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図書

1. Radar meteorology

by Henri Sauvageot

出版情報:	Boston : Artech House, c1991 xii, 366 p. ; 24 cm
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Preface

Basic Concepts of Radar / Chapter 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

The Sensor / 1.2：

Noncoherent Pulse Radar / 1.2.1：

Pulsed Doppler Radar / 1.2.2：

Display of the Data / 1.2.3：

Sensitivity of the Receiver / 1.2.4：

Antenna / 1.2.5：

Resolution / 1.2.6：

Refraction / 1.2.7：

Attenuation / 1.2.8：

The Radar Equation: General Forms / 1.3：

Single Scatterer / 1.3.1：

Distributed Target / 1.3.2：

Calibration and Setting Up / 1.4：

Meteorological Signals / 1.5：

Meteorological Targets / 1.5.1：

Signal Statistics / 1.5.2：

Decorrelation Time: Independent Samples / 1.5.3：

Sample Time Averaging: Reducing the Variance of the Mean / 1.5.4：

Reducing the Integration Time / 1.5.5：

Detecting Weak Signals / 1.5.6：

Sampling and Demultiplexing / 1.5.7：

Hydrological Measurements / Chapter 2：

Clouds and Precipitation / 2.1：

Physical Processes of Formation / 2.2.1：

Hydrometeor Size Distributions: General Forms / 2.2.2：

Integral Parameters / 2.2.3：

Clouds / 2.2.4：

Precipitation / 2.2.5：

Terminal Fall Velocity of Hydrometeors / 2.2.6：

The Shape of Hydrometeors / 2.2.7：

Scattering and Attenuation Cross Sections / 2.3：

Homogeneous Spherical Particles / 2.3.1：

Nonhomogeneous Particles / 2.3.2：

Nonspherical Particles / 2.3.3：

Atmospheric Attenuation / 2.4：

Attenuation by Gases / 2.4.1：

Attenuation by Clouds / 2.4.2：

Attenuation by Precipitation / 2.4.3：

Backscattering by Clouds and Precipitation / 2.5：

Radar Reflectivity Factor / 2.5.1：

Z and X Relations / 2.5.2：

Polarization Measurements / 2.5.3：

Hail Precipitation Detection / 2.5.4：

Lightning Detection / 2.5.5：

Artifacts / 2.5.6：

Particular Meteorological Forms of the Radar Equation / 2.5.7：

Precipitation Measurements / 2.6：

Single-Wavelength Reflectivity / 2.6.1：

Radar and Rain Gauge / 2.6.3：

Single-Wavelength Attenuation Measurements / 2.6.4：

Dual-Wavelength a-R Method / 2.6.5：

Dual-Wavelength N(D) Method / 2.6.6：

Dual Polarization / 2.6.7：

Area Integral Methods for Convective Rainfall / 2.6.8：

Radar Networks / 2.7：

Short-Term Forecasting / 2.8：

Radars and Satellites / 2.9：

Technical Aspects / 2.9.1：

Estimation of Precipitation with Visible and Infrared Data / 2.9.2：

Rain Estimation by Passive Microwave Methods / 2.9.3：

Orbital Radars / 2.9.4：

Velocity Measurements / Chapter 3：

The Doppler Spectrum / 3.1：

Spectral Parameters / 3.1.1：

Discrete-Fourier Transform / 3.1.2：

Estimators of Spectral Moments / 3.1.3：

Factors Affecting the Width of the Doppler Spectrum / 3.1.4：

Ground Clutter Suppression / 3.1.5：

Doppler Spectra at Vertical Incidence / 3.2：

Size Distribution of Precipitation / 3.2.1：

Vertical Air Velocity / 3.2.2：

Measurement of the Velocity Fields with a Single Doppler Radar / 3.3：

Analysis of the Mean Field by the VAD Method / 3.3.1：

The VVP Method / 3.3.2：

Display of the Radial Velocity / 3.3.3：

Measurement of Turbulence / 3.4：

The Inertial Domain / 3.4.1：

Measurement of Rate of Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy / 3.4.2：

The Turbulence Field / 3.4.3：

Measurement of the Velocity Fields with Several Doppler Radars / 3.5：

Retrieval of the Thermodynamic and Microphysical Fields / 3.6：

Airborne Radar / 3.7：

Observation of Clear Air / Chapter 4：

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Turbulent Medium / 4.1：

General Relations / 4.2.1：

Reflectivity in the Inertial Domain / 4.2.2：

Relationship Between Radar Reflectivity and the Average Atmospheric Field / 4.2.3：

ST Radar / 4.3：

Influence of the Wavelength / 4.3.1：

Wind Measurements / 4.3.2：

Reflectivity / 4.3.3：

Networks of ST Radar / 4.3.4：

Rass / 4.4：

Insects / 4.5：

General Characteristics / 4.5.1：

Insects and Birds / 4.5.2：

Observations / 4.5.3：

Artificial Tracers / 4.6：

General Properties / 4.6.1：

Applications to Atmospheric Observation / 4.6.2：

Introduction to the Study of Some Meteorological Structures by Radar / Chapter 5：

Diversity of Meteorological Structures / 5.1：

Movements of the Atmosphere / 5.1.2：

The Area of Radar Application / 5.1.3：

Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layer / 5.2：

The Convective Boundary Layer / 5.2.1：

Observation of the Convective Field / 5.2.2：

The Aerobiological Field / 5.2.3：

Pollution and Plumes / 5.2.4：

Deep Convection and Thunderstorms / 5.3：

The Convective Cells / 5.3.1：

Convective Storm Structure / 5.3.2：

Squall Lines / 5.3.3：

Microbursts / 5.3.4：

Hail / 5.3.5：

Electrical Activity of Storms / 5.3.6：

Tornadoes and Vortexes / 5.4：

Identification of Vortexes by Radar / 5.4.1：

Application to Warning Systems / 5.4.3：

Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances and Stratiform Clouds / 5.5：

Structure of Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances / 5.5.1：

Stratiform Precipitation / 5.5.2：

Tropical Cyclones / 5.6：

Turbulent Stratifications and Shear Instability / 5.7：

Experimental Modification of Clouds and Precipitation / 5.8：

Bibliographical Note / Appendix 1：

Units and Symbols / Appendix 2：

List of Constants / Appendix 3：

Definitions and Various Numerical Values / Appendix 4：

References

Index

Preface

Basic Concepts of Radar / Chapter 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

図書

2. Digital image warping (: microfiche ; : case)

George Wolberg

出版情報:	Los Alamitos, Calif. ; Tokyo : IEEE Computer Society Press, c1990 xvi, 318 p. ; 27 cm
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Introduction / Chapter 1：

