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図書

1. Bionanodesign : following nature's touch

Maxim Ryadnov

出版情報:	Cambridge : RSC Publishing, c2009 ix, 238 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	RSC nanoscience & nanotechnology ; no.7
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Introductory Notes / Chapter 1：

Inspiring Hierarchical / 1.1：

Encoding Instructive / 1.2：

Starting Lowest / 1.3：

Picturing Biological / 1.4：

References

Recycling Hereditary / Chapter 2：

Coding Dual / 2.1：

Deoxyribonucleic / 2.1.1：

Building up in Two / 2.1.1.1：

Keeping in Shape / 2.1.1.2：

Priming Topological / 2.1.2：

Resequencing Basic / 2.1.2.1：

Choosing the Fittest / 2.1.2.1.1：

Evolving Diverse / 2.1.2.1.2：

Primary Motifs / 2.1.2.2：

Gluing Universal / 2.1.2.2.1：

Alienating Axial / 2.1.2.2.2：

Fixing Spatial / 2.2：

Hinting Geometric: Secondary Motifs / 2.2.1：

Crossing Double / 2.2.1.1：

Reporting Visible / 2.2.1.1.1：

Translating Symmetrical / 2.2.1.1.2：

Extending Cohesive / 2.2.1.2：

Sharing Mutual / 2.2.1.2.1：

Multiplying Traversal / 2.2.1.2.2：

Tiling Square / 2.2.1.2.3：

Scaffolding Algorithmic / 2.3：

Pursuing Autonomous / 2.3.1：

Lengthening to Shorten / 2.3.1.1：

Gathering to Limit / 2.3.1.2：

Assigning Arbitrary / 2.3.2：

Synchronising Local / 2.3.2.1：

Prescribing General / 2.3.2.2：

Adding up to Third / 2.3.3：

Wrapping to Shut / 2.3.3.1：

Framing to Classify / 2.3.3.2：

Outlook / 2.4：

Recaging Within / Chapter 3：

Enclosing to Deliver / 3.1：

Transporting Foreign / 3.1.1：

Fitting Flat and Straight / 3.1.1.1：

Spiralling Along / 3.1.1.2：

Packing Out and In / 3.1.2：

Spooling Around / 3.1.2.1：

Tunnelling Through

Escaping Walled / 3.1.3：

Capturing On and Off / 3.1.3.1：

Storing Exchangeable / 3.1.3.2：

Reacting Nano / 3.2：

Clustering Spherical / 3.2.1：

Contriving Consistent / 3.2.1.1：

Scaling Hosting / 3.2.1.2：

Following Linear / 3.2.2：

Channelling Inner

Converting Outer

Repairing from Inside / 3.3：

Uninviting Levy / 3.3.1：

Necessitating Exterior / 3.3.2：

Antagonising Dressing / 3.3.2.1：

Renting Occasional / 3.3.2.1.2：

Phasing West / 3.3.2.2：

Facing Concentric / 3.3.2.2.1：

Encircling Between / 3.3.2.2.2：

Singling Out Unique / 3.3.2.2.3：

Sharing the Balance / 3.3.3：

Driving Symmetrical / 3.3.3.1：

Sealing Annular / 3.3.3.2：

Reassembling Multiple / 3.4：

Keeping All in Touch / 4.1：

Unravelling the Essential / 4.1.1：

Winding Three in One / 4.1.1.1：

Aligning Stagger / 4.1.1.2：

Tapering Polar / 4.1.1.3：

Branching and Stretching / 4.1.1.4：

Replicating Apparent / 4.1.2：

Scraping Refusal / 4.1.2.1：

Tempting Compatible / 4.1.2.2：

Likening Synthetic / 4.1.2.3：

Recovering Intelligent / 4.1.2.4：

Restoring Available / 4.2：

Prompting Longitudinal / 4.2.1：

Invoking Granted / 4.2.1.1：

Reposing Modular / 4.3：

Displacing Coil / 4.3.1：

Settling Lateral / 4.3.2：

Bundling Exclusive / 4.3.2.1：

Permitting Distinctive / 4.3.2.2：

Inviting Captive / 4.3.2.3：

Clearing Limiting / 4.3.3：

Equilibrating Transitional / 4.3.3.1：

Extracting Minimal / 4.3.3.2：

Gambling Beyond / 4.4：

Guiding Proliferative / 4.4.1：

Feeding Proximate / 4.4.1.1：

Rooting Renewal / 4.4.1.2：

Accepting Inescapable / 4.4.2：

Patterning Positional / 4.4.2.1：

Relating Interfacial / 4.4.2.2：

Grafting Integral / 4.4.2.3：

Concluding Remarks / 4.5：

Learning Fluent / 5.1：

Parsing Semantic / 5.2：

Drawing Pragmatic / 5.3：

Revealing Contributory / Chapter 6：

Subject Index

Introductory Notes / Chapter 1：

Inspiring Hierarchical / 1.1：

Encoding Instructive / 1.2：

図書

2. Enzyme kinetics : principles and methods. 2nd, revised and update ed

Hans Bisswanger

出版情報:	Weinheim : WILEY-VCH, c2008 xviii, 301 p. ; 25 cm
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Preface to the Second English Edition

