252
     9.4.2 水面形の方程式 253
     9.4.3 水面形の分類 254
     9.4.4 水面形の出現例 255
     9.4.5 不等流計算-Bresseの公式 256
     9.4.6 勾配が変わる流れ 257
     9.4.7 不等流計算の応用 259
     9.4.8 横流出・流入がある流れ 261
    9.5 開水路の2次元流れ 266
     9.5.1 開水路2次元流れの特徴 266
     9.5.2 浅水流方程式 266
     9.5.3 渦動粘性係数の値 270
     9.5.4 平面2次元流れの例 272
     9.5.5 湾曲部の2次流 282
    9.6 開水路の非定常流 286
     9.6.1 開水路非定常流の基礎方程式 286
     9.6.2 洪水流 288
   第10章 乱流理論と乱流のモデリング 299
    10.1 乱れの表示法 299
     10.1.1 相関係数 299
     10.1.2 スペクトル 300
    10.2 等方性乱流 300
     10.2.1 等方性乱流の相関係数 301
     10.2.2 Karman・Howarthの方程式 304
     10.2.3 次元スペクトル 306
     10.2.4 エネルギーの移行過程とスペクトル構造の決定 310
    10.3 せん断乱流 313
     10.3.1 せん断乱流の特徴 313
     10.3.2 乱れのエネルギー方程式 314
     10.3.3 円管内乱流のエネルギーバランス 316
    10.4 乱流モデル 317
     10.4.1 0方程式モデル 317
     10.4.2 1方程式モデル 318
     10.4.3 2方程式モデル 319
     10.4.4 ラージ・エディー・シミュレーション(LES) 320
     10.4.5 SDS-2DHモデル-浅水流の乱流モデル 324
第4部 自然界の流れと環境水理学
   第11章 拡散と分散 327
    11.1 Fickの拡散方程式 327
     11.1.1 Fickの法則 327
     11.1.2 拡散方程式 328
    11.2 Taylorの拡散理論 329
    11.3 相対拡散 329
     11.2.1 拡散とLagrange相関 332
     11.2.2 拡散とスペクトル 332
    11.4 分散 334
     11.4.1 開水路の分散現象 334
     11.4.2 地下水の分散現象 337
   第12章 密度差を伴う流れ 339
    12.1 日射と熱 339
     12.1.1 日射と熱収支 339
    12.2 密度成層流の基礎方程式 341
     12.2.1 Boussinesq近似 341
     12.2.2 密度差の存在と渦度 342
     12.2.3 密度流を支配する無次元数 342
     12.2.4 成層流体のBernoulliの定理 345
    12.3 2層流体の流れ 346
     12.3.1 2層流体間の波-内部波 346
     12.3.2 塩水くさび 348
     12.3.3 界面抵抗係数 352
     12.3.4 選択取水 354
     12.3.5 内部跳水 356
    12.4 連続成層流 358
     12.4.1 線形密度成層からの2次元吸い込み 358
     12.4.2 不安定成層流 360
    12.5 その他の密度流 365
     12.5.1 密度噴流,プルーム,サーマル 365
     12.5.2 2次元表面密度噴流 366
   第13章 移動床の水理学 371
    13.1 土砂輸送形態と移動床形態 371
    13.2 土砂輸送 373
     13.2.1 限界掃流力 373
     13.2.2 流下方向掃流砂量 377
     13.2.3 有効せん断力 380
     13.2.4 横断方向掃流砂量 380
     13.2.5 浮遊砂 383
     13.2.6 ウォッシュ・ロード 386
    13.3 河床波 386
     13.3.1 砂碓と反砂碓の形成機構 386
     13.3.2 交互砂州 391
    13.4 局所洗掘 392
     13.4.1 橋脚付近の洗掘 393
     13.4.2 一様湾曲部の河床形状 393
    13.5 河道形状 395
     13.5.1 蛇行流路の発達 395
     13.5.2 礫河川の安定横断形状 400
   第14章 その他の環境水理学 407
    14.1 植生の水理学 407
     14.1.1 沈水植物 407
     14.1.2 抽水植物 409
    14.2 不飽和浸透流 411
    14.3 回転系の流体力学 412
     14.3.1 回転系のNavier・Stokes方程式 412
     14.3.2 Ekman流 413
     14.3.3 地衡流 414
     14.3.4 Rossby波 415
     14.3.5 Kelvin波 417
参考文献 419
付録 422
   付録1 水理学の分野でよく現れる物理量 422
   付録2 Gaussの公式 425
   付録3 Stokesの公式 425
   付録4 円筒座標系におけるNavier・Stokesの方程式 426
   付録5 球極座標系におけるNavier・Stokesの方程式 427
   付録6 円筒座標系におけるReynoldsの方程式 428
索引 429
第1部 粘性を無視できる流れ
   第1章 基礎的事項 1
    1.1 序 1
36.