Background / 1.1：

Overview / 1.2：

Spatial Transformations / 1.2.1：

Sampling Theory / 1.2.2：

Resampling / 1.2.3：

Aliasing / 1.2.4：

Scanline Algorithms / 1.2.5：

Conceptual Layout / 1.3：

Preliminaries / Chapter 2：

Fundamentals / 2.1：

Signals and Images / 2.1.1：

Filters / 2.1.2：

Impulse Response / 2.1.3：

Convolution / 2.1.4：

Frequency Analysis / 2.1.5：

An Analogy to Audio Signals / 2.1.5.1：

Fourier Transforms / 2.1.5.2：

Discrete Fourier Transforms / 2.1.5.3：

Image Acquisition / 2.2：

Imaging Systems / 2.3：

Electronic Scanners / 2.3.1：

Vidicon Systems / 2.3.1.1：

Image Dissectors / 2.3.1.2：

Solid-State Sensors / 2.3.2：

CCD Cameras / 2.3.2.1：

CID Cameras / 2.3.2.2：

Mechanical Scanners / 2.3.3：

Video Digitizers / 2.4：

Digitized Imagery / 2.5：

Summary / 2.6：

Definitions / Chapter 3：

Forward Mapping / 3.1.1：

Inverse Mapping / 3.1.2：

General Transformation Matrix / 3.2：

Homogeneous Coordinates / 3.2.1：

Affine Transformations / 3.3：

Translation / 3.3.1：

Rotation / 3.3.2：

Scale / 3.3.3：

Shear / 3.3.4：

Composite Transformations / 3.3.5：

Inverse / 3.3.6：

Inferring Affine Transformations / 3.3.7：

Perspective Transformations / 3.4：

Inferring Perspective Transformations / 3.4.1：

Case 1: Square-to-Quadrilateral / 3.4.2.1：

Case 2: Quadrilateral-to-Square / 3.4.2.2：

Case 3: Quadrilateral-to-Quadrilateral / 3.4.2.3：

Bilinear Transformations / 3.5：

Bilinear Interpolation / 3.5.1：

Separability / 3.5.2：

Interpolation Grid / 3.5.3：

Polynomial Transformations / 3.6：

Inferring Polynomial Coefficients / 3.6.1：

Pseudoinverse Solution / 3.6.2：

Least-Squares With Ordinary Polynomials / 3.6.3：

Least-Squares With Orthogonal Polynomials / 3.6.4：

Weighted Least-Squares / 3.6.5：

Piecewise Polynomial Transformations / 3.7：

A Surface Fitting Paradigm for Geometric Correction / 3.7.1：

Procedure / 3.7.2：

Triangulation / 3.7.3：

Linear Triangular Patches / 3.7.4：

Cubic Triangular Patches / 3.7.5：

Global Splines / 3.8：

Basis Functions / 3.8.1：

Regularization / 3.8.2：

Grimson, 1981 / 3.8.2.1：

Terzopoulos, 1984 / 3.8.2.2：

Discontinuity Detection / 3.8.2.3：

Boult and Kender, 1986 / 3.8.2.4：

A Definition of Smoothness / 3.8.2.5：

Sampling / 3.9：

Reconstruction / 4.3：

Reconstruction Conditions / 4.3.1：

Ideal Low-Pass Filter / 4.3.2：

Sinc Function / 4.3.3：

Nonideal Reconstruction / 4.4：

Antialiasing / 4.5：

Image Resampling / 4.7：

Ideal Image Resampling / 5.1：

Interpolation / 5.3：

Interpolation Kernels / 5.4：

Nearest Neighbor / 5.4.1：

Linear Interpolation / 5.4.2：

Cubic Convolution / 5.4.3：

Two-Parameter Cubic Filters / 5.4.4：

Cubic Splines / 5.4.5：

B-Splines / 5.4.5.1：

Interpolating B-Splines / 5.4.5.2：

Windowed Sinc Function / 5.4.6：

Hann and Hamming Windows / 5.4.6.1：

Blackman Window / 5.4.6.2：

Kaiser Window / 5.4.6.3：

Lanczos Window / 5.4.6.4：

Gaussian Window / 5.4.6.5：

Exponential Filters / 5.4.7：

Comparison of Interpolation Methods / 5.5：

Implementation / 5.6：

Interpolation with Coefficient Bins / 5.6.1：

Fant's Resampling Algorithm / 5.6.2：

Discussion / 5.7：

Point Sampling / Chapter 6：

Area Sampling / 6.1.2：

Space-Invariant Filtering / 6.1.3：

Space-Variant Filtering / 6.1.4：

Regular Sampling / 6.2：

Supersampling / 6.2.1：

Adaptive Supersampling / 6.2.2：

Reconstruction from Regular Samples / 6.2.3：

Irregular Sampling / 6.3：

Stochastic Sampling / 6.3.1：

Poisson Sampling / 6.3.2：

Jittered Sampling / 6.3.3：

Point-Diffusion Sampling / 6.3.4：

Adaptive Stochastic Sampling / 6.3.5：

Reconstruction from Irregular Samples / 6.3.6：

Direct Convolution / 6.4：

Catmull, 1974 / 6.4.1：

Blinn and Newell, 1976 / 6.4.2：

Feibush, Levoy, and Cook, 1980 / 6.4.3：

Gangnet, Perny, and Coueignoux, 1982 / 6.4.4：

Greene and Heckbert, 1986 / 6.4.5：

Prefiltering / 6.5：

Pyramids / 6.5.1：

Summed-Area Tables / 6.5.2：

Frequency Clamping / 6.6：

Antialiased Lines and Text / 6.7：

Separable Mapping / 6.8：

Incremental Algorithms / 7.2：

Texture Mapping / 7.2.1：

Gouraud Shading / 7.2.2：

Incremental Texture Mapping / 7.2.3：

Incremental Perspective Transformations / 7.2.4：

Approximation / 7.2.5：

Quadratic Interpolation / 7.2.6：

Cubic Interpolation / 7.2.7：

Braccini and Marino, 1980 / 7.3：

Weiman, 1980 / 7.3.2：

Catmull and Smith, 1980 / 7.3.3：

Paeth, 1986/ Tanaka, et. al., 1986 / 7.3.4：

Cordic Algorithm / 7.3.5：

2-Pass Transforms / 7.4：

First Pass / 7.4.1：

Second Pass / 7.4.1.2：

2-Pass Algorithm / 7.4.1.3：

An Example: Rotation / 7.4.1.4：

Another Example: Perspective / 7.4.1.5：

Bottleneck Problem / 7.4.1.6：

Foldover Problem / 7.4.1.7：

Fraser, Schowengerdt, and Briggs, 1985 / 7.4.2：

Smith, 1987

2-Pass Mesh Warping / 7.5：

Special Effects / 7.5.1：

Description of the Algorithm / 7.5.2：

Examples / 7.5.2.1：

Source Code / 7.5.4：

More Separable Mappings / 7.6：

Perspective Projection: Robertson, 1987 / 7.6.1：

Warping Among Arbitrary Planar Shapes: Wolberg, 1988 / 7.6.2：

Spatial Lookup Tables: Wolberg and Boult, 1989 / 7.6.3：

Separable Image Warping / 7.7：

Spatial Lookup Tables / 7.7.1：

Intensity Resampling / 7.7.2：

Coordinate Resampling / 7.7.3：

Distortions and Errors / 7.7.4：

Filtering Errors / 7.7.4.1：

Perspective / 7.7.4.2：

Distortion Measures / 7.7.4.4：

Bottleneck Distortion / 7.7.4.6：

Representing Foldovers / 7.7.5：

Tracking Foldovers / 7.7.5.2：

Storing Information From Foldovers / 7.7.5.3：

Intensity Resampling with Foldovers / 7.7.5.4：

Compositor / 7.7.6：

Epilogue / 7.7.7：

Fast Fourier Transforms / Appendix 1：

Discrete Fourier Transform / A1.1：

Danielson-Lanczos Lemma / A1.2：

Butterfly Flow Graph / A1.2.1：

Putting It All Together / A1.2.2：

Recursive FFT Algorithm / A1.2.3：

Cost of Computation / A1.2.4：

Cooley-Tukey Algorithm / A1.3：

Computational Cost / A1.3.1：

Cooley-Sande Algorithm / A1.4：

Cooley-Tukey FFT Algorithm / A1.5：

Interpolating Cubic Splines / Appendix 2：

Definition / A2.1：

Constraints / A2.2：

Solving for the Spline Coefficients / A2.3：

Derivation of A[subscript 2] / A2.3.1：

Derivation of A[subscript 3] / A2.3.2：

Derivation of A[subscript 1] and A[subscript 3] / A2.3.3：

Evaluting the Unknown Derivatives / A2.4：

First Derivatives / A2.4.1：

Second Derivatives / A2.4.2：

Boundary Conditions / A2.4.3：

Ispline / A2.5：

Ispline_gen / A2.5.2：

Forward Difference Method / Appendix 3：

References

Index

Introduction / Chapter 1：

Background / 1.1：

Overview / 1.2：

図書

3. Vision science : photons to phenomenology

Stephen E. Palmer

出版情報:	Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, c1999 xxii, 810 p., [8] p. of plates ; 26 cm
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Brief Contents