Preface to the First English Edition

Symbols and Abbreviations

Introduction and Definitions

References

Multiple Equilibria / 1：

Diffusion / 1.1：

Interaction between Macromolecules and Ligands / 1.2：

Binding Constants / 1.2.1：

Macromolecules with One Binding Site / 1.2.2：

Macromolecules with Identical Independent Binding Sites / 1.3：

General Binding Equation / 1.3.1：

Graphic Representations of the Binding Equation / 1.3.2：

Direct and Linear Diagrams / 1.3.2.1：

Analysis of Binding Data from Spectroscopic Titrations / 1.3.2.2：

Binding of Different Ligands, Competition / 1.3.3：

Non-competitive Binding / 1.3.4：

Macromolecules with Non-identical, Independent Binding Sites / 1.4：

Macromolecules with Identical, Interacting Binding Sites, Cooperativity / 1.5：

The Hill Equation / 1.5.1：

The Adair Equation / 1.5.2：

The Pauling Model / 1.5.3：

Allosteric Enzymes / 1.5.4：

The Symmetry or Concerted Model / 1.5.5：

The Sequential Model and Negative Cooperativity / 1.5.6：

Analysis of Cooperativity / 1.5.7：

Physiological Aspects of Cooperativity / 1.5.8：

Examples of Allosteric Enzymes / 1.5.9：

Hemoglobin / 1.5.9.1：

Aspartate Transcarbamoylase / 1.5.9.2：

Aspartokinase / 1.5.9.3：

Phosphofructokinase / 1.5.9.4：

Allosteric Regulation of the Glycogen Metabolism / 1.5.9.5：

Membrane Bound Enzymes and Receptors / 1.5.9.6：

Non-identical, Interacting Binding Sites / 1.6：

Enzyme Kinetics / 2：

Reaction Order / 2.1：

First Order Reactions / 2.1.1：

Second Order Reactions / 2.1.2：

Zero Order Reactions / 2.1.3：

Steady-State Kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten Equation / 2.2：

Derivation of the Michaelis-Menten Equation / 2.2.1：

Analysis of Enzyme Kinetic Data / 2.3：

Graphical Representations of the Michaelis-Menten Equation / 2.3.1：

Direct and Semi-logarithmic Representations / 2.3.1.1：

Direct Linear Plots / 2.3.1.2：

Linearization Methods / 2.3.1.3：

Analysis of Progress Curves / 2.3.2：

Integrated Michaelis-Menten Equation / 2.3.2.1：

Determination of Reaction Rates / 2.3.2.2：

Graphic Methods for Rate Determination / 2.3.2.3：

Graphic Determination of True Initial Rates / 2.3.2.4：

Reversible Enzyme Reactions / 2.4：

Rate Equation for Reversible Enzyme Reactions / 2.4.1：

The Haldane Relationship / 2.4.2：

Product Inhibition / 2.4.3：

Enzyme Inhibition / 2.5：

Unspecific Enzyme Inhibition / 2.5.1：

Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition / 2.5.2：

General Features of Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition / 2.5.2.1：

Suicide Substrates / 2.5.2.2：

Transition State Analogs / 2.5.2.3：

Analysis of Irreversible Inhibitions / 2.5.2.4：

Reversible Enzyme Inhibition / 2.5.3：

General Rate Equation / 2.5.3.1：

Non-Competitive Inhibition and Graphic Representation of Inhibition Data / 2.5.3.2：

Competitive Inhibition / 2.5.3.3：

Uncompetitive Inhibition / 2.5.3.4：

Partially Non-competitive Inhibition / 2.5.3.5：

Partially Uncompetitive Inhibition / 2.5.3.6：

Partially Competitive Inhibition / 2.5.3.7：

Noncompetitive and Uncompetitive Product Inhibition / 2.5.3.8：

Substrate Inhibition / 2.5.3.9：

Enzyme Reactions with Two Competing Substrates / 2.5.4：

Different Enzymes Catalyzing the Same Reaction / 2.5.5：

Multi-substrate Reactions / 2.6：

Nomenclature / 2.6.1：

Random Mechanism / 2.6.2：

Ordered Mechanism / 2.6.3：

Ping-pong Mechanism / 2.6.4：

Product Inhibition in Multi-substrate Reactions / 2.6.5：

Haldane Relationships in Multi-substrate Reactions / 