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図書
海外技術者研修協会編集
出版情報: 東京 : スリーエーネットワーク, 1992.4-1994.7  冊 ; 26cm
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図書
Bernhard Ganter, Rudolf Wille ; [translated from the German by Cornelia Franzke]
出版情報: Beelin ; New York : Springer, c1999  x, 284 p. ; 24 cm
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Order-theoretic Foundations / 0:
Ordered Sets / 0.1:
Complete Lattices / 0.2:
Closure Operators / 0.3:
Galois Connections / 0.4:
Hints and References / 0.5:
Concept Lattices of Contexts / 1:
Context and Concept / 1.1:
Context and Concept Lattice / 1.2:
Many-valued Contexts / 1.3:
Context Constructions and Standard Scales / 1.4:
Determination and Representation / 1.5:
All Concepts of a Context / 2.1:
Diagrams / 2.2:
Implications between Attributes / 2.3:
Dependencies between Attributes / 2.4:
Parts and Factors / 2.5:
Subcontexts / 3.1:
Complete Congruences / 3.2:
Closed Subrelations / 3.3:
Block Relations and Tolerances / 3.4:
Decompositions of Concept Lattices / 3.5:
Subdirect Decompositions / 4.1:
Atlas-decompositions / 4.2:
Substitution / 4.3:
Tensorial Decompositions / 4.4:
Constructions of Concept Lattices / 4.5:
Subdirect Product Constructions / 5.1:
Gluings / 5.2:
Local Doubling / 5.3:
Tensorial Constructions / 5.4:
Properties of Concept Lattices / 5.5:
Distributivity / 6.1:
Semimodularity and Modularity / 6.2:
Semidistributivity and Local Distributivity / 6.3:
Dimension / 6.4:
Context Comparison and Conceptual Measurability / 6.5:
Automorphisms of Contexts / 7.1:
Morphisms and Bonds / 7.2:
Scale Measures / 7.3:
Measurability Theorems / 7.4:
References / 7.5:
Index
Order-theoretic Foundations / 0:
Ordered Sets / 0.1:
Complete Lattices / 0.2:
38.

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図書
藤田宏, 今野礼二著
出版情報: 東京 : 岩波書店, 1994.2-1995.4  2冊 ; 21cm
シリーズ名: 岩波講座応用数学 / 甘利俊一 [ほか] 編集 ; . 基礎||キソ ; 2
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39.

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東工大
目次DB

図書
東工大
目次DB
河村雄行著
出版情報: 東京 : 海文堂出版, 1990.6  v, 141p ; 21cm
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目次情報: 続きを見る
1 分子シミュレーション-無機擬集体科学との関連- 1
2 分子動力学法-相互作用モデルと計算アルゴリズム-
   2.1 基本原理と歴史 7
   2.1.1 分子動力学法の基本概念 7
   2.1.2 対象となる物質系 10
   2.1.3 なぜ分子動力学法か 13
   2.1.4 MD法の歴史 15
   2.2 粒子間に働く作用-原子・分子間のポテンシャル 17
   2.2.1 2体中心力ポテンシャル 18
   2.2.2 酸化物擬縮体における原子間ポテンシャルとパラメータ 17
   2.2.2 酸化物擬縮体における原子間ポテンシャルとパラメータ 20
   2.2.3 より現実的な原子間ポテンシャルの必要性 28
   2.3 MD法の基本式 32
   2.3.1 エネルギーと力の計算 32
   2.3.2 クーロンエネルギーと力の計算 32
   2.3.3 粒子の動かし方 38
   2.3.4 温度と圧力の計算と制御 44
   2.4 結晶のMD計算 48
   2.4.1 基本セルと部分座標 50
   2.4.2 結晶構造データからの初期データ(座標)の生成 50
   2.4.3 対称性と原子間ポテンシャル(酸化物ペロフスカイト) 56
   2.4.4 位置の秩序-無秩序型相転移(Sio2多形の低温-高温転移) 58
   2.4.5 今後の問題 61
   2.5 計算可能な物理・化学量 63
   2.5.1 構造と回折 63
   2.5.2 熱力学的性質と物性 68
   2.5.3 動的性質 68
   2.6 MD法の発展のために 69
3 分子動力学実験装置-パソコンの能力の使い方-
   3.1 パソコンとMD計算 71
   3.2 パソコンの能力 72
   3.2.1 パソコンの能力と限界を規定するもの 73
   3.2.2 基本ソフトウェア 78
   3.2.3 パソコンとエンジニアリングワークステーション 80
   3.2.4 計算機と言語の使い分け 81
   3..3 パソコンMD計算手法 82
   3.3.1 記憶領域の節約手法 82
   3.3.2 高速化の手法 83
   3.4 パソコングラフィックスを駆使した結果の解析 83
   3.4.1 パソコングラフィックの機能 83
   3.4.2 パソコングラフィックの実際 84
   3.5 パソコンMD計算システムの設計 85
4 分子動力学実験の実際-プログラムの使い方と計算例-
   4.1 パソコンMD計算システム 87
   4.1.1 特徴 87
   4.1.2 MD計算のための計算機システム 88
   4.1.3 システム構成 89
   4.1.4 ソースプログラムの取り扱い 92
   4.1.5 いくつかのBASICプログラム 95
   4.2 外部ファイルと入出力情報 96
   4.2.1 初期データの作成 96
   4.1.2 MD計算の制御データと実行 99
   4.2.3 データファイルの構造 102
   4.2.4 標準出力ファイル(FILE06.DAT)の読み方 105
   4.3 MD計算の実際 111
   4.3.1 結晶のMD計算 111
   4.3.2 融体/ガラスのMD計算 118
付録 MDORTOプログラムリスト(抜粋) 125
1 分子シミュレーション-無機擬集体科学との関連- 1
2 分子動力学法-相互作用モデルと計算アルゴリズム-
   2.1 基本原理と歴史 7
40.