Contents

Preface

Organization of the Book

Foundations

Spatial Vision

Visual Dynamics

Tailoring the Book to Different Needs

Acknowledgments

An Introduction to Vision Science / Part I：

Visual Perception / 1.1：

Defining Visual Perception / 1.1.1：

The Evolutionary Utility of Vision / 1.1.2：

Perception as a Constructive Act / 1.1.3：

Perception as Modeling the Environment / 1.1.4：

Perception as Apprehension of Meaning / 1.1.5：

Optical Information / 1.2：

The Behavior of Light / 1.2.1：

The Formation of Images / 1.2.2：

Vision as an "Inverse" Problem / 1.2.3：

Visual Systems / 1.3：

The Human Eye / 1.3.1：

The Retina / 1.3.2：

Visual Cortex / 1.3.3：

Theoretical Approaches / 2：

Classical Theories of Vision / 2.1：

Structuralism / 2.1.1：

Gestaltism / 2.1.2：

Ecological Optics / 2.1.3：

Constructivism / 2.1.4：

A Brief History of Information Processing / 2.2：

Computer Vision / 2.2.1：

Information Processing Psychology / 2.2.2：

Biological Information Processing / 2.2.3：

Information Processing Theory / 2.3：

The Computer Metaphor / 2.3.1：

Three Levels of Information Processing / 2.3.2：

Three Assumptions of Information Processing / 2.3.3：

Representation / 2.3.4：

Processes / 2.3.5：

Four Stages of Visual Perception / 2.4：

The Retinal Image / 2.4.1：

The Image-Based Stage / 2.4.2：

The Surface-Based Stage / 2.4.3：

The Object-Based Stage / 2.4.4：

The Category-Based Stage / 2.4.5：

Color Vision: A Microcosm of Vision Science / 3：

The Computational Description of Color Perception / 3.1：

The Physical Description of Light / 3.1.1：

The Psychological Description of Color / 3.1.2：

The Psychophysical Correspondence / 3.1.3：

Image-Based Color Processing / 3.2：

Basic Phenomena / 3.2.1：

Theories of Color Vision / 3.2.2：

Physiological Mechanisms / 3.2.3：

Development of Color Vision / 3.2.4：

Surface-Based Color Processing / 3.3：

Lightness Constancy / 3.3.1：

Chromatic Color Constancy / 3.3.2：

Color Naming / 3.4：

Focal Colors and Prototypes / 3.4.2：

A Fuzzy-Logical Model of Color Naming / 3.4.3：

Processing Image Structure / Part II：

Retinal and Geniculate Cells / 4.1：

Striate Cortex / 4.1.2：

Striate Architecture / 4.1.3：

Development of Receptive Fields / 4.1.4：

Psychophysical Channels / 4.2：

Spatial Frequency Theory / 4.2.1：

Physiology of Spatial Frequency Channels / 4.2.2：

Computational Approaches / 4.3：

Marr's Primal Sketches / 4.3.1：

Edge Detection / 4.3.2：

Alternative Computational Theories / 4.3.3：

A Theoretical Synthesis / 4.3.4：

Visual Pathways / 4.4：

Physiologlcal Evidence / 4.4.1：

Perceptual Evidence / 4.4.2：

Perceiving Surfaces Oriented in Depth / 5：

The Problem of Depth Perception / 5.1：

Heuristic Assumptions / 5.1.1：

Marr's 2.5-D Sketch / 5.1.2：

Ocular Information / 5.2：

Accormmodation / 5.2.1：

Convergence / 5.2.2：

Stereoscopic Information / 5.3：

Binocular Disparity / 5.3.1：

The Correspondence Problem / 5.3.2：

Computational Theories / 5.3.3：

Vertical Disparity / 5.3.4：

Da Vinci Stereopsis / 5.3.6：

Dynamic Information / 5.4：

Motion Parallax / 5.4.1：

Optic Flow Caused by a Moving Observer / 5.4.2：

Optic Flow Caused by Moving Objects / 5.4.3：

Accretion/Deletion of Texture / 5.4.4：

Pictorial Information / 5.5：

Perspective Projection / 5.5.1：

Convergence of Parallel Lines / 5.5.2：

Position Relative to the Horizon of a Surface / 5.5.3：

Relative Size / 5.5.4：

Familiar Size / 5.5.5：

Texture Gradients / 5.5.6：

Edge Interpretation / 5.5.7：

Shading Information / 5.5.8：

Aerial Perspective / 5.5.9：

Integrating Information Sources / 5.5.10：

Development of Depth Perception / 5.6：

Organizing Objects and Scenes / 5.6.1：

Perceptual Grouping / 6.1：

The Classical Principles of Grouping / 6.1.1：

New Principles of Grouping / 6.1.2：

Measuring Grouping Effects Quantitatively / 6.1.3：

Is Grouping an Early or Late Process? / 6.1.4：

Past Experience / 6.1.5：

Region Analysis / 6.2：

Uniform Connectedness / 6.2.1：

Region Segmentation / 6.2.2：

Texture Segregation / 6.2.3：

Figure/Ground Organization / 6.3：

Principles of Figure/Ground Organization / 6.3.1：

Ecological Considerations / 6.3.2：

Effects of Meaningfulness / 6.3.3：

The Problem of Holes / 6.3.4：

Visual Interpolation / 6.4：

Visual Completion / 6.4.1：

Illusory Contours / 6.4.2：

Perceived Transparency / 6.4.3：

Figural Scission / 6.4.4：

The Principle of Nonaccidentalness / 6.4.5：

Multistability / 6.5：

Connectionist Network Models / 6.5.1：

Neural Fatigue / 6.5.2：

Eye Fixations / 6.5.3：

The Role of Instructions / 6.5.4：

Development of Perceptual Organization / 6.6：

The Habituation Paradigm / 6.6.1：

The Development of Grouping / 6.6.2：

Perceiving Object Properties and Parts / 7：

Size / 7.1：

Size Constancy / 7.1.1：

Size Illusions / 7.1.2：

Shape / 7.2：

Shape Constancy / 7.2.1：

Shape Illusions / 7.2.2：

Orientation / 7.3：

Orientation Constancy / 7.3.1：

Orientation Illusions / 7.3.2：

Position / 7.4：

Perception of Direction / 7.4.1：

Position Constancy / 7.4.2：

Position Illusions / 7.4.3：

Perceptual Adaptation / 7.5：

Parts / 7.6：

Evidence for Perception of Parts / 7.6.1：

Part Segmentation / 7.6.2：

Global and Local Processing / 7.6.3：

Representing Shape and Structure / 8：

Shape Equivalence / 8.1：

Defining Objective Shape / 8.1.1：

Invariant Features / 8.1.2：

Transformational Alignment / 8.1.3：

Object-Centered Reference Frames / 8.1.4：

Theories of Shape Representation / 8.2：

Templates / 8.2.1：

Fourier Spectra / 8.2.2：

Features and Dimensions / 8.2.3：

Structural Descriptions / 8.2.4：

Figural Goodness and Pragnanz / 8.3：

Theories of Figural Goodness / 8.3.1：

Structural Information Theory / 8.3.2：

Perceiving Function and Category / 9：

The Perception of Function / 9.1：

Direct Perception of Affordances / 9.1.1：

Indirect Perception of Function by Categorization / 9.1.2：

Phenomena of Perceptual Categorization / 9.2：

Categorical Hierarchies / 9.2.1：

Perspective Viewing Conditions / 9.2.2：

Part Structure / 9.2.3：

Contextual Effects / 9.2.4：

Visual Agnosia / 9.2.5：

Theories of Object Categorization / 9.3：

Recognition by Components Theory / 9.3.1：

Accounting for Empirical Phenomena / 9.3.2：

Viewpoint-Specific Theories / 9.3.3：

Identifying Letters and Words / 9.4：

Identifying Letters / 9.4.1：

Identifying Words and Letters Within Words / 9.4.2：

The Interactive Activation Model / 9.4.3：

Perceiving Motion and Events / Part III：

Image Motion / 10.1：

The Computational Problem of Motion / 10.1.1：

Continuous Motion / 10.1.2：

Apparent Motion / 10.1.3：

Object Motion / 10.1.4：

Perceiving Object Velocity / 10.2.1：

Depth and Motion / 10.2.2：

Long-Range Apparent Motion / 10.2.3：

Dynamic Perceptual Organization / 10.2.4：

Self-Motion and Optic Flow / 10.3：

Induced Motion of the Self / 10.3.1：

Perceiving Self-Motion / 10.3.2：

Understanding Events / 10.4：

Biological Motion / 10.4.1：

Perceiving Causation / 10.4.2：

Intuitive Physics / 10.4.3：

Visual Selection: Eye Movements And Attention / 11：

Eye Movements / 11.1：

Types Of Eye Movements / 11.1.1：

The Physiology Of The Oculomotor System / 11.1.2：

Saccaadic Exploration Of The Visual Environment / 11.1.3：

Visual Attention / 11.2：

Early Versus Late Selection / 11.2.1：

Costs and Benefits of Attention / 11.2.2：

Theories of Spatial Attention / 11.2.3：

Selective Attention to Properties / 11.2.4：

Distributed versus Focused Attention / 11.2.5：

Feature Integration Theory / 11.2.6：

The Physiology of Attention / 11.2.7：

Attention and Eye Movements / 11.2.8：

Visual Memory and Imagery / 12：

Visual Memory / 12.1：

Three Memory Systems / 12.1.1：

Iconic Memory / 12.1.2：

Visual Short-Term Memory / 12.1.3：

Visual Long-Term Memory / 12.1.4：

Memory Dynamics / 12.1.5：

Visual Imagery / 12.2：

The Analog/Propositional Debate / 12.2.1：

Mental Transformtions / 12.2.2：

Image Inspection / 12.2.3：

Kosslyn's Model of Imagery / 12.2.4：

The Relation of Imagery to Perception / 12.2.5：

Visual Awareness / 13：

Philosophical Foundations / 13.1：

The Mind-Body Problem / 13.1.1：

The Problem of Other Minds / 13.1.2：

Neuropsychology of Visual Awareness / 13.2：

Split-Brain Patients / 13.2.1：

Blindsight / 13.2.2：

Unconscious Processing in Neglect and Balint's Syndrome / 13.2.3：

Unconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia / 13.2.4：

Visual Awareness in Normal Observers / 13.3：

Perceptual Defense / 13.3.1：

Subliminal Perception / 13.3.2：

Inattentional Blindsight / 13.3.3：

Theories of Consciousness / 13.4：

Functional Architecture Theories / 13.4.1：

Biological Theories / 13.4.2：

Consciousness and the Limits of Science / 13.4.3：

Psychophysical Methods / Appendix A：

Measuring Thresholds / A.1：

Method of Adjustment / A.1.1：

Method of Limits / A.1.2：

Method of Constant Stimuli / A.1.3：

The Theoretical Status of Thresholds / A.1.4：

Signal Detection Theory / A.2：

Response Bias / A.2.1：

The Signal Detection Paradigm / A.2.2：

The Theory of Signal Detectability / A.2.3：

Difference Thresholds / A.3：

Just Noticeable Differences / A.3.1：

Weber's Law / A.3.2：

Psychophysical Scaling / A.4：

Fechner's Law / A.4.1：

Stevens's Law / A.4.2：

Suggestions for Futher Reading

Connectionist Modeling / Appendix B：

Network Behavior / B.1：

Unit Behavior / B.1.1：

System Architecture / B.1.2：

Systemic Behavior / B.1.3：

Connectionist Learning Algorithms / B.2：

Back Propagation / B.2.1：

Gradient Descent / B.2.2：

Color Technology / Appendix C：

Additive versus Subtractive Color Mixture / C.1：

Adding versus Multiplying Spectra / C.1.1：

Maxwell's Color Triangle / C.1.2：

C.I.E. Color Space / C.1.3：

Subtractive Color Mixture Space? / C.1.4：

Color Television / C.2：

Paints and Dyes / C.3：

Subtractive Combination of Paints / C.3.1：

Additive Combination of Paints / C.3.2：

Color Photography / C.4：

Color Printing / C.5：

Suggestions for Further Reading

Glossary

References

Name Index

Subject Index

Brief Contents

Contents

Preface

図書

4. Microwaves : industrial, scientific, and medical applications

Jacques Thuery ; edited by Edward H. Grant

出版情報:	Boston : Artech House, c1992 xviii, 670 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	The Artech House microwave library
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Preface to the English Edition

Foreword

Microwaves / Part I：

Electromagnetism and Radiation / 1：

Electromagnetic spectrum, ISM bands / 1.1：

Electromagnetism / 1.2：

Radio broadcasting / 1.3：

Electromagnetic detection / 1.4：

Thermal applications / 1.5：

Microwaves in industry / 1.6：

The Laws of Radiation / 2：

Basic definitions / 2.1：

Maxwell's equations / 2.2：

Propagation equation / 2.3：

Plane wave / 2.4：

Spherical and cylindrical waves / 2.5：

Propagation media / 2.6：

Boundary conditions / 2.7：

Reflection and transmission / 2.8：

Guided propagation / 2.9：

Stationary wave / 2.10：

Electromagnetic cavities / 2.11：

Resonant modes / 2.11.1：

Energy balance / 2.11.2：

Power loss in the walls / 2.11.3：

Quality factor / 2.11.4：

Radiation sources / 2.12：

Characteristics / 2.12.1：

Radiation from a slot / 2.12.2：

Radiation of an aperture / 2.12.3：

Radiation from a horn / 2.12.4：

Radiation zones / 2.12.5：

Microwaves and Matter / 3：

Dielectric polarization / 3.1：

Polarization by dipole alignment in a static field / 3.2：

Polar and nonpolar media / 3.2.1：

Induced dipole moment / 3.2.2：

Permanent dipole moment / 3.2.3：

Dipole alignment polarization in an alternating field / 3.3：

Dielectric relaxation / 3.4：

Hysteresis / 3.4.1：

Debye equation / 3.4.2：

Intermolecular bonds / 3.4.3：

Relaxation time / 3.4.4：

Debye and Cole-Cole diagrams / 3.4.5：

Different types of dielectrics / 3.5：

Permittivity measurements / 3.5.1：

Lowloss dielectrics / 3.5.2：

Aqueous dielectrics / 3.5.3：

Mixtures / 3.5.4：

Saline solutions and biological constituents / 3.5.5：

Heat generation / 3.6：

Thermal runaway / 3.7：

Generators and applicators / 4：

Introduction / 4.1：

Microwave generators / 4.2：

The magnetron / 4.2.1：

Klystron and TWT / 4.2.2：

RF energy transmission / 4.2.3：

Applicators / 4.3：

Different types / 4.3.1：

Design constraints / 4.3.2：

Conclusion / 4.4：

Industrial Applications / Part II：

Drying

Humidity and drying

Drying kinetics

Microwave drying

Paper and printing industries

Paper / 1.4.1：

Printing inks / 1.4.2：

Glued products / 1.4.3：

Leather and textile industries

Leathers / 1.5.1：

Tufts and yarns / 1.5.2：

Dyeing and finishing / 1.5.3：

Tufted carpets / 1.5.4：

Construction

Wood and plywood / 1.6.1：

Plaster, concrete, and ceramics / 1.6.2：

Foundries / 1.7：

Rubbers and plastics / 1.8：

Drying of polymers / 1.8.1：

Photographic film and magnetic tape / 1.8.2：

Pharmaceutical industry / 1.9：

Drying of tobacco / 1.10：

Regeneration of zeolites / 1.11：

The treatment of elastomers

Macromolecules and

Principles of interaction / 2.1.1：

Relaxation mechanisms / 2.1.2：

Dielectric properties of elastomers / 2.1.3：

Vulcanization

Microwave vulcanization

Formulation of mixtures / 2.3.1：

Advantages and disadvantages of microwave vulcanization / 2.3.2：

Materials available / 2.3.3：

Thawing and preheating of rubber

Microwave devulcanization

Miscellaneous applications

Polymerization

Thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers / 3.1.1：

Microwave reticulation of thermosetting resins / 3.1.2：

Thermoplastic polymers / 3.1.3：

Fusion

Dewaxing of casting moulds

Viscous materials in metal

Oil and shale oil

Road repairs / 3.2.4：

Defrosting of soil / 3.2.5：

Consolidation

Hardening of foundry mouldings / 3.3.1：

Fast-setting concrete / 3.3.2：

Sintering of ferrites and ceramics / 3.3.3：

Emulsification

Crushing

Purification of coal

Nuclear waste treatment

Cellulosic waste treatment / 3.8：

Applications in the Food Industry / Part III：

Cooking

Mechanisms

Animal products

Red meat / 1.2.1：

Poultry / 1.2.2：

Bacon and fat / 1.2.3：

Meat patties / 1.2.4：

Fish / 1.2.5：

Dairy products / 1.2.6：

Vegetable products

Vegetables / 1.3.1：

Cereals and soya / 1.3.2：

Roasting / 1.3.3：

Catering

Baking

Bread

Doughnuts

Digestibility of foods cooked by microwaves

Thawing and tempering

Conventional thawing

Mechanisms of microwave

Dielectric properties of frozen products / 2.2.1：

Energy limitations / 2.2.2：

Surface cooling / 2.2.4：

Available equipment

896 and 915 MHz

2.45 GHz

Advantages of microwave processing

Industrial aspects / 2.4.1：

Qualitative aspects / 2.4.2：

Vaporization

Drying at atmospheric pressure

Final drying of potato chips

The drying of pasta

Miscellaneous food products

Drying at low pressure

Freeze drying

Expansion in vacuum

Various processes

Determination of dry content

Preservation

Enzymatic inactivation

Blanching of fruits and vegetables / 4.1.1：

Inactivation of [alpha]-amylase in wheat / 4.1.2：

Treatment of grains and soya beans / 4.1.3：

Sterilization

Prepared meals

Disinfestation / 5：

Soil treatment / 5.2：

Germination / 5.3：

Crop protection / 5.4：

Wine-making by carbonic fermentation / 5.5：

Opening of oysters / 5.6：

Biological Effects and Medical Applications / Part IV：

Interactions with the organism

Dielectric behavior of biological material

Biomolecules / 1.1.1：

Cells and membranes / 1.1.2：

Tissues / 1.1.3：

Quantum aspects

Basic interaction with cell membranes

Continuous wave

The modulated wave

Pearl chain formation

Thermal interaction with the living organism

Absorption and dosimetry

Experimental aspects

Modeling / 1.4.4：

Near-field interaction / 1.4.5：

Main results / 1.4.6：

Biological effects

Cells and micro-organisms

Blood and hematopoiesis

Immune system

Natural resistance

Lymphopoiesis

Multiplication of lymphocytes FcR[superscript +] and CR[superscript +]

Stimulation of the response of lymphocytes to mitogens / 2.3.4：

Modulation of the activity of activator T lymphocytes / 2.3.5：

Nervous system

Fluxes of calcium ions

Neurons and synapses

Blood-brain barrier / 2.4.3：

Central nervous system / 2.4.4：

Peripheral nervous system and sensory perception / 2.4.5：

Auditory perception / 2.4.6：

Autonomic nervous system / 2.4.7：

Psychophysiology / 2.4.8：

Endocrine system

Pituitary-thyroid axis / 2.5.1：

Pituitary-suprarenal axis / 2.5.2：

Pituitary-ovarian and pituitary-testicular axes / 2.5.3：

Growth hormones / 2.5.4：

Thermal regulation and metabolism

Effects on growth

Insects / 2.7.1：

Birds / 2.7.2：

Mammals / 2.7.3：

Lesions and cataracts

Safety standards

Soviet Union

United States of America

Eastern Europe

Canada

Australia

Sweden

European Community

International organisations

Biomedical applications

Hyperthermia for cancer treatment

Historical development

Mode of action

Integrated systems / 4.1.4：

Clinical results / 4.1.5：

Specific effects

Bioelectric vibrations

Antigenicity

Immune response

Clinical

Biological

Addresses

Index

Preface to the English Edition

Foreword

Microwaves / Part I：

図書

5. Multiple bonds between metal atoms. 2nd ed

F. Albert Cotton and Richard A. Walton

出版情報:	Oxford : Clarendon Press , New York : Oxford University Press, 1993 xxii, 787 p. ; 25 cm
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Introduction and Survey

