Introduction / Chapter 1: |
Importance of Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion / 1.1: |
Energy Consumption / 1.1.1: |
Research Needs / 1.1.2: |
Literature Discussion / 1.2: |
Heat Transfer / 1.2.1: |
Combustion / 1.2.2: |
Heat Transfer and Combustion / 1.2.3: |
Combustion System Components / 1.3: |
Burners / 1.3.1: |
Competing Priorities / 1.3.1.1: |
Design Factors / 1.3.1.2: |
General Burner Types / 1.3.1.3: |
Combustors / 1.3.2: |
Design Considerations / 1.3.2.1: |
General Classifications / 1.3.2.2: |
Heat Load / 1.3.3: |
Process Tubes / 1.3.3.1: |
Moving Substrate / 1.3.3.2: |
Opaque Materials / 1.3.3.3: |
Transparent Materials / 1.3.3.4: |
Heat Recovery Devices / 1.3.4: |
Recuperators / 1.3.4.1: |
Regenerators / 1.3.4.2: |
References |
Some Fundamentals of Combustion / Chapter 2: |
Combustion Chemistry / 2.1: |
Fuel Properties / 2.1.1: |
Oxidizer Composition / 2.1.2: |
Mixture Ratio / 2.1.3: |
Operating Regimes / 2.1.4: |
Combustion Properties / 2.2: |
Combustion Products / 2.2.1: |
Air and Fuel Preheat Temperature / 2.2.1.1: |
Fuel Composition / 2.2.1.4: |
Flame Temperature / 2.2.2: |
Oxidizer and Fuel Composition / 2.2.2.1: |
Oxidizer and Fuel Preheat Temperature / 2.2.2.2: |
Available Heat / 2.2.3: |
Flue Gas Volume / 2.2.4: |
Exhaust Product Transport Properties / 2.3: |
Density / 2.3.1: |
Specific Heat / 2.3.2: |
Thermal Conductivity / 2.3.3: |
Viscosity / 2.3.4: |
Prandtl Number / 2.3.5: |
Lewis Number / 2.3.6: |
Heat Transfer Modes / Chapter 3: |
Convection / 3.1: |
Forced Convection / 3.2.1: |
Forced Convection from Flames / 3.2.1.1: |
Forced Convection from Outside Combustor Wall / 3.2.1.2: |
Forced Convection from Hot Gases to Tubes / 3.2.1.3: |
Natural Convection / 3.2.2: |
Natural Convection from Flames / 3.2.2.1: |
Natural Convection from Outside Combustor Wall / 3.2.2.2: |
Radiation / 3.3: |
Surface Radiation / 3.3.1: |
Nonluminous Radiation / 3.3.2: |
Theory / 3.3.2.1: |
Combustion Studies / 3.3.2.2: |
Luminous Radiation / 3.3.3: |
Conduction / 3.3.3.1: |
Steady-State Conduction / 3.4.1: |
Transient Conduction / 3.4.2: |
Phase Change / 3.5: |
Melting / 3.5.1: |
Boiling / 3.5.2: |
Internal Boiling / 3.5.2.1: |
External Boiling / 3.5.2.2: |
Condensation / 3.5.3: |
Heat Sources and Sinks / Chapter 4: |
Heat Sources / 4.1: |
Combustibles / 4.1.1: |
Fuel Combustion / 4.1.1.1: |
Volatile Combustion / 4.1.1.2: |
Thermochemical Heat Release / 4.1.2: |
Equilibrium TCHR / 4.1.2.1: |
Catalytic TCHR / 4.1.2.2: |
Mixed TCHR / 4.1.2.3: |
Heat Sinks / 4.2: |
Load / 4.2.1: |
Tubes / 4.2.1.1: |
Substrate / 4.2.1.2: |
Granular Solid / 4.2.1.3: |
Molten Liquid / 4.2.1.4: |
Surface Conditions / 4.2.1.5: |
Wall Losses / 4.2.2: |
Openings / 4.2.3: |
Gas Flow Through Openings / 4.2.3.1: |
Material Transport / 4.2.4: |
Computer Modeling / Chapter 5: |
Combustion Modeling / 5.1: |
Modeling Approaches / 5.2: |
Fluid Dynamics / 5.2.1: |
Moment Averaging / 5.2.1.1: |
Vortex Methods / 5.2.1.2: |
Spectral Methods / 5.2.1.3: |