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東工大
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東工大
目次DB
長松昭男著
出版情報: 鎌倉 : 長松昭男 , 東京 : コロナ社 (発売), 1993.7  xi, 505p, 図版[2]p ; 22cm
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モード解析入門
1.はじめに 1
   1.1振動が大切な理由 1
   1.2今なぜ振動か 4
   1.3振動の種類 5
   1.4今なぜモード解析か 8
2.1自由度系 13
   2.1なぜ振動するか 13
   2.1.1物体の性質と力学モデル
   2.1.2力のつりあいと運動方程式
   2.1.3振動のからくり
   2.1.4単位
   2.2不減衰系の自由 20
   2.2.1振動の数学表現
   2.2.2固有振動数
   2.2.3運動方程式の解
   2.2.4エネルギー
   2.3減衰系の自由振動 33
   2.3.1運動方程式
   2.3.2無周期運動
   2.3.3減衰自由振動
   2.3.4減衰の働き
   2.3.5単位衝撃応答
   2.4不減衰系の強制振動 42
   2.4.1応答
   2.4.2なぜ共振するのか
   2.4.3力のつりあい
   2.4.4振動数による応答振幅の変化
   2.5減衰系の強制振動 50
   2.5.1応答
   2.5.2力のつりあい
   2.5.3仕事とエネルギー
   2.5.4なぜ共振するのか
   2.5.5基礎への伝達力
   2.5.6基礎加振による応答
   2.6周波数応答関数 66
   2.6.1定義
   2.6.2図示
   2.6.3特別な現象を生じる振動数
3.多自由度系 79
   3.1不減衰系の自由振動 79
   3.1.1運動方程式
   3.1.22自由度系
   3.1.3多自由度系
   3.1.4固有振動数と固有モード
   3.1.5固有モードの直交性
   3.1.6モード質量とモード剛性
   3.1.7質量正規固有モード
   3.1.8モード座標
   3.2減衰系の自由振動 100
   3.2.1運動方程式
   3.2.2比例粘性減衰系
   3.2.3等価1自由度系
   3.2.4一般粘性減衰系
   3.3強制振動 113
   3.3.1運動方程式
   3.3.2周波数応答関数
   3.4数値例 130
   3.4.12自由度系
   3.4.23自由度系
4.信号処理 149
   4.1はじめに 149
   4.2フーリエ級数 155
   4.3連続フーリエ変換 166
   4.4離散フーリエ変換 170
   4.5高速フーリエ変換 178
   4.6フーリエ変換の例 188
   4.6.1方形波と単位衝撃
   4.6.2単位衝撃応答
   4.6.3入出力波形と周波数応答関数
   4.6.4運動方程式
   4.7誤差 200
   4.7.1入力誤差
   4.7.2折り返し誤差
   4.7.3量子化誤差
   4.7.4分解能誤差
   4.7.5漏れ誤差と窓関数
   4.8相関 217
   4.8.1自己相関関数
   4.8.2パワースペクトル密度関数
   4.8.3相互相関関数
   4.8.4クロススペクトル密度関数
   4.8.5周波数応答関数と関連度関数
5.振動試験 229
   5.1はじめに 229
   5.2対象物の支持 231
   5.2.1自由境界または自由支持
   5.2.2固定支持
   5.2.3弾性支持
   5.3加振器 237
   5.3.1種類と特徴
   5.3.2取付け
   5.3.3加振点
   5.4加振方法 256
   5.4.1定常波
   5.4.2周期波
   5.4.3不規則波
   5.4.4非定常波
   5.4.5自然加振
   5.4.6比較
   5.5打撃試験 293
   5.5.1はじめに
   5.5.2長所と短所
   5.5.3打撃ハンマ
   5.5.4現場校正
   5.5.5過負荷
   5.5.62度叩き
   5.5.7誤差と窓関数
   5.5.8対象物の非線形
   5.5.9対象物の減衰
   5.5.10信号処理
   5.5.11検証
   5.6変換器 323
   5.6.1必要事項
   5.6.2較正
   5.6.3加速度計の取付け
   5.7周波数応答関数の信頼性 333
6.モード特性の同定 339
   6.1はじめに 339
   6.21自由度法 343
   6.2.1周波数応答関数の大きさを用いる方法
   6.2.2周波数応答関数の虚部を用いる方法
   6.2.3周波数応答関数の実部と虚部を用いる方法
   6.2.4モード円適合
   6.2.5自由振動による減衰の推定
   6.2.6考察
   6.3多自由度法 360
   6.3.1偏分反復法
   6.3.2プロニーの方法
   6.3.3周波数領域法と時間領域法の比較
   6.3.4混合法
   付録A 375
   A1三角関数 375
   A1.1基本
   A1.2加法定理
   A1.3微分と積分
   A2複素指数関数 383
   A2.1複素数
   A2.2指数関数と対数関数
   A2.3テーラー展開
   A2.4複素指数関数
   A3ベクトルと行列 396
   A3.1定義
   A3.2ベクトルの演算
   A3.3ベクトルの相関と直交
   A3.4行列の演算
   A3.5行列式
   A3.6固有値と固有ベクトル
   A3.7固有ベクトルの直交性
   A3.8正規直交座標系
   A3.9複素ベクトル
   A4関数 443
   A4.1実関数の大きさ
   A4.2実関数の相関と直交
   A4.3複素関数
   A4.4正規直交関数系
   A5最小自乗法 456
   A6積と除の微分と部分積分 462
   付録B 464
   B11自由度系の減衰振動への初期条件の導入 464
   B21自由度粘性減衰系の強制振動 467
   B31自由度系の強制振動における共振振動 473
   B41自由度粘性減衰系の強制振動における仕事 477
   B5周波数応答関数における実部と虚部 480
   B5.1コンプライアンス
   B5.2モビリティ
   B62自由度系に関する補足 484
   B6.1g2-4dh>0の証明
   B6.2固有モードの直交性
   B7初期条件による1自由度系の応答 488
   B8ズーム処理 490
   B9モード円適合における減衰の推定 494
   参考文献 497
   索引 498
モード解析入門
1.はじめに 1
   1.1振動が大切な理由 1
41.