Prolog / 1.1：

From Werner to the new transition metal chemistry / 1.1.1：

Prior to about 1963 / 1.1.2：

How It All Began / 1.2：

Rhenium chemistry from 1963 to 1965 / 1.2.1：

The recognition of the quadruple bond / 1.2.2：

Initial work on other elements / 1.2.3：

An Overview of the Multiple Bonds / 1.3：

A qualitative picture of the quadruple bond / 1.3.1：

Bond orders less than four / 1.3.2：

Oxidation states / 1.3.3：

Growth of the Field / 1.4：

Going Beyond Two / 1.5：

Complexes of the Group 5 Elements

General Remarks / 2.1：

Divanadium Compounds / 2.2：

Triply-bonded divanadium compounds / 2.2.1：

Metal-metal vs metal-ligand bonding / 2.2.2：

Divanadium compounds with the highly reduced V₂³⁺ core / 2.2.3：

Diniobium Compounds / 2.3：

Diniobium paddlewheel complexes / 2.3.1：

Diniobium compounds with calix[4]arene ligands and related species / 2.3.2：

Tantalum / 2.4：

Chromium Compounds

Dichromium Tetracarboxylates / 3.1：

History and preparation / 3.1.1：

Properties of carboxylate compounds / 3.1.2：

Unsolvated Cr₂(O₂CR)₄ compounds / 3.1.3：

Other Paddlewheel Compounds / 3.2：

The first 'supershort' bonds / 3.2.1：

2-Oxopyridinate and related compounds / 3.2.2：

Carboxamidate compounds / 3.2.3：

Amidinate compounds / 3.2.4：

Guanidinate compounds / 3.2.5：

Miscellaneous Dichromium Compounds / 3.3：

Compounds with intramolecular axial interactions / 3.3.1：

Compounds with Cr-C bonds / 3.3.2：

Other pertinent results / 3.3.3：

Concluding Remarks / 3.4：

Molybdenum Compounds

Dimolybdenum Bridged by Carboxylates or Other O,O Ligands / 4.1：

General remarks / 4.1.1：

Mo₂(O₂CR)₄ compounds / 4.1.2：

Other compounds with bridging carboxyl groups / 4.1.3：

Paddlewheels with other O,O anion bridges / 4.1.4：

Paddlewheel Compounds with O,N, N,N and Other Bridging Ligands / 4.2：

Compounds with anionic O,N bridging ligands / 4.2.1：

Compounds with anionic N,N bridging ligands / 4.2.2：

Compounds with miscellaneous other anionic bridging ligands / 4.2.3：

Non-Paddlewheel Mo₂⁴⁺ Compounds / 4.3：

Mo₂X₈^4- and Mo₂X₆(H₂O)₂^2- compounds / 4.3.1：

[Mo₂X₈H]^3- compounds / 4.3.2：

Other aspects of dimolybdenum halogen compounds / 4.3.3：

M₂X₄L₄ and Mo₂X₄(LL)₂ compounds / 4.3.4：

Cationic complexes of Mo₂⁴⁺ / 4.3.5：

Complexes of Mo₂⁴⁺ with macrocyclic, polydentate and chelate ligands / 4.3.6：

Alkoxide compounds of the types Mo₂(OR)₄L₄ and Mo₂(OR)₄(LL)₂ / 4.3.7：

Other Aspects of Mo₂⁴⁺ Chemistry / 4.4：

Cleavage of Mo₂⁴⁺ compounds / 4.4.1：

Redox behavior of Mo₂⁴⁺ compounds / 4.4.2：

Hydrides and organometallics / 4.4.3：

Heteronuclear Mo-M compounds / 4.4.4：

An overview of Mo-Mo bond lengths in Mo₂⁴⁺ compounds / 4.4.5：

Higher-order Arrays of Dimolybdenum Units / 4.5：

General concepts / 4.5.1：

Two linked pairs with carboxylate spectator ligands / 4.5.2：

Two linked pairs with nonlabile spectator ligands / 4.5.3：

Squares: four linked pairs / 4.5.4：

Loops: two pairs doubly linked / 4.5.5：

Rectangular cyclic quartets / 4.5.6：

Other structural types / 4.5.7：

Tungsten Compounds

Multiple Bonds in Ditungsten Compounds / 5.1：

The W₂⁴⁺ Tetracarboxylates / 5.2：

W₂⁴⁺ Complexes Containing Anionic Bridging Ligands Other Than Carboxylate / 5.3：

W₂⁴⁺ Complexes without Bridging Ligands / 5.4：

Compounds coordinated by only anionic ligands / 5.4.1：

Compounds coordinated by four anionic ligands and four neutral ligands / 5.4.2：

Multiple Bonds in Heteronuclear Dimetal Compounds of Molybdenum and Tungsten / 5.5：

Paddlewheel Compounds with W₂⁵⁺ or W₂⁶⁺ Cores / 5.6：

X₃ M ≡ MX₃ Compounds of Molybdenum and Tungsten

Introduction / 6.1：

Homoleptic X₃M ≡ MX₃ Compounds / 6.2：

Synthesis and characterization of homoleptic M₂X₆ compounds / 6.2.1：

Bonding in M₂X₆ compounds / 6.2.2：

X₃M ≡ MX₃ Compounds as Molecular Precursors to Extended Solids / 6.2.3：

M₂X₂(NMe₂)₄ and M₂X₄(NMe₂)₂ Compounds / 6.3：

Other M₂X₂Y₄, M₂X_6-n Y_n and Related Compounds / 6.4：

Mo₂X₂(CH₂SiMe₃)₄ compounds / 6.4.1：

1,2-M₂R₂(NMe₂)₄ compounds and their derivatives / 6.4.2：

M₄ Complexes: Clusters or Dimers? / 6.5：

Molybdenum and tungsten twelve-electron clusters M₄(OR)₁₂ / 6.5.1：

M₄X₄(OPrⁱ)₈ (X = Cl, Br) and Mo₄Br₃(OPrⁱ)₉ / 6.5.2：

W₄ (p-tolyl)₂ (OPrⁱ)₁₀ / 6.5.3：

W₄O(X)(OPrⁱ)₉, (X = Cl or OPrⁱ) / 6.5.4：

K(18-crown-6)₂Mo₄(μ₄-H)(OCH₂Bu^t)₁₂ / 6.5.5：

Linked M₄ units containing localized MM triple bonds / 6.5.6：

M₂X₆L, M₂X₆L₂ and Related Compounds / 6.6：

Mo₂(CH₂Ph)₂(OPrⁱ)₄(PMe₃) and [Mo₂(OR)₇]^- / 6.6.1：

M₂(OR)₆L₂ compounds and their congeners / 6.6.2：

Amido-containing compounds / 6.6.3：

Mo₂Br₂(CHSiMe₃)₂(PMe₃)₄ / 6.6.4：

Calix[4]arene complexes / 6.6.5：

Triple Bonds Uniting Five- and Six-Coordinate Metal Atoms / 6.7：

Redox Reactions at the M₂⁶⁺ Unit / 6.8：

Organometallic Chemistry of M₂(OR)₆ and Related Compounds / 6.9：

Carbonyl adducts and their products / 6.9.1：

Isocyanide complexes / 6.9.2：

Reactions with alkynes / 6.9.3：

Reactions with C≡N bonds / 6.9.4：

Reactions with C=C bonds / 6.9.5：

Reactions with H₂ / 6.9.6：

Reactions with organometallic compounds / 6.9.7：

(η-C₅H₄R)₂W₂X₄ compounds where R = Me, Prⁱ and X = Cl, Br / 6.9.8：

Conclusion / 6.10：

Technetium Compounds

Synthesis and Properties of Technetium / 7.1：

Preparation of Dinuclear and Polynuclear Technetium Compounds / 7.2：

Bonds of Order 4 and 3.5 / 7.3：

Tc₂⁶⁺ and Tc₂⁵⁺ Carboxylates and Related Species with Bridging Ligands / 7.4：

Bonds of Order 3 / 7.5：

Hexanuclear and Octanuclear Technetium Clusters / 7.6：

Rhenium Compounds

The Last Naturally Occurring Element to Be Discovered / 8.1：

Synthesis and Structure of the Octachlorodirhenate(III) Anion / 8.2：

Synthesis and Structure of the Other Octahalodirhenate(III) Anions / 8.3：

Substitution Reactions of the Octahalodirhenate(III) Anions that Proceed with Retention of the Re₂⁶⁺ Core / 8.4：

Monodentate anionic ligands / 8.4.1：

The dirhenium(III) carboxylates / 8.4.2：

Other anionic ligands / 8.4.3：

Neutral ligands / 8.4.4：

Dirhenium Compounds with Bonds of Order 3.5 and 3 / 8.5：

The first metal-metal triple bond: Re₂Cl₅(CH₃SCH₂CH₂SCH₃)₂ and related species / 8.5.1：

Simple electron-transfer chemistry involving the octahalodirhenate(III) anions and related species that contain quadruple bonds / 8.5.2：

Oxidation of [Re₂X₈]^2- to the nonahalodirhenate anions [Re₂X₉]^n- (n = 1 or 2) / 8.5.3：

Re₂⁵⁺ and Re₂⁴⁺ halide complexes that contain phosphine ligands / 8.5.4：

Other Re₂⁵⁺ and Re₂⁴⁺ complexes / 8.5.5：

Other dirhenium compounds with triple bonds / 8.5.6：

Dirhenium Compounds with Bonds of Order Less than 3 / 8.6：

Cleavage of Re-Re Multiple Bonds by o-donor and π-acceptor Ligands / 8.7：

σ-Donor ligands / 8.7.1：

Jπ-Acceptor ligands / 8.7.2：

Other Types of Multiply Bonded Dirhenium Compounds / 8.8：

Postscript on Recent Developments / 8.9：

Ruthenium Compounds

Ru₂⁵⁺ Compounds / 9.1：

Ru₂⁵⁺ compounds with O,O′-donor bridging ligands / 9.2.1：

Ru₂⁵⁺ compounds with N,O-donor bridging ligands / 9.2.2：

Ru₂⁵⁺ compounds with N,N′-donor bridging ligands / 9.2.3：

Ru₂⁴⁺ Compounds / 9.3：

Ru₂⁴⁺ compounds with O,O′-donor bridging ligands / 9.3.1：

Ru₂⁴⁺ compounds with N,O-donor bridging ligands / 9.3.2：

Ru₂⁴⁺ compounds with N,N′-donor bridging ligands / 9.3.3：

Ru₂⁶⁺ Compounds / 9.4：

Ru₂⁶⁺ compounds with O,O′-donor bridging ligands / 9.4.1：

Ru₂⁶⁺ compounds with N,N′-donor bridging ligands / 9.4.2：

Compounds with Macrocyclic Ligands / 9.5：

Applications / 9.6：

Catalytic activity / 9.6.1：

Biological importance / 9.6.2：

Osmium Compounds

Syntheses, Structures and Reactivity of Os₂⁶⁺ Compounds / 10.1：

Syntheses and Structures of Os₂⁵⁺ Compounds / 10.2：

Syntheses and Structures of Other Os₂ Compounds / 10.3：

Magnetism, Electronic Structures, and Spectroscopy / 10.4：

Iron, Cobalt and Iridium Compounds / 10.5：

Di-iron Compounds / 11.1：

Dicobalt Compounds / 11.3：

Tetragonal paddlewheel compounds / 11.3.1：

Trigonal paddlewheel compounds / 11.3.2：

Dicobalt compounds with unsupported bonds / 11.3.3：

Compounds with chains of cobalt atoms / 11.3.4：

Di-iridium Compounds / 11.4：

Paddlewheel compounds and related species / 11.4.1：

Unsupported Ir-Ir bonds / 11.4.2：

Other species with Ir-Ir bonds / 11.4.3：

Iridium blues / 11.4.4：

Rhodium Compounds

Dirhodium Tetracarboxylato Compounds / 12.1：

Preparative methods and classification / 12.2.1：

Structural studies / 12.2.2：

Other Dirhodium Compounds Containing Bridging Ligands / 12.3：

Complexes with fewer than four carboxylate bridging groups / 12.3.1：

Complexes supported by hydroxypyridinato, carboxamidato and other (N, O) donor monoanionic bridging groups / 12.3.2：