Direct Numerical Simulation / 5.2.1.4: |
Geometry / 5.2.2: |
Zero-Dimensional Modeling / 5.2.2.1: |
One-Dimensional Modeling / 5.2.2.2: |
Multi-dimensional Modeling / 5.2.2.3: |
Reaction Chemistry / 5.2.3: |
Nonreacting Flows / 5.2.3.1: |
Simplified Chemistry / 5.2.3.2: |
Complex Chemistry / 5.2.3.3: |
Nonradiating / 5.2.4: |
Participating Media / 5.2.4.2: |
Time Dependence / 5.2.5: |
Steady State / 5.2.5.1: |
Transient / 5.2.5.2: |
Simplified Models / 5.3: |
Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling / 5.4: |
Increasing Popularity of CFD / 5.4.1: |
Potential Problems of CFD / 5.4.2: |
Equations / 5.4.3: |
Chemistry / 5.4.3.1: |
Multiple Phases / 5.4.3.4: |
Boundary and Initial Conditions / 5.4.4: |
Inlets and Outlets / 5.4.4.1: |
Surfaces / 5.4.4.2: |
Symmetry / 5.4.4.3: |
Discretization / 5.4.5: |
Finite Difference Technique / 5.4.5.1: |
Finite Volume Technique / 5.4.5.2: |
Finite Element Technique / 5.4.5.3: |
Mixed / 5.4.5.4: |
None / 5.4.5.5: |
Solution Methods / 5.4.6: |
Model Validation / 5.4.7: |
Industrial Combustion Examples / 5.4.8: |
Modeling Burners / 5.4.8.1: |
Modeling Combustors / 5.4.8.2: |
Experimental Techniques / Chapter 6: |
Heat Flux / 6.1: |
Total Heat Flux / 6.2.1: |
Steady-State Uncooled Solids / 6.2.1.1: |
Steady-State Cooled Solids / 6.2.1.2: |
Steady-State Cooled Gages / 6.2.1.3: |
Transient Uncooled Targets / 6.2.1.4: |
Transient Uncooled Gages / 6.2.1.5: |
Radiant Heat Flux / 6.2.2: |
Heat Flux Gage / 6.2.2.1: |
Ellipsoidal Radiometer / 6.2.2.2: |
Spectral Radiometer / 6.2.2.3: |
Other Techniques / 6.2.2.4: |
Convective Heat Flux / 6.2.3: |
Temperature / 6.3: |
Gas Temperature / 6.3.1: |
Suction Pyrometer / 6.3.1.1: |
Optical Techniques / 6.3.1.2: |
Fine Wire Thermocouples / 6.3.1.3: |
Line Reversal / 6.3.1.4: |
Surface Temperature / 6.3.2: |
Embedded Thermocouple / 6.3.2.1: |
Infrared Detectors / 6.3.2.2: |
Gas Flow / 6.4: |
Gas Velocity / 6.4.1: |
Pitot Tubes / 6.4.1.1: |
Laser Doppler Velocimetry / 6.4.1.2: |
Static Pressure Distribution / 6.4.1.3: |
Stagnation Velocity Gradient / 6.4.2.1: |
Stagnation Zone / 6.4.2.2: |
Gas Species / 6.5: |
Other Measurements / 6.6: |
Physical Modeling / 6.7: |
Flame Impingement / Chapter 7: |
Experimental Conditions / 7.1: |
Configurations / 7.2.1: |
Flame Normal to a Cylinder in Crossflow / 7.2.1.1: |
Flame Normal to a Hemispherically Nosed Cylinder / 7.2.1.2: |
Flame Normal to a Plane Surface / 7.2.1.3: |
Flame Parallel to a Plane Surface / 7.2.1.4: |
Operating Conditions / 7.2.2: |
Oxidizers / 7.2.2.1: |
Fuels / 7.2.2.2: |
Equivalence Ratios / 7.2.2.3: |
Firing Rates / 7.2.2.4: |
Reynolds Number / 7.2.2.5: |
Nozzle Diameter / 7.2.2.6: |
Location / 7.2.2.8: |
Stagnation Targets / 7.2.3: |
Size / 7.2.3.1: |
Target Materials / 7.2.3.2: |
Surface Preparation / 7.2.3.3: |
Surface Temperatures / 7.2.3.4: |
Measurements / 7.2.4: |
Semianalytical Heat Transfer Solutions / 7.3: |
Equation Parameters / 7.3.1: |
Thermophysical Properties / 7.3.1.1: |