図書

図書
editors, Peter W. Lednor ... [et al.]
出版情報: Pittsburgh, Pa. : Materials Research Society, c1997  xi, 306 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Materials Research Society symposium proceedings ; v. 454
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42.

図書

図書
M. Holschneider
出版情報: Oxford : Clarendon Press , New York : Oxford University Press, 1995  xiii, 423 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Oxford mathematical monographs
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Introduction to wavelet analysis over R / Chapter 1:
A short motivation / 1:
Time-frequency analysis / 1.1:
Wavelets and approximation theory / 1.2:
Some easy properties of the wavelet transform / 2:
Wavelet transform in Fourier space / 3:
Co-variance of wavelet transforms / 4:
Voices, zooms, and convolutions / 5:
Laplace convolution / 5.1:
Scale convolution / 5.2:
Mellin transforms / 5.3:
The basic functions: the wavelets / 6:
The real wavelets / 7:
The progressive wavelets / 8:
Progressive wavelets with real-valued frequency representation / 8.1:
Chirp wavelets / 8.2:
On the modulus of progressive functions / 8.3:
Some explicit analysed functions and easy examples / 9:
The wavelet transform of pure frequencies / 9.1:
The real oscillations / 9.2:
The onsets / 9.4:
The wavelet analysis of a hyperbolic chirp / 9.5:
Interactions / 9.6:
Two deltas / 9.7:
Delta and pure frequency / 9.8:
The influence cone and easy localization properties / 10:
Polynomial localization / 11:
More precise results / 11.1:
The influence regions for pure frequencies / 12:
The space of highly time-frequency localized functions / 13:
The inversion formula / 14:
Fourier transform in wavelet space / 14.1:
Reconstruction with singular reconstruction wavelets / 15:
The wavelet synthesis operator / 16:
Reconstruction without reconstruction wavelet / 17:
Localization properties of the wavelet synthesis / 18:
Frequency localization / 18.1:
Time localization / 18.2:
Wavelet analysis over S[subscript +](R) / 19:
Schwartz space / 19.1:
The regularity of the image space / 19.2:
The reproducing kernel / 20:
The cross-kernel / 20.1:
The wavelet transform of a white noise / 21:
The wavelet transform in L[superscript 2](R) / 22:
The inverse wavelet transform / 23:
The wavelet transform over S[prime subscript +](R) / 24:
Definition of the wavelet transform / 24.1:
The wavelet transform on S[prime](R) / 25:
A class of operators / 26:
The derivation operator and Riesz potentials / 26.1:
Differentiation and integration over S[prime subscript 0](R) / 26.2:
Singular support of distributions / 27:
Bounded sets in S[subscript 0](R) and S[prime subscript 0](R) / 28:
Some explicit wavelet transforms of distributions / 29:
The distributions..., [Characters not reproducible] / 29.1:
The distributions [Characters not reproducible] / 29.2:
Extension to higher dimensions / 30:
Proof of Theorem 11.1.1 / 31:
Discretizing and periodizing the half-plane / Chapter 2:
Interpolation
Reconstruction over voices
One single voice / 2.1:
Infinitely many voices / 2.2:
An iteration procedure
Calderon-Zygmund operators: a first contact
Reconstruction over strips
The pointwise and uniform convergence of the inversion formula
Uniform convergence in L[superscript p](R), 1< p< [infinity] / 6.1:
Pointwise convergence in L[superscript p](R), 1 [greater than or equal] p< [infinity] / 6.2:
Pointwise convergence in L[superscript infinity](R) / 6.3:
The 'Gibbs' phenomenon for s[subscript epsilon, rho]
Gibbs phenomenon / 7.1:
No Gibbs phenomenon / 7.2:
Reconstruction over cones
The Poisson summation formula
Periodic functions
The periodizing operator
Sequences and sampling
The Fourier transform over the circle
Some sampling theorems
The continuous wavelet transform over T
Wavelet analysis of S(T) and S[prime](T) / 10.1:
The wavelet transform of L[superscript 2](T) / 10.2:
Sampling of voices
Frames and moments
Some wavelet frames
Irregular sampling / 13.1:
Calderon-Zygmund operators again / 13.2:
A functional calculus
The case of self-adjoint operators
The function e[superscript itA] / 14.2:
Multi-resolution analysis / Chapter 3:
Riesz bases
The Fourier space picture
Translation invariant orthonormal basis / 1.3:
Skew projections / 1.4:
Perfect sampling spaces / 1.5:
Splines / 1.6:
Exponential localization / 1.7:
Perfect sampling spaces of spline functions / 1.8:
Sampling spaces over Z, T, and Z/NZ
Sampling space over Z
Oversampling of sampling spaces / 2.3:
Sampling spaces over T / 2.4:
Periodizing a sampling space over R / 2.5:
Periodizing a sampling space over T / 2.6:
Sampling spaces over Z/NZ / 2.7:
Quadrature mirror filters in L[superscript 2](Z)
Completing a QMF-system / 3.1:
Complements over R / 3.2:
QMF over Z/NZ and complements over T / 3.3:
Multi-resolution analysis over R
Localization and regularity of [psi] / 4.1:
Examples of multi-resolution analysis and wavelets
The Haar system
Splines wavelets
Band-limited functions
Littlewood-Paley analysis / 5.4:
The partial reconstruction operator
Multi-resolution analysis of L[superscript 2](Z)
Isometrics and the shift operator
QMF and multi-resolution analysis over Z
Wavelets over Z / 7.3:
QMF and multi-resolution analysis
Compact support
An easy regularity estimate
The dyadic interpolation spaces
The Lagrange interpolation spaces
Compactly supported wavelets
Wavelet frames
Bi-orthogonal expansions
Bi-orthogonal expansions of L[superscript 2](Z) / 12.1:
Bi-orthogonal expansions in L[superscript 2](R) / 12.2:
QMF and loop groups
The group of unitary operators with [U, T[subscript 2]] = 0
Some subclasses of QMF / 13.3:
The factorization problem / 13.5:
Multi-resolution analysis over T
Multi-resolution analysis over Z/2[superscript M]Z
Computing the discrete wavelet transform
Filterbanks over Z / 16.1:
Computing the orthonormal wavelet transform over a dyadic grid / 16.2:
More general wavelet / 16.3:
Denser grids / 16.4:
Interpolation of the voices / 16.5:
The 'a trous' algorithm / 16.6:
Computation over Z/2[superscript N]Z / 16.7:
Computing over R by using data over Z/NZ
Fractal analysis and wavelet transforms / Chapter 4:
Self-similarity and the re-normalization group
Re-normalization in wavelet-space
The order of magnitude of wavelet coefficients
Inverse theorems for global regularity
The class of Zygmund
Inverse theorems for local regularity
Pointwise differentiability and wavelet analysis
The class W[superscript alpha]
Asymptotic behaviour at small scales
The Brownian motion
The Weierstrass non-differentiable function
The Riemann-Weierstrass function
The orbit of 0
The orbit of 1
The non-degenerated fixed points
The irrational points / 6.4:
The baker's map
A family of dynamical systems and fractal measures
Self-similar fractal measure
The evolution in wavelet space
Some fractal measures
Fractal dimensions
Capacity
The generalized fractal dimensions
Fractal dimensions and wavelet transforms
Time evolution and the dimension [kappa](2)
Local self-similarity and singularities
The f([alpha]) spectrum
On the fractality of orthonormal wavelets
Group theory as unifying language / Chapter 5:
Some notions of group theory
Direct sum of groups
Quotient groups
Homomorphisms
Representations
Schur's lemma
Group action
Invariant measures
Regular representations
Group convolutions / 1.9:
Square integrable representations / 1.10:
The 'wavelet' analysis associated to square integrable representations
A priori estimates
Transformation properties
Energy conservation
The left- and right-synthesis
Co-variance
The inversion formulae
On the constant c[subscript g,h]
More general reconstruction
The reproducing kernel equation
Fourier transform over Abelian groups
The Fourier transform
Group-translations
The convolution theorem
Periodizing, sampling, and M. Poisson
Sampling
Periodization
Sampling spaces over Abelian groups
The discrete wavelet transform over Abelian groups
A group of operators
Polynomial loops: the factorization problem / 10.3:
The wavelet transform in two dimensions
Reconstruction formulae / 11.2:
A class of inverse problems / 11.3:
The Radon transform as wavelet transform
The Radon-inversion formula
Functional analysis and wavelets / Chapter 6:
Some function spaces
Wavelet multipliers
The class of highly regular Calderon-Zygmund operators (CZOs)
The dilation co-variance
Fourier multipliers as highly regular CZO
Singular integrals as highly regular CZO
Pointwise properties of highly regular CZO
Littlewood-Paley theory
The Sobolev spaces
Bibliography
Index
Introduction to wavelet analysis over R / Chapter 1:
A short motivation / 1:
Time-frequency analysis / 1.1:
43.