Complexes supported by amidinato and other (N, N) donor bridging groups / 12.3.3：

Complexes supported by sulfur donor bridging ligands / 12.3.4：

Complexes supported by phosphine and (P, N) donor bridging ligands / 12.3.5：

Complexes supported by carbonate, sulfate and phosphate bridging groups / 12.3.6：

Dirhodium Compounds with Unsupported Rh-Rh Bonds / 12.4：

The dirhodium(II) aquo ion / 12.4.1：

The [Rh₂(NCR)₁₀]⁴⁺ cations / 12.4.2：

Complexes with chelating and macrocyclic nitrogen ligands / 12.4.3：

Other Dirhodium Compounds / 12.5：

Complexes with isocyanide ligands / 12.5.1：

Rhodium blues / 12.5.2：

Reactions of Rh₂⁴⁺ Compounds / 12.6：

Oxidation to Rh₂⁵⁺ and Rh₂⁶⁺ species / 12.6.1：

Cleavage of the Rh-Rh bond / 12.6.2：

Applications of Dirhodium Compounds / 12.7：

Catalysis / 12.7.1：

Supramolecular arrays based on dirhodium building blocks / 12.7.2：

Biological applications of dirhodium compounds / 12.7.3：

Photocatalytic reactions / 12.7.4：

Other applications / 12.7.5：

Chiral Dirhodium(II) Catalysts and Their Applications

Synthetic and Structural Aspects of Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxamidates / 13.1：

Synthetic and Structural Aspects of Dirhodium(II) Complexes Bearing Orthometalated Phosphines / 13.3：

Dirhodium(II) Compounds as Catalysts / 13.4：

Catalysis of Diazo Decomposition / 13.5：

Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxylates / 13.6：

Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxamidates / 13.7：

Catalytic Asymmetric Cyclopropanation and Cyclopropenation / 13.8：

Intramolecular reactions / 13.8.1：

Intermolecular reactions / 13.8.2：

Cyclopropenation / 13.8.3：

Macrocyclization / 13.8.4：

Metal Carbene Carbon-Hydrogen Insertion / 13.9：

Catalytic Ylide Formation and Reactions / 13.9.1：

Additional Transformations of Diazo Compounds Catalyzed by Dirhodium(II) / 13.11：

Silicon-Hydrogen Insertion / 13.12：

Nickel, Palladium and Platinum Compounds

Dinickel Compounds / 14.1：

Dipalladium Compounds / 14.3：

A singly bonded Pd₂⁶⁺ species / 14.3.1：

Chemistry of Pd₂⁵⁺ and similar species / 14.3.2：

Other compounds with Pd-Pd interactions / 14.3.3：

Diplatinum Compounds / 14.4：

Complexes with sulfate and phosphate bridges / 14.4.1：

Complexes with pyrophosphite and related ligands / 14.4.2：

Complexes with carboxylate, formamidinate and related ligands / 14.4.3：

Complexes containing monoanionic bridging ligands with N,O and N,S donor sets / 14.4.4：

Unsupported Pt-Pt bonds / 14.4.5：

Dinuclear Pt₂⁵⁺ species / 14.4.6：

The platinum blues / 14.4.7：

Other compounds

Extended Metal Atom Chains

Overview / 15.1：

EMACs of Chromium / 15.2：

EMACs of Cobalt / 15.3：

EMACs of Nickel and Copper / 15.4：

EMACs of Ruthenium and Rhodium / 15.5：

Other Metal Atom Chains / 15.6：

Physical, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Results

Structural Correlations / 16.1：

Bond orders and bond lengths / 16.1.1：

Internal rotation / 16.1.2：

Axial ligands / 16.1.3：

Comparison of second and third transition series homologs / 16.1.4：

Disorder in crystals / 16.1.5：

Rearrangements of M₂X₈ type molecules / 16.1.6：

Diamagnetic anisotropy of M-M multiple bonds / 16.1.7：

Thermodynamics / 16.2：

Thermochemical data / 16.2.1：

Bond energies / 16.2.2：

Electronic Structure Calculations / 16.3：

Background / 16.3.1：

[M₂X₈]^n- and M₂X₄(PR₃)₄ species / 16.3.2：

The M₂(O₂CR)₄ (M = Cr, Mo, W) molecules / 16.3.3：

M₂(O₂CR)₄R′₂ (M = Mo, W) compounds / 16.3.4：

Dirhodium species / 16.3.5：

Diruthenium compounds / 16.3.6：

M₂X₆ molecules (M = Mo, W) / 16.3.7：

Other calculations / 16.3.8：

Electronic Spectra / 16.4：

Details of the δ manifold of states / 16.4.1：

Observed δ → δ* transitions / 16.4.2：

Other electronic absorption bands of Mo₂, W₂, Tc₂ and Re₂ species / 16.4.3：

Spectra of Rh₂, Pt₂, Ru₂ and Os₂ compounds / 16.4.4：

CD and ORD spectra / 16.4.5：

Excited state distortions inferred from vibronic structure / 16.4.6：

Emission spectra and photochemistry / 16.4.7：

Photoelectron Spectra / 16.5：

Paddlewheel molecules / 16.5.1：

Other tetragonal molecules / 16.5.2：

M₂X₆ molecules / 16.5.3：

Miscellaneous other PES results / 16.5.4：

Vibrational Spectra / 16.6：

M-M stretching vibrations / 16.6.1：

M-L stretching vibrations / 16.6.2：

Other types of Spectra / 16.7：

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance / 16.7.1：

X-Ray spectra, EXAFS, and XPS / 16.7.2：

Abbreviations

Index

Introduction and Survey

Prolog / 1.1：

From Werner to the new transition metal chemistry / 1.1.1：

図書

6. High-temperature superconductivity : an introduction

Gerald Burns

出版情報:	Boston : Academic Press, c1992 xiii, 199 p. ; 23 cm
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Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction / Chapter 1：

Problems

Review of Conventional Superconductors / Chapter 2：

Two-Fluid Model / 2-1：

London Equation / 2-3：

Nonlocal Fields / 2-4：

Nonlocal Electrodynamics Sketched / 2-4a：

Various Situations and Dirty Superconductors / 2-4b：

Ginzburg-Landau Theory / 2-5：

GL Free Energy / 2-5a：

GL Differential Equations / 2-5c：

Flux Quantization / 2-5d：

GL Coherence Length / 2-5e：

Type II Superconductors / 2-5f：

BCS Theory / 2-6：

Cooper Pairs and BCS Introduction / 2-6a：

BCS Results / 2-6c：

Specific Heat / 2-6d：

Anisotropic Superconducting Gap / 2-6e：

Coherence Effects / 2-6f：

Strong-Coupled Superconductors / 2-7：

McMillan Equation / 2-7a：

Maximum T[subscript c]? / 2-7c：

Electron-Phonon Parameter Calculations / 2-7d：

Tunneling / 2-8：

Tunneling Review / 2-8a：

Tunneling Experiments / 2-8b：

Phonon Structure / 2-8c：

Other Topics / 2-9：

Magnetic Superconductors / 2-9a：

Earlier Oxide Superconductors / 2-9b：

Heavy-Electron Metals / 2-9c：

Organic Superconductors / 2-9d：

[superscript 3]He / 2-9e：

Structures / Chapter 3：

Overview / 3-1：

La(n = 1) / 3-2：

2-Tl(n) / 3-2b：

2-Bi(n) / 3-2c：

1-Tl(n) / 3-2d：

Distances / 3-2e：

Y123 / 3-2f：

Other High-T[subscript c] Structures / 3-2g：

Other Phases / 3-3：

Y123 with Intermediate Oxygen Content / 3-3a：

Other Distortions / 3-3d：

Conventional Superconductors / 3-4：

Normal-State Properties / Chapter 4：

Cu-Charge State / 4-1：

Charges / 4-2a：

Molecular Orbitals / 4-2b：

Resistance / 4-3：

Conventional Resistivity Behavior / 4-3a：

Resistivity of High-T[subscript c] Materials / 4-3b：

Hall Effect / 4-4：

Magnetism / 4-5：

Insulator Phase / 4-5a：

Superconducting Phase / 4-5b：

Structural Phase Transitions / 4-6：

Bands--General / 4-7：

Fermi Liquid / 4-7a：

Resonating-Valence-Band State / 4-7b：

Band Theory / 4-7c：

Simple Two-Dimensional Bands / 4-7d：

More Advanced Two-Dimensional Bands / 4-7e：

One-Electron Bands / 4-8：

Photoemission Spectroscopy / 4-9：

PES 2-Bi(n = 2) Results / 4-9a：

PES Y123 Results / 4-9c：

PES Summary / 4-9d：

Superconducting Properties / Chapter 5：

T[subscript c] Values / 5-1：

Cooper Pairs and BCS / 5-2：

Paired Electrons? / 5-2a：

Spin Singlet or Triplet Pairing? / 5-2c：

Symmetry of Electron Pairs / 5-2d：

BCS Superconductors? / 5-3：

Superconducting Energy Gap and Other Properties / 5-4：

PES Results / 5-4a：

Tunneling Spectroscopy / 5-4b：

Infrared Results / 5-4c：

Raman Results / 5-4e：

NMR Results / 5-4f：

Isotope Effect / 5-5：

The Pairing Mechanism / 5-6：

Soft Phonon Modes / 5-6a：

Temperature-Dependent Phonon Modes / 5-6c：

Neutron Measurements / 5-6d：

High-Energy Tunneling Results / 5-6e：

Electron-Phonon Coupling Parameter Calculations / 5-6f：

Electron-Phonon Coupling Parameter Measurements / 5-6g：

Phonons plus Electron Density of States Singularity / 5-6h：

Phonons Alone / 5-6i：

Magnetic Properties / 5-7：

Type II Materials / 5-7a：

Penetration Depth / 5-7b：

H[subscript c1] / 5-7c：

Coherence Length and H[subscript c2] / 5-7d：

Anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau Results / 5-7e：

Torque Magnetometry / 5-7f：

Postscript / 5-8：

Vortex Behavior, J[subscript c], and Applications / Chapter 6：

Flux Lattice, Flux Glass, and Pinning / 6-1：

Flux Lattice and Glass / 6-2a：

Pinning / 6-2b：

Films and Critical Currents / 6-3：

Films / 6-3a：

Superlattices / 6-3b：

Wires / 6-3c：

Critical Current / 6-3d：

Macroscopic Magnetic Properties / 6-4：

Vortex Glass / 6-4a：

Flux Creep / 6-4c：

A True Zero Resistance State? / 6-4d：

Experimental Vortex Glass-Liquid Measurements / 6-4e：

Irreversibility Line / 6-4f：

Applications Introduction / 6-5：

Large-Scale Applications / 6-6：

Wires and Superconducting Magnets / 6-6a：

Levitation / 6-6c：

Small-Scale Applications / 6-7：

Bibliography

Notes for the Chapters

Index

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction / Chapter 1：

図書

7. Incompressible flow and the finite element method : advection-diffusion and isothermal laminar flow

P. M. Gresho, R. L. Sani in collaboration with M. S. Engelman

出版情報:	Chichester : Wiley, c1998 xx, 1021p ; 25cm
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Preface