Sibulkin Results / 7.3.1.2: |
Fay and Riddell Results / 7.3.2.2: |
Rosner Results / 7.3.2.3: |
Comparisons With Experiments / 7.3.3: |
Forced Convection (Negligible TCHR) / 7.3.3.1: |
Forced Convection with TCHR / 7.3.3.2: |
Sample Calculations / 7.3.4: |
Laminar Flames Without TCHR / 7.3.4.1: |
Turbulent Flames Without TCHR / 7.3.4.2: |
Laminar Flames with TCHR |
Summary / 7.3.5: |
Empirical Heat Transfer Correlations / 7.4: |
Flames Impinging Normal to a Cylinder / 7.4.1: |
Local Convection Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.1: |
Average Convection Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.2: |
Average Convection Heat Transfer with TCHR / 7.4.2.3: |
Average Radiation Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.4: |
Maximum Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.5: |
Flames Impining Normal to a Hemi-Nosed Cylinder / 7.4.3: |
Local Convection Heat Transfer with TCHR / 7.4.3.1: |
Flames Impinging Normal to a Plane Surface / 7.4.4: |
Flames Parallel to a Plane Surface / 7.4.4.1: |
Local Convection Heat Transfer With TCHR / 7.4.5.1: |
Local Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer / 7.4.5.2: |
Heat Transfer from Burners / Chapter 8: |
Open-Flame Burners / 8.1: |
Momentum Effects / 8.2.1: |
Flame Luminosity / 8.2.2: |
Firing Rate Effects / 8.2.3: |
Flame Shape Effects / 8.2.4: |
Radiant Burners / 8.3: |
Perforated Ceramic or Wire Mesh Radiant Burners / 8.3.1: |
Flame Impingement Radiant Burners / 8.3.2: |
Porous Refractory Radiant Burners / 8.3.3: |
Advanced Ceramic Radiant Burners / 8.3.4: |
Radiant Wall Burners / 8.3.5: |
Radiant Tube Burners / 8.3.6: |
Effects on Heat Transfer / 8.4: |
Fuel Effects / 8.4.1: |
Solid Fuels / 8.4.1.1: |
Liquid Fuels / 8.4.1.2: |
Gaseous Fuels / 8.4.1.3: |
Fuel Temperature / 8.4.1.4: |
Oxidizer Effects / 8.4.2: |
Oxidizer Temperature / 8.4.2.1: |
Staging Effects / 8.4.3: |
Fuel Staging / 8.4.3.1: |
Oxidizer Staging / 8.4.3.2: |
Burner Orientation / 8.4.4: |
Hearth-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.1: |
Wall-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.2: |
Roof-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.3: |
Side-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.4: |
Heat Recuperation / 8.4.5: |
Regenerative Burners / 8.4.5.1: |
Recuperative Burners / 8.4.5.2: |
Furnace or Flue Gas Recirculation / 8.4.5.3: |
Pulse Combustion / 8.4.6: |
In-Flame Treatment / 8.5: |
Heat Transfer in Furnaces / Chapter 9: |
Furnaces / 9.1: |
Firing Method / 9.2.1: |
Direct Firing / 9.2.1.1: |
Indirect Firing / 9.2.1.2: |
Heat Distribution / 9.2.1.3: |
Load Processing Method / 9.2.2: |
Batch Processing / 9.2.2.1: |
Continuous Processing / 9.2.2.2: |
Hybrid Processing / 9.2.2.3: |
Heat Transfer Medium / 9.2.3: |
Gaseous Medium / 9.2.3.1: |
Vacuum / 9.2.3.2: |
Liquid Medium / 9.2.3.3: |
Solid Medium / 9.2.3.4: |
Rotary Geometry / 9.2.4: |
Rectangular Geometry / 9.2.4.2: |
Ladle Geometry / 9.2.4.3: |