図書

東工大
目次DB

図書
東工大
目次DB
Kenichi Iga ; technical editor, Richard B. Miles
出版情報: New York : Plenum Press, c1994  xv, 285 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lasers, photonics, and electro-optics
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Chapter 1. The Basic Concept of Lasers
   1.1. What Is a Laser? 1
   1.2. History of Lasers 4
   1.2.1. Development of Masers 4
   1.2.2. Development of Lasers 5
   1.3. Characteristics of Laser Beams 6
   1.4. Field of Optoelectronics 9
   Problems 10
   References 11
Chapter 2. Laser Applications
   2.1. Laser Characteristics and Application Areas 13
   2.2. Optical Communications 16
   2.2.1. Optical Communication Systems 16
   2.2.2. Semiconductor Lasers for Optical Fiber Communication 18
   2.2.3. Lasers as Light Sources in Communication Measurement 19
   2.2.4. Optical Amplifiers 20
   2.3. Laser Disks 21
   2.4. Lightwave Sensing 23
   2.4.1. Light Output 23
   2.4.2. Radiation Angle of Light Beam 24
   2.4.3. Instability of Laser Operation Caused by Optical Feedback 25
   2.4.4. Increase of Intensity Noise Caused by Mode Hopping 25
   2.4.5. Variation of Power Related to Temperature Change 26
   2.4.6. Variation of Wavelength Related to Temperature Change 26
   2.4.7. Reproducibility of Wavelenght 27
   2.4.8. Linewidth 27
   2.4.9. Resistivity against Electrical Surge and Lifetime 28
   2.5. Electro-Optic Equipment 28
   2.6. Medical Applications 29
   2.7. Energy Development 29
   2.8. Laser Display 30
   Problems 30
   References 31
Chapter 3. Gas and Liquid Lasers
   3.1. Gas Lasers 33
   3.1.1. Helium-Neon Laser 33
   3.1.2. CO2 Laser 35
   3.1.3. Ion Lasers 36
   3.1.4. Helium-Cadmium Laser 37
   3.1.5. Nitrogen Laser 37
   3.2. Excimer Lasers 38
   3.3. Liquid Lasers 39
   3.4. Other Lasers 40
   Problems 40
   References 41
Chapter 4. Solid-State Lasers
   4.1. Ruby Lasers 43
   4.2. YAG Lasers 44
   4.3. Glass Lasers 46
   4.4. Optical Fiber Laser Amplifiers 46
   4.5. Other Solid-State Lasers 47
   Problems 48
   References 48
Chapter 5. Semiconductor Lasers-Materials and Devices
   5.1. Outline of Semiconductor Lasers 49
   5.1.1. Development of Semiconductor Lasers 49
   5.1.2. Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers 51
   5.2. Materials for Semiconductor Lasers 52
   5.2.1. Crystals for 1-μm-Band Semiconductor Lasers 52
   5.2.2. Crystals for Visible to Near-Infrared Semiconductor Lasers 56
   5.3. Basic Concept of Semiconductor Lasers 58
   5.3.1. Oscillation Conditions 58
   5.3.2. Gain Width and Oscillation Spectra 60
   5.3.3. Transverse Mode Characteristics 62
   5.3.4. Threshold and Efficiency 64
   5.3.5. Near-and Far-Field Patterns 65
   5.3.6. Temperature Characteristics 65
   Problems 66
   References 67
Chapter 6. Light Beams
   6.1. Equations Expressing an Electromagnetic Field of Light 71
   6.1.1. Passive Case 73
   6.1.2. Active Case 74
   6.2. Normal Modes 75
   6.3. Normal Modes in Distributed Index (DI) Waveguides 77
   6.4. Expansion Methods for Normal Modes 82
   6.5. Gaussin Beams in Free Space 86
   6.6. Transformation Matrix of Waveform and Ray Transfer Matrix 89
   6.6.1. Transformation Matrix of Waveforms 89
   6.6.2. Ray Transfer Matrix 93
   6.7. Representation of Waveform Coefficient Transformation by the Smith Chart 95
   6.8. Appendix 1: Matrix of a DI Waveguide 96
   6.9. Appendix 2: Transfer Matrices in Free Space 100
   Problems 101
   References 101
Chapter 7. Optical Waveguides for Laser Technology
   7.1. Normal Modes in a Planar Dielectric Waveguide 103
   7.2. Modes of a Three-Dimensional Waveguide 113
   7.3. Confinement Factor 114
   7.4. Radiation from the Edge of a Waveguide 115
   Problems 117
   References 118
Chapter 8. Laser Resonators and Resonant Modes
   8.1. Introduction 119
   8.2. Fabry-Perot Waveguide-Type Resonators 121
   8.3. Open Fabry-Perot Resonators with Concave Mirrors 125
   8.3.1. Spotsize 125
   8.3.2. Stability of Resonators 126
   8.3.3. Mode and Diffraction Loss in Fabry-Perot Resonators 129
   8.3.4. Resonance Frequency 137
   8.4. Distributed Feedback/Reflector Resonators 139
   8.4.1. Resonance Frequencies 139
   8.4.2. Diffracted Waves 140
   8.4.3. Stop Bands 142
   8.4.4. Distributed Bragg Reflector-Type Resonators 146
   8.4.5. λB/4 Phase Shift 147
   8.5. Resonator Loss and Resonance Characteristics 148
   8.5.1. Decay Time and Q-Value 148