Glossary of Abbreviations

Introduction / 1：

Incompressible Flow / 1.1：

The Finite Element Method / 1.3：

Incompressible Flow and the Finite Element Method / 1.4：

Overview of this Book; Some Subjective Discussion / 1.5：

Why Finite Elements? Why not Finite Volume? / 1.6：

The Advection-Diffusion Equation / 2：

The Continuum Equation / 2.1：

The Advective (Convective) Form / 2.1.1：

Dimensionless Forms and Limiting Cases of the Equation / 2.1.2：

The Divergence (Conservation) Form / 2.1.3：

Conservation Laws / 2.1.4：

Weak forms of PDE's/Natural Boundary Conditions / 2.1.5：

The Finite Element Equations/Discretization of the Weak Form / 2.2：

Advective Form / 2.2.1：

Divergence Form / 2.2.2：

An Absolutely Conserving Form / 2.2.3：

A Finite Difference Interpretation / 2.2.5：

A Control Volume FEM... / 2.2.6：

Some Semi-Discrete Equations / 2.3：

One Dimension / 2.3.1：

Two Dimensions with Bilinear Elements / 2.3.2：

Two Dimension with Biquadratic Elements / 2.3.3：

Two Dimensions with Serendipity Elements / 2.3.4：

Open Boundary Conditions (OBC's) / 2.4：

Two Dimensions / 2.4.1：

Some Non-Galerkin Results / 2.5：

The Lumped Mass Approximation / 2.5.1：

One-point Quadrature / 2.5.2：

Control Volume Finite Element (CVFEM) / 2.5.3：

The Group FEM/Product Approximation / 2.5.4：

The Petrov-Galerkin FEM / 2.5.5：

Dispersion, Dissipation, Phase Speed, Group Velocity, Mesh Design, and - Wiggles / 2.6：

Qualitative Discussion / 2.6.1：

Qualitative Discussion for some 1D Problems / 2.6.2：

Extension to 2D / 2.6.3：

Time Integration / 2.7：

Some Explicit ODE Methods / 2.7.1：

Application to Advection Diffusion (Scalar Transport) / 2.7.2：

Some Implicit ODE Methods / 2.7.3：

A Variable-Step Implicit Method for Advection-Diffusion / 2.7.4：

A Semi-Implicit Method / 2.7.5：

Dispersion (et al.) Errors for some Fully Discrete Methods / 2.7.6：

Concluding remarks and Suggestions / 2.7.8：

Additional Numerical Examples / 2.8：

Unstable ODE Examples / 2.8.1：

Advection-Diffusion of a Puff (Point Source) / 2.8.2：

The Rotating Cone - A Pure Advection Test Problem / 2.8.3：

The Navier-Stokes Equations / 3：

Notational Introduction / 3.1：

The Continuum, Equations (PDE's) / 3.2：

Alternate Forms of the Viscous Term / 3.3：

Stress-Divergence Form / 3.3.1：

Div-Curl Form / 3.3.2：

Curl Form / 3.3.3：

Alternate Forms of the Non-Linear Term / 3.4：

Rotational Form / 3.4.1：

Skew-Symmetric Form / 3.4.3：

A Symmetric Form / 3.4.4：

Derived Equations / 3.5：

The Pressure Poisson Equation (PPE) / 3.5.1：

The Vorticity Transport Equation / 3.5.2：

The Penalized Momentum Equation / 3.5.3：

Alternate Statements of the NS Equations / 3.6：

Velocity-Pressure in Divergence Form / 3.6.1：

Velocity-Pressure in Rotational Form / 3.6.2：

PPE Form / 3.6.3：

The Stream Function-Vorticity (-) / 3.6.4：

The Velocity-Vorticity Formulation / 3.6.5：

Other Formulations / 3.6.6：

Special Cases of Interest / 3.7：

Stokes Flow / 3.7.1：

Inviscid Flow / 3.7.2：

Potential Flow / 3.7.3：

Axisymmetric Flow / 3.7.4：

Boundary Conditions / 3.8：

u-P Equations / 3.8.1：

The Pressure Poisson Equation and Pressure Boundary Conditions / 3.8.2：

The Vorticity Transport Equation and Boundary Conditions on the Vorticity / 3.8.3：

Initial Conditions (and Well-Posedness) / 3.9：

The u-P Formulation / 3.9.1：

The PPE Formulation / 3.9.2：

Vorticity-Based Methods / 3.9.3：

Interim Summary / 3.10：

A Well-Posed IBVP for Incompressible Flow, and the Equivalence Theorem / 3.10.1：

Some Ill-Posed Problems / 3.10.2：

The Simplified PPE is also Ill-Posed / 3.10.3：

Fixing the SPPE and PPE Paradox / 3.10.4：

PPE Solutions that are not NSE Solutions / 3.10.5：

A Remark on the Penalty Method / 3.10.6：

Key Features of Incompressible Flow / 3.10.7：

Global Conservation Laws / 3.11：

Preface

Glossary of Abbreviations

Introduction / 1：

図書

東工大
目次DB

図書

東工大
目次DB

8. Earthquake motion and ground conditions : in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Research Subcommittee on Earthquake Ground Motion, the Architectural Institute of Japan

edited and published by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ)

出版情報:	Tokyo : The Architectural Institute of Japan, 1993 4, 5, 596 p. ; 26 cm
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Preface

AIJ Committee Members

Editors and Authors

PART I. FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF EARTHQUAKE MOTION

1. Earthquake Source Mechanisms and Their Characteristics 1

1.1 Overview of earthquake sources [R. Inoue, K. Shimazaki, and M. Takeo] 2

1.1.1 Fault models 2

1.1.2 Quantification of earthquakes 9

1.1.3 Seismicity 15

1.1.4 Earthquakes and active faults 19

1.2 Earthquake source spectrum from complex faulting processes [J. Koyama] 22

1.2.1 Earthquake source spectra 22

1.2.2 Acceleration spectra 35

1.2.3 Earthquake magnitude and complex faulting processes 45

2. Propagation and Attenuation of Seismic Waves 65

2.1 Observed attenuation of seismic waves [M. Takemura] 65

2.1.1 Definition of a Q-value 65

2.1.2 Evaluation of Q-values from observed records 66

2.1.3 Attenuation curves 73

2.2 Seismic wave propagation in a homogeneous random medium [M. Kawano] 79

2.2.1 Review of the problems 79

2.2.2 Effective wave number 80

2.2.3 Average wave motion 81

2.2.4 Numerical example 82

3. Amplification of Seismic Waves 97

3.1 Amplification of body waves [J. Shibuya] 98

3.1.1 Effects of local site conditions on damages and earthquake motion 98

3.1.2 Body waves in layered media 102

3.1.3 Nonlinear response of soil layers 105

3.2 Excitation of surface waves in multilayered ground [S. Noda] 106

3.2.1 Significance of surface waves 106

3.2.2 Surface waves in layered media 107

3.2.3 Spatial and temporal variation of earthquake motion 111

3.2.4 Simulation of surface waves 112

3.2.5 Site amplification factors 115

3.3 Effects of surface and subsurface irregularities [H. Kawase] 118

3.3.1 Various types of irregularities 118

3.3.2 Material heterogeneity 119

3.3.3 Input wave type 120

3.3.4 Surface irregularities 120

3.3.5 Subsurface irregularities 134

4. Intensity of Earthquake Motion 157

4.1 Ground motion severity measures and structure damage [S.Midorikawa] 157

4.1.1 Ground motion severity measures 157

4.1.2 Damage and ground motion intensity 161

4.2 Seismic intensity distribution of large earthquakes [H. Kagami] 166

4.2.1 Spatial patterns of isoseismals and factors affecting them 167

4.2.2 Utilization of seismic intensity data 172

4.3 Seismic intensity measurement and its application [S. Okada] 176

4.3.1 Advantage of using seismic intensity measurements 176

4.3.2 Seismic intensity scales 177

4.3.3 Prospects of an advanced seismic intensity scale 184

4.3.4 Seismic intensity measurements as the key to seismic disaster management 184

PART II. EARTHQUAKE MOTION OBSERVATION AND GEOTECHNICAL SURVEY

1. Observation of Strong Ground Motion 191

1.1 Historical review, instrumentation, and observation system [Y. Kitagawa] 191

1.1.1 Strong ground motion accelerographs 191

1.1.2 Observation of subsurface earthquake motion 198

1.2 Array observation of strong ground motion [K. Kudo and T. Tanaka] 199

1.2.1 Brief historical review 199

1.2.2 Purpose and method 200

1.2.3 Examples 201

1.3 Data processing and databases for strong motion records [S. Sugito] 206

1.3.1 Digitization and correction 206

1.3.2 Databases 211

1.3.3 Current situation regarding the release of data in Japan 216

1.4 Application of strong ground motion records and future tasks [K. Ishida and M. Tohdo] 217

1.4.1 Application of strong ground motion records 217

1.4.2 Future tasks of strong motion recording systems 225

1.4.3 Future development of a world-wide data exchange system 227

2. Subsurface Investigation and Soil Dynamics 231

2.1 Geophysical properties and soil investigation [N. Yoshida] 231

2.1.1 In-situ tests 232

2.1.2 Laboratory tests 234

2.2 Deformation characteristics of soils [N. Yoshida] 237

2.2.1 Evaluation at small strains 238

2.2.2 Evaluation at large strains 242

2.2.3 Strength characteristics 246

2.3 Modeling the stress-strain relationship of soils [N. Yoshida] 250

2.3.1 1-dimensional analysis 250

2.3.2 2- and 3-dimensional analysis 255

2.3.3 Equivalent linear method 256

2.4 Soil liquefaction [N. Yoshida] 258

2.4.1 Mechanism of liquefaction 258

2.4.2 Damage caused by soil liquefaction 259

2.4.3 Evaluation of liquefaction potential 261

2.4.4 Effective stress analysis for liquefaction 266

2.4.5 Liquefaction-induced large ground displacement 271

3. Survey of Deep Subsurface Structure 277

3.1 Artificial seismic sources [H. Yamanaka] 277

3.2 Surveying methods [H. Yamanaka and S. Zama] 281

3.2.1 Seismic refraction method 281

3.2.2 Seismic reflection method 283

3.2.3 Other geophysical methods 288

3.3 Exploration results in Japan [S. Zama] 292

3.3.1 Examples 292

3.3.2 Comparison of exploration results obtained by different methods 300

3.4 Applications to earthquake engineering problems [H. Yamanaka] 304

3.5 Future prospects [K. Seo] 308

4. Measurement of Microtremors 315

4.1 Microtremor or microvibration [N. Taga] 315

4.1.1 Definition 315

4.1.2 Measurement 315

4.1.3 Nature 317

4.1.4 Applications 319

4.1.5 Examples 322

4.1.6 Special cases 323

4.2 Long-period microtremors [H. Kagami] 324

4.2.1 Observation scheme 324

4.2.2 Analysis and interpretation 325

PART III. PREDICTION OF STRONG GROUND MOTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