Vertical Cylindrical Geometry / 9.2.4.4: |
Furnace Types / 9.2.5: |
Reverberatory Furnace / 9.2.5.1: |
Shaft Kiln / 9.2.5.2: |
Rotary Furnace / 9.2.5.3: |
Heat Recovery / 9.3: |
Gas Recirculation / 9.3.1: |
Flue Gas Recirculation / 9.3.3.1: |
Furnace Gas Recirculation / 9.3.3.2: |
Lower Temperature Applications / Chapter 10: |
Ovens and Dryers / 10.1: |
Predryer / 10.2.1: |
Dryer / 10.2.2: |
Fired Heaters / 10.3: |
Reformer / 10.3.1: |
Process Heater / 10.3.2: |
Heat Treating / 10.4: |
Standard Atmosphere / 10.4.1: |
Special Atmosphere / 10.4.2: |
Higher Temperature Applications / Chapter 11: |
Industries / 11.1: |
Metals Industry / 11.2: |
Ferrous Metal Production / 11.2.1: |
Electric Arc Furnace / 11.2.1.1: |
Smelting / 11.2.1.2: |
Ladle Preheating / 11.2.1.3: |
Reheating Furnace / 11.2.1.4: |
Forging / 11.2.1.5: |
Aluminum Metal Production / 11.2.2: |
Minerals Industry / 11.3: |
Glass / 11.3.1: |
Types of Traditional Glass-Melting Furnaces / 11.3.1.1: |
Unit Melter / 11.3.1.2: |
Recuperative Melter / 11.3.1.3: |
Regenerative or Siemens Furnace / 11.3.1.4: |
Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion for Glass Production / 11.3.1.5: |
Advanced Techniques for Glass Production / 11.3.1.6: |
Cement and Lime / 11.3.2: |
Bricks, Refractories, and Ceramics / 11.3.3: |
Waste Incineration / 11.4: |
Types of Incinerators / 11.4.1: |
Municipal Waste Incinerators / 11.4.1.1: |
Sludge Incinerators / 11.4.1.2: |
Mobile Incinerators / 11.4.1.3: |
Transportable Incinerators / 11.4.1.4: |
Fixed Hazardous Waste Incinerators / 11.4.1.5: |
Heat Transfer in Waste Incineration / 11.4.2: |
Advanced Combustion Systems / Chapter 12: |
Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion / 12.1: |
Typical Use Methods / 12.2.1: |
Air Enrichment / 12.2.1.1: |
O[subscript 2] Lancing / 12.2.1.2: |
Oxy/Fuel / 12.2.1.3: |
Air-Oxy/Fuel / 12.2.1.4: |
Heat Transfer Benefits / 12.2.2: |
Increased Productivity / 12.2.3.1: |
Higher Thermal Efficiencies / 12.2.3.2: |
Higher Heat Transfer Efficiency / 12.2.3.3.: |
Increased Flexibility / 12.2.3.4: |
Potential Heat Transfer Problems / 12.2.4: |
Refractory Damage / 12.2.4.1: |
Nonuniform Heating / 12.2.4.2: |
Industrial Heating Applications / 12.2.5: |
Metals / 12.2.5.1: |
Minerals / 12.2.5.2: |
Incineration / 12.2.5.3: |
Other / 12.2.5.4: |
Submerged Combustion / 12.3: |
Metals Production / 12.3.1: |
Minerals Production / 12.3.2: |
Liquid Heating / 12.3.3: |
Miscellaneous / 12.4: |
Surface Combustor-Heater / 12.4.1: |
Direct-Fired Cylinder Dryer / 12.4.2: |
Appendices |
Reference Sources for Further Information / Appendix A: |
Common Conversions / Appendix B: |
Methods of Expressing Mixture Ratios for CH[subscript 4], C[subscript 3]H[subscript 8], and H[subscript 2] / Appendix C: |
Properties for CH[subscript 4], C[subscript 3]H[subscript 8], and H[subscript 2] Flames / Appendix D: |
Fluid Dynamics Equations / Appendix E: |
Material Properties / Appendix F: |
Author Index |
Subject Index |