   8.5.2. Resonance Characteristics and Transfer Function 149
   8.6. Summary 150
   Problems 150
   References 151
Chapter 9. Laser Equations
   9.1. Density Matrix and Equations of Motions 153
   9.1.1. Density Matrix 153
   9.1.2. Density Operator and Density Matrix in the Pure State 155
   9.1.3. Density Operator in a Continuous Eigenstate 156
   9.2. Dipole Transition 158
   9.2.1. Diagonal Elements of the Density Matrix 158
   9.2.2. Nondiagonal Elements of the Density Matrix 160
   Problems 163
   References 163
Chapter 10. Rate Equations
   10.1. Homogeneous Gain 165
   10.2. Rate Equations 167
   10.3. Laser Gain 170
   10.3.1. Laser Gain 171
   10.3.2. Gain of Semiconductor Lasers 172
   10.3.3. Quantum Well Lasers 174
   10.4. Oscillation Conditions 177
   Problems 180
   References 181
Chapter 11. Laser Gain and Saturation
   11.1. Inhomogeneous Broadening 183
   11.2. Hole Burning 184
   11.3. Saturation of Light Output 189
   11.4. Gain and Saturation in Semiconductor Lasers 194
   Problems 204
   References 205
Chapter 12. Modulation and Light Pulse Generation
   12.1. Delay in Laser Oscillation 207
   12.2. Relaxation Oscillation 208
   12.3. Q-Switching 210
   12.4. Mode Locking 212
   12.5. Direct Modulation 214
   Problems 216
   References 217
Chapter 13. Laser Noise
   13.1. Intensity Noise 219
   13.1.1. Measure of Intensity Noise 219
   13.1.2. Quantum Noise 220
   13.1.3. Enhancement of Intensity Noise by Various Factors 223
   13.1.4. Stabilization of Laser Output 224
   13.2. Frequency Noise 224
   13.2.1. Expression for Frequency Noise 224
   13.2.2. Quantum Noise 224
   13.2.3. Enhancement of Frequency Noise by Various Factors 227
   13.2.4. Measuring Linewidth 227
   13.3. Control of Linewidth 228
   13.3.1. Optical Methods 228
   13.3.2. An Electric Method 229
   13.4. Laser Frequency Stabilization 229
   13.4.1. Allan Variance 229
   13.4.2. Stabilization at the Center of Laser Gain 230
   13.4.3. Stabilization with an External Frequency Standard 230
   Problems 231
   References 231
Chapter 14. Advanced Technology for Semiconductor Laser Fabrication and Integration
   14.1. Methods of Semiconductor Crystal Growth 233
   14.1.1. Outline of Crystal Growth Method 233
   14.1.2. Liquid-Phase Epitaxy 234
   14.1.3. Vapor-Phase Epitaxy 238
   14.1.4. Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition 239
   14.1.5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy 240
   14.1.6. Chemical Beam Epitaxy 241
   14.2. Laser Devices and Fabrication Processes 241
   14.2.1. Energy Band Structures in Heterojunction Devices 241
   14.2.2. Doping 244
   14.2.3. Fabrication Methods of Wafers for Lasers 245
   14.3. Evaluation of Wafers 247
   14.3.1. Observation of Surface Morphology 248
   14.3.2. Observation of Cross Sections 248
   14.3.3. Determining Composition 248
   14.3.4. Determining the Band Gap, Eg 248
   14.3.5. Measuring Lattice Matching 249
   14.3.6. Photoluminescence 249
   14.3.7. Measurement of Refractive Index 250
   14.3.8. Misfit Density 251
   14.4. Fabrication of Fundamental Laser Devices and Characterization Methods 251
   14.4.1. Fabrication Method of Fundamental Laser Devices 251
   14.4.2. Stripe-Geometry Lasers 253
   14.5. Longitudinal Mode Control 254
   14.6. Modulation and Noise 257
   14.6.1. Modulation and Bandwidth of a Semiconductor Laser 257
   14.6.2. Noise 258
   14.6.3. Frequency Stability 259
   14.7. Prospects of Semiconductor Lasers 260
   14.7.1. Laser Arrays 260
   14.7.2. Integration 261
   14.7.3. Prospects of Optical Subsystems 263
   Problems 264
   References 264
Chapter 15. Surface-Emitting Lasers
   15.1. Advantages of Surface-Emitting Lasers 267
   15.2. History of Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers 270
   15.3. Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) 271
   15.3.1. GaInAsP/InP Surface-Emitting Lasers 271
   15.3.2. GaA1As/GaAs Surface-Emitting Lasers 273
   15.3.3. GaInAs/GaAs Surface-Emitting Lasers 275
   15.4. Ultimate Threshold and Spontaneous Emission Control 275
   15.4.1. Ultimate Threshold 275
   15.4.2. Spontaneous Emission Control 275
   15.4.3. Photon Recycling 276
   15.5. Two Dimensional Arrays of Surface-Emitting Lasers 277
   15.6. Applied Subsystems 278
   15.7. Prospects 280
   References 280
Index 283
Chapter 1. The Basic Concept of Lasers
   1.1. What Is a Laser? 1
   1.2. History of Lasers 4
44.