1. Simulation and Prediction of Strong Ground Motion 335

1.1 Theoretical approach [K. Irikura and T. Iwata] 335

1.1.1 Basic theory for simulating ground motion 335

1.1.2 Characterization of earthquake ground motions 337

1.1.3 Numerical simulations of earthquake ground motions 345

1.2 Semi-empirical approach [K. Irikura, T. Iwata, and M. Takemura] 349

1.2.1 Basic theory and review 349

1.2.2 Modeling of heterogeneous faulting 363

1.2.3 Stochastic modeling and scaling relation of strong motion spectra 370

1.3 Empirical approach [M. Takemura] 377

1.3.1 Attenuation curves in near-source regions 377

1.3.2 Duration time of strong ground motion 383

1.3.3 Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motion 386

2. Effects of Surface Geology on Strong Ground Motion 395

2.1 General review of site effects studies [M. Motosaka and T. Ohta] 395

2.1.1 Effects of soil irregularity and heterogeneity on strong ground motion 395

2.1.2 Average characteristics and effects of surface geology 402

2.2 Effects of surface geology on strong motion during destructive earthquakes [Y. Hisada and S. Midorikawa] 406

2.2.1 Strong ground motion in Mexico City during the 1985 Mexico earthquake 406

2.2.2 Strong ground motion during the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake 412

2.3 International experiments on ground motion prediction [C. Cramer and K. Kudo] 416

2.3.1 The Turkey Flat, California, experiment 416

2.3.2 The Ashigara Valley, Japan, experiment 420

3. Seismic Zonation 435

3.1 Seismic macrozonation [H. Murakami] 435

3.1.1 Purpose and overview of macrozonation 435

3.1.2 Statistical and probabilistic approach 437

3.1.3 An approach that reflects geological fault information 439

3.1.4 Linkage to microzonation and future research needs 442

3.2 Seismic microzonation map [H. Kagami] 443

3.2.1 Evaluation of seismic input motions and ground failure 443

3.2.2 Risk zonation map 448

3.2.3 Recent trends and future problems 453

3.3 Seismic zonation and earthquake risk management [M. Naganoh] 455

3.3.1 Critical need for earthquake risk management 455

3.3.2 Seismic disaster processes 456

3.3.3 Damage assessment and earthquake planning scenarios 458

3.3.4 Countermeasures and studies implemented by the government 463

3.3.5 Countermeasures and studies implemented by the business community 464

3.3.6 Urban disaster prevention planning 465

4. Strong Ground Motion in Seismic Design 471

4.1 Seismic design in current codes [S. Nagahashi, M. Tohdo, K. Wakamatsu, and M. Yamada] 471

4.1.1 Philosophy behind earthquake resistant design 471

4.1.2 The Building Standard Law of Japan 472

4.1.3 High-rise buildings 476

4.1.4 Specialized buildings 479

4.2 Approaches to new seismic design codes [M. Hisano, Y. Inoue, M. Kawano, M. Niwa, S. Ohba, T. Ohta, M. Tohdo, K. Ukai, and H. Yokota] 481

4.2.1 Strong ground motion in seismic design in Japan 481

4.2.2 Strong ground motion in the Tokyo bay area 483

4.2.3 Strong ground motion in the Osaka bay area 491

4.2.4 Strong ground motion for new types of buildings 499

4.3 Needs and prospects for design earthquake motion [K. Hagio] 502

APPENDICES : FINDINGS FROM RECENT EARTHQUAKES

A1. Overview [H. Kagami] 507

A2. Lessons learned from the destructive damage of recent earthquakes in Japan [N. Taga] 515

A3. Accumulation of strong ground motion records in Japan [T. Watanabe] 527

A4. Review of recent earthquakes 534

(1) The 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquake [Y. Kitagawa] 534

(2) The 1978 Miyagiken-oki earthquake [J. Shibuya] 537

(3) The 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake [S. Midorikawa] 542

(4) The 1982 Urakawa-oki earthquake [H. Kagami] 546

(5) The 1983 Nihonkai-chubu earthquake [S. Noda] 550

(6) The 1984 Naganoken-seibu earthquake [K. Imaoka and N. Taga] 560

(7) The 1985 Central Chile earthquake [S. Midorikawa] 565

(8) The 1985 Michoacan-Guerrero, Mexico, earthquake [T. Ohta] 568

(9) The 1987 Chibaken Toho-oki earthquake [S. Zama] 575

(10) The 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake [M. Naganoh] 583

Index 593

Preface

AIJ Committee Members

Editors and Authors

図書

9. Atomic force microscopy for biologists

V J Morris, A R Kirdy, A P Gunning

出版情報:	London : Imperial College Press, c1999 xiv, 332 p. ; 23 cm
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An Introduction / Chapter 1：

Apparatus / Chapter 2：

The atomic force microscope / 2.1.：

Piezoelectric scanners / 2.2.：

Probes and cantilevers / 2.3.：

Cantilever geometry / 2.3.1.：

Tip shape / 2.3.2.：

Tip functionality / 2.3.3.：

Sample holders / 2.4.：

Liquid cells / 2.4.1.：

Detection methods / 2.5.：

Optical detectors: laser beam deflection / 2.5.1.：

Optical detectors: interferometry / 2.5.2.：

Electrical detectors: electron tunnelling / 2.5.3.：

Electrical detectors: capacitance / 2.5.4.：

Electrical detectors: piezoelectric cantilevers / 2.5.5.：

Control systems / 2.6.：

AFM electronics / 2.6.1.：

Operation of the electronics / 2.6.2.：

Feedback control loops / 2.6.3.：

Design limitations / 2.6.4.：

Enhancing the performance of large scanners / 2.6.5.：

Vibration isolation: thermal and mechanical / 2.7.：

Calibration / 2.8.：

Piezoelectric scanner non-linearity / 2.8.1.：

Tip related factors / 2.8.2.：

Determining cantilever force constants / 2.8.3.：

Calibration standards / 2.8.4.：

Tips for scanning a calibration specimen / 2.8.5.：

Integrated AFMs / 2.9.：

Combined AFM-light microscope (AFM-LM) / 2.9.1.：

'Submarine' AFM-the combined AFM-Langmuir Trough / 2.9.2.：

Combined AFM-surface plasmon resonance (AFM-SPR) / 2.9.3.：

Cryo-AFM / 2.9.4.：

Basic Principles / Chapter 3：

Forces / 3.1.：

The Van der Waals force and force-distance curves / 3.1.1.：

The electrostatic force / 3.1.2.：

Capillary and adhesive forces / 3.1.3.：

Double layer forces / 3.1.4.：

Imaging modes / 3.2.：

Contact dc mode / 3.2.1.：

Non-contact ac modes / 3.2.2.：

Error signal or deflection mode / 3.2.3.：

Image types / 3.3.：

Topographical / 3.3.1.：

Frictional force / 3.3.2.：

Phase / 3.3.3.：

Substrates / 3.4.：

Mica / 3.4.1.：

Glass / 3.4.2.：

Graphite / 3.4.3.：

Common problems / 3.5.：

Thermal drift / 3.5.1.：

Multiple tip effects / 3.5.2.：

Tip convolution and probe broadening / 3.5.3.：

Sample roughness / 3.5.4.：

Sample mobility / 3.5.5.：

Imaging under liquid / 3.5.6.：

Getting started / 3.6.：

DNA / 3.6.1.：

Troublesome large samples / 3.6.2.：

Image optimisation / 3.7.：

Grey levels and colour tables / 3.7.1.：

Brightness and contrast / 3.7.2.：

High and low pass filtering / 3.7.3.：

Normalisation and plane fitting / 3.7.4.：

Despike / 3.7.5.：

Fourier filtering / 3.7.6.：

Correlation averaging / 3.7.7.：

Stereographs / 3.7.8.：

Do your homework! / 3.7.9.：

Macromolecules / Chapter 4：

Imaging methods / 4.1.：

Tip adhesion, molecular damage and displacement / 4.1.1.：

Depositing macromolecules onto substrates / 4.1.2.：

Metal coated samples / 4.1.3.：

Imaging in air / 4.1.4.：

Imaging under non aqueous liquids / 4.1.5.：

Binding molecules to the substrate / 4.1.6.：

Imaging under water or buffers / 4.1.7.：

Nucleic acids: DNA / 4.2.：

Imaging DNA / 4.2.1.：

DNA conformation, size and shape / 4.2.2.：

DNA-protein interactions / 4.2.3.：

Location and mapping of specific sites / 4.2.4.：

Chromosomes / 4.2.5.：

Nucleic acids: RNA / 4.3.：

Polysaccharides / 4.4.：

Imaging polysaccharides / 4.4.1.：

Size, shape, structure and conformation / 4.4.2.：

Aggregates, networks and gels / 4.4.3.：

Cellulose, plant cell walls and starch / 4.4.4.：

Proteoglycans / 4.4.5.：

Proteins / 4.5.：

Globular proteins / 4.5.1.：

Antibodies / 4.5.2.：

Fibrous proteins / 4.5.3.：

Interfacial Systems / Chapter 5：

Introduction to interfaces / 5.1.：

Surface activity / 5.1.1.：

AFM of interfacial systems / 5.1.2.：

The Langmuir trough / 5.1.3.：

Langmuir-Blodgett film transfer / 5.1.4.：

Sample preparation / 5.2.：

Cleaning protocols: glassware and trough / 5.2.1.：

Performing the dip / 5.2.2.：

Phospholipids / 5.3.：

AFM studies / 5.3.1.：

Modification of phospholipid bilayers with the AFM / 5.3.2.：

Studying intrinsic bilayer properties by AFM / 5.3.3.：

Ripple phases in phospholipid bilayers / 5.3.4.：

Mixed phospholipid films / 5.3.5.：

Effect of supporting layers / 5.3.6.：

Dynamic processes of phopholipid layers / 5.3.7.：

Liposomes and intact vesicles / 5.4.：

Lipid-protein mixed films / 5.5.：

Miscellaneous lipid films / 5.6.：

Interfacial protein films / 5.7.：

Specific precautions / 5.7.1.：

AFM studies of interfacial protein films / 5.7.2.：

Ordered Macromolecules / Chapter 6：

Three dimensional crystals / 6.1：

Crystalline cellulose / 6.1.1.：

Protein crystals / 6.1.2.：

Nucleic acid crystals / 6.1.3.：

Viruses and virus crystals / 6.1.4.：

Two dimensional protein crystals / 6.2.：

What does AFM have to offer? / 6.2.1.：

Sample preparation: membrane proteins / 6.2.2.：

Sample preparation: soluble proteins / 6.2.3.：

AFM studies of 2D membrane protein crystals / 6.3.：

Purple membrane / 6.3.1.：

Gap junctions / 6.3.2.：

Photosynthetic protein membranes / 6.3.3.：

ATPase in kidney membranes / 6.3.4.：

OmpF porin / 6.3.5.：

Bacterial S layers / 6.3.6.：

Bacteriophage [phis]29 head-tail connector / 6.3.7.：

Gas vesicle protein / 6.3.8.：

AFM studies of 2D crystals of soluble proteins / 6.4.：

Imaging conditions / 6.4.1.：

Electrostatic considerations / 6.4.2.：

Cells, Tissue and Biominerals / Chapter 7：

Force mapping and mechanical measurements / 7.1.：

Microbial cells: bacteria, spores and yeasts / 7.2.：

Bacteria / 7.2.1.：

Yeasts / 7.2.2.：

Blood cells / 7.3.：

Erythrocytes / 7.3.1.：

Leukocytes and lymphocytes / 7.3.2.：

Platelets / 7.3.3.：

Neurons and Glial cells / 7.4.：

Epithelial cells / 7.5.：

Non-confluent renal cells / 7.6.：

Endothelial cells / 7.7.：

Cardiocytes / 7.8.：

Other mammalian cells / 7.9.：

Plant cells / 7.10.：

Tissue / 7.11.：

Embedded sections / 7.11.1.：

Embedment-free sections / 7.11.2.：

Hydrated sections / 7.11.3.：

Freeze-fracture replicas / 7.11.4.：

Immunolabelling / 7.11.5.：

Biominerals / 7.12.：

Bone, tendon and cartilage / 7.12.1.：

Teeth / 7.12.2.：

Shells / 7.12.3.：

Other Probe Microscopes / Chapter 8：

Overview / 8.1.：

Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) / 8.2.：

Scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) / 8.3.：

Scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM) / 8.4.：

Scanning thermal microscope (SThM) / 8.5.：

Optical tweezers and the photonic force microscope (PFM) / 8.6.：

SPM books

Index

An Introduction / Chapter 1：

Apparatus / Chapter 2：

The atomic force microscope / 2.1.：

10.