図書

図書
スリーエーネットワーク編著
出版情報: 東京 : スリーエーネットワーク, 1998-  冊 ; 26cm
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目次情報: 続きを見る
1 : Vocabulary
2 Grammatical : Notes
3 Extra Grammatical : Notes
第1部分 新単詞
第2部分 語法解釈 : 読む・書く(〜たて
たとえ〜ても
〜たりしない
〜ほど
話す・聞く : ...んだって?
〜ながら
つまり、...という/ってことだ
...よね。) ほか
第3部分 : 語法補充項目
1 Novo Vocabul ́ario
2 Notas Gramaticais : 〜たて
...んだって?
...よね。 ほか
3 Um Pouco Mais de Gram : ́atica
Premi`ere partie Nouveau vocabulaire
Deuxi`eme partie Explications grammaticales : 〜たて
Troisi`eme partie Notes grammaticales suppl : ́ementaires
1 Neue Vokabeln
2 Grammatikalische Erkl ̈arungen : 読む・書く
話す・聞く
3 Zus ̈atzliche : Grammatik
第1部 : 『みんなの日本語中級2』内容及び使い方
第2部『みんなの日本語中級2』各課の教え
第3部 : 資料編
1 : Vocabulary
2 Grammatical : Notes
3 Extra Grammatical : Notes
45.

図書

図書
Maxine Singer, Paul Berg [著] ; 新井賢一, 正井久雄監訳
出版情報: 東京 : 東京化学同人, 1993.9-1994.2  2冊 ; 27cm
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46.

図書

図書
貴島静正著
出版情報: 東京 : 裳華房, 1991-1996  4冊 ; 19cm
シリーズ名: ポピュラーサイエンス
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47.

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図書
[edited by] D. Demus ... [et al.]
出版情報: Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 1998  2 vols. (xl, 1030 p.) ; 25 cm
シリーズ名: Handbook of liquid crystals / [edited by] D. Demus ... [et al.] ; 2A, 2B
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Discotic Liquid Crystals
Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals / S. Kelly, et al.
Synthesis and Structural Features / A. Cammidge ; R. Bushby
Discotic Liquid Crystals: Their Structures and Physical Properties / S. Chandrasekhar
Applicable Properties of Columnar Discotic Liquid Crystals / N. Boden ; B. Movaghar
Non-Conventional Liquid-Crystalline MaterialS
Liquid Crystal Dimers and Oligomers / C. Imrie ; G. Luckhurst
Laterally Substituted and Swallow-Tailed Liquid Crystals / W. Weissflog
Phasmids and Polycatenar Mesogens / H. Nguyen, et al.
Thermotropic Cubic Phases / S. Diele ; P. Goring
Metal-Containing Liquid Crystals / A. Giroud-Godquin
Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals / B. Sadashiva
Charge-Transfer Systems / K. Praefcke ; D. Singer
Hydrogen-Bonded Systems / T. Kato
Chromonics / J. Lydon
Index
Calamitic Liquid Crystals
Phase Structures of Calamitic Liquid Crystals / J. Goodby
Phase Transitions in Rod-Like Liquid Crystals / D. Guillon
Nematic Liquid Crystals / K. Toyne, et al.
Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals / C. Booth ; Harry Coles
Non-Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals / J. Goodby, et al.
Discotic Liquid Crystals
Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals / S. Kelly, et al.
Synthesis and Structural Features / A. Cammidge ; R. Bushby
48.

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Aristotle ; Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Adler, Mortimer Jerome, 1902-
出版情報: Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, c1990  2 v. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Great books of the Western World / Mortimer J. Adler, editor in chief ; 7, 8
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49.

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Saint Thomas Aquinas ; translated by Father Laurence Shapcote of the Fathers of the English Dominican Province ; revised by Daniel J. Sullivan
出版情報: Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, c1990  2 v. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Great books of the Western World / Mortimer J. Adler, editor in chief ; 17, 18
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50.

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図書
William Shakespeare ; edited by William George Clarke [i.e. Clark] and William Aldis Wright
出版情報: Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, c1990  2 v. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Great books of the Western World / Mortimer J. Adler, editor in chief ; 24, 25
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