図書

10. Neural network learning and expert systems

Stephen I. Gallant

出版情報:	Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c1993 xvi, 365 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Bradford book
子書誌情報:	loading…
所蔵情報:	loading…

目次情報: 続きを見る

Foreword

Basics / I：

Introduction and Important Definitions / 1：

Why Connectionist Models? / 1.1：

The Grand Goals of Al and Its Current Impasse / 1.1.1：

The Computational Appeal of Neural Networks / 1.1.2：

The Structure of Connectionist Models / 1.2：

Network Properties / 1.2.1：

Cell Properties / 1.2.2：

Dynamic Properties / 1.2.3：

Learning Properties / 1.2.4：

Two Fundamental Models: Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP's) and Backpropagation Networks (BPN's) / 1.3：

Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP's) / 1.3.1：

Backpropagation Networks (BPN's) / 1.3.2：

Gradient Descent / 1.4：

The Algorithm / 1.4.1：

Practical Problems / 1.4.2：

Comments / 1.4.3：

Historic and Bibliographic Notes / 1.5：

Early Work / 1.5.1：

The Decline of the Perceptron / 1.5.2：

The Rise of Connectionist Research / 1.5.3：

Other Bibliographic Notes / 1.5.4：

Exercises / 1.6：

Programming Project / 1.7：

Representation Issues / 2：

Representing Boolean Functions / 2.1：

Equivalence of {+1, -1,0} and {1,0} Forms / 2.1.1：

Single-Cell Models / 2.1.2：

Nonseparable Functions / 2.1.3：

Representing Arbitrary Boolean Functions / 2.1.4：

Representing Boolean Functions Using Continuous Connectionist Models / 2.1.5：

Distributed Representations / 2.2：

Definition / 2.2.1：

Storage Efficiency and Resistance to Error / 2.2.2：

Superposition / 2.2.3：

Learning / 2.2.4：

Feature Spaces and ISA Relations / 2.3：

Feature Spaces / 2.3.1：

Concept-Function Unification / 2.3.2：

ISA Relations / 2.3.3：

Binding / 2.3.4：

Representing Real-Valued Functions / 2.4：

Approximating Real Numbers by Collections of Discrete Cells / 2.4.1：

Precision / 2.4.2：

Approximating Real Numbers by Collections of Continuous Cells / 2.4.3：

Example: Taxtime! / 2.5：

Programming Projects / 2.6：

Learning In Single-Layer Models / II：

Perceptron Learning and the Pocket Algorithm / 3：

Perceptron Learning for Separable Sets of Training Examples / 3.1：

Statement of the Problem / 3.1.1：

Computing the Bias / 3.1.2：

The Perceptron Learning Algorithm / 3.1.3：

Perceptron Convergence Theorem / 3.1.4：

The Perceptron Cycling Theorem / 3.1.5：

The Pocket Algorithm for Nonseparable Sets of Training Examples / 3.2：

Problem Statement / 3.2.1：

Perceptron Learning Is Poorly Behaved / 3.2.2：

The Pocket Algorithm / 3.2.3：

Ratchets / 3.2.4：

Examples / 3.2.5：

Noisy and Contradictory Sets of Training Examples / 3.2.6：

Rules / 3.2.7：

Implementation Considerations / 3.2.8：

Proof of the Pocket Convergence Theorem / 3.2.9：

Khachiyan's Linear Programming Algorithm / 3.3：

Winner-Take-All Groups or Linear Machines / 3.4：

Generalizes Single-Cell Models / 4.1：

Perceptron Learning for Winner-Take-All Groups / 4.2：

The Pocket Algorithm for Winner-Take-All Groups / 4.3：

Kessler's Construction, Perceptron Cycling, and the Pocket Algorithm Proof / 4.4：

Independent Training / 4.5：

Autoassociators and One-Shot Learning / 4.6：

Linear Autoassociators and the Outer-Product Training Rule / 5.1：

Anderson's BSB Model / 5.2：

Hopfieid's Model / 5.3：

Energy / 5.3.1：

The Traveling Salesman Problem / 5.4：

The Cohen-Grossberg Theorem / 5.5：

Kanerva's Model / 5.6：

Autoassociative Filtering for Feedforward Networks / 5.7：

Concluding Remarks / 5.8：

Mean Squared Error (MSE) Algorithms / 5.9：

Motivation / 6.1：

MSE Approximations / 6.2：

The Widrow-Hoff Rule or LMS Algorithm / 6.3：

Number of Training Examples Required / 6.3.1：

Adaline / 6.4：

Adaptive Noise Cancellation / 6.5：

Decision-Directed Learning / 6.6：

Unsupervised Learning / 6.7：

Introduction / 7.1：

No Teacher / 7.1.1：

Clustering Algorithms / 7.1.2：

k-Means Clustering / 7.2：

Topology-Preserving Maps / 7.2.1：

Example / 7.3.1：

Demonstrations / 7.3.4：

Dimensionality, Neighborhood Size, and Final Comments / 7.3.5：

Art1 / 7.4：

Important Aspects of the Algorithm / 7.4.1：

Art2 / 7.4.2：

Using Clustering Algorithms for Supervised Learning / 7.6：

Labeling Clusters / 7.6.1：

ARTMAP or Supervised ART / 7.6.2：

Learning In Multilayer Models / 7.7：

The Distributed Method and Radial Basis Functions / 8：

Rosenblatt's Approach / 8.1：

The Distributed Method / 8.2：

Cover's Formula / 8.2.1：

Robustness-Preserving Functions / 8.2.2：

Hepatobiliary Data / 8.3：

Artificial Data / 8.3.2：

How Many Cells? / 8.4：

Pruning Data / 8.4.1：

Leave-One-Out / 8.4.2：

Radial Basis Functions / 8.5：

A Variant: The Anchor Algorithm / 8.6：

Scaling, Multiple Outputs, and Parallelism / 8.7：

Scaling Properties / 8.7.1：

Multiple Outputs and Parallelism / 8.7.2：

A Computational Speedup for Learning / 8.7.3：

Computational Learning Theory and the BRD Algorithm / 8.7.4：

Introduction to Computational Learning Theory / 9.1：

PAC-Learning / 9.1.1：

Bounded Distributed Connectionist Networks / 9.1.2：

Probabilistic Bounded Distributed Concepts / 9.1.3：

A Learning Algorithm for Probabilistic Bounded Distributed Concepts / 9.2：

The BRD Theorem / 9.3：

Polynomial Learning / 9.3.1：

Noisy Data and Fallback Estimates / 9.4：

Vapnik-Chervonenkis Bounds / 9.4.1：

Hoeffding and Chernoff Bounds / 9.4.2：

Pocket Algorithm / 9.4.3：

Additional Training Examples / 9.4.4：

Bounds for Single-Layer Algorithms / 9.5：

Fitting Data by Limiting the Number of Iterations / 9.6：

Discussion / 9.7：

Exercise / 9.8：

Constructive Algorithms / 9.9：

The Tower and Pyramid Algorithms / 10.1：

The Tower Algorithm / 10.1.1：

Proof of Convergence / 10.1.2：

A Computational Speedup / 10.1.4：

The Pyramid Algorithm / 10.1.5：

The Cascade-Correlation Algorithm / 10.2：

The Tiling Algorithm / 10.3：

The Upstart Algorithm / 10.4：

Other Constructive Algorithms and Pruning / 10.5：

Easy Learning Problems / 10.6：

Decomposition / 10.6.1：

Expandable Network Problems / 10.6.2：

Limits of Easy Learning / 10.6.3：

Backpropagation / 10.7：

The Backpropagation Algorithm / 11.1：

Statement of the Algorithm / 11.1.1：

A Numerical Example / 11.1.2：

Derivation / 11.2：

Practical Considerations / 11.3：

Determination of Correct Outputs / 11.3.1：

Initial Weights / 11.3.2：

Choice of r / 11.3.3：

Momentum / 11.3.4：

Network Topology / 11.3.5：

Local Minima / 11.3.6：

Activations in [0,1] versus [-1, 1] / 11.3.7：

Update after Every Training Example / 11.3.8：

Other Squashing Functions / 11.3.9：

NP-Completeness / 11.4：

Overuse / 11.5：

Interesting Intermediate Cells / 11.5.2：

Continuous Outputs / 11.5.3：

Probability Outputs / 11.5.4：

Using Backpropagation to Train Multilayer Perceptrons / 11.5.5：

Backpropagation: Variations and Applications / 11.6：

NETtalk / 12.1：

Input and Output Representations / 12.1.1：

Experiments / 12.1.2：

Backpropagation through Time / 12.1.3：

Handwritten Character Recognition / 12.3：

Neocognitron Architecture / 12.3.1：

The Network / 12.3.2：

Robot Manipulator with Excess Degrees of Freedom / 12.3.3：

The Problem / 12.4.1：

Training the Inverse Network / 12.4.2：

Plan Units / 12.4.3：

Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines / 12.4.4：

Simulated Annealing / 13.1：

Boltzmann Machines / 13.2：

The Boltzmann Model / 13.2.1：

Boltzmann Learning / 13.2.2：

The Boltzmann Algorithm and Noise Clamping / 13.2.3：

Example: The 4-2-4 Encoder Problem / 13.2.4：

Remarks / 13.3：

Neural Network Expert Systems / 13.4：

Expert Systems and Neural Networks / 14：

Expert Systems / 14.1：

What Is an Expert System? / 14.1.1：

Why Expert Systems? / 14.1.2：

Historically Important Expert Systems / 14.1.3：

Critique of Conventional Expert Systems / 14.1.4：

Neural Network Decision Systems / 14.2：

Example: Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Occlusion / 14.2.1：

Example: Autonomous Navigation / 14.2.2：

Other Examples / 14.2.3：

Decision Systems versus Expert Systems / 14.2.4：

MACIE, and an Example Problem / 14.3：

Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Sarcophagal Disease / 14.3.1：

Network Generation / 14.3.2：

Sample Run of Macie / 14.3.3：

Real-Valued Variables and Winner-Take-All Groups / 14.3.4：

Not-Yet-Known versus Unavailable Variables / 14.3.5：

Applicability of Neural Network Expert Systems / 14.4：

Details of the MACIE System / 14.5：

Inferencing and Forward Chaining / 15.1：

Discrete Multilayer Perceptron Models / 15.1.1：

Continuous Variables / 15.1.2：

Winner-Take-All Groups / 15.1.3：

Using Prior Probabilities for More Aggressive Inferencing / 15.1.4：

Confidence Estimation / 15.2：

A Confidence Heuristic Prior to Inference / 15.2.1：

Confidence in Inferences / 15.2.2：

Information Acquisition and Backward Chaining / 15.3：

Concluding Comment / 15.4：

Noise, Redundancy, Fault Detection, and Bayesian Decision Theory / 15.5：

The High Tech Lemonade Corporation's Problem / 16.1：

The Deep Model and the Noise Model / 16.2：

Generating the Expert System / 16.3：

Probabilistic Analysis / 16.4：

Noisy Single-Pattern Boolean Fault Detection Problems / 16.5：

Convergence Theorem / 16.6：

Extracting Rules from networks / 16.7：

Why Rules? / 17.1：

What Kind of Rules? / 17.2：

Criteria / 17.2.1：

Inference Justifications versus Rule Sets / 17.2.2：

Which Variables in Conditions / 17.2.3：

Inference Justifications / 17.3：

MACIE's Algorithm / 17.3.1：

The Removal Algorithm / 17.3.2：

Key Factor Justifications / 17.3.3：

Justifications for Continuous Models / 17.3.4：

Rule Sets / 17.4：

Limiting the Number of Conditions / 17.4.1：

Approximating Rules / 17.4.2：

Conventional + Neural Network Expert Systems / 17.5：

Debugging an Expert System Knowledge Base / 17.5.1：

The Short-Rule Debugging Cycle / 17.5.2：

Appendix Representation Comparisons / 17.6：

DNF Expressions / A.1 DNF Expressions and Polynomial Representability：

Polynomial Representability / A.1.2：

Space Comparison of MLP and DNF Representations / A.1.3：

Speed Comparison of MLP and DNF Representations / A.1.4：

MLP versus DNF Representations / A.1.5：

Decision Trees / A.2：

Representing Decision Trees by MLP's / A.2.1：

Speed Comparison / A.2.2：

Decision Trees versus MLP's / A.2.3：

p-lDiagrams / A.3：

Symmetric Functions and Depth Complexity / A.4：

Bibliography / A.5：

Index

Foreword

Basics / I：

Introduction and Important Definitions / 1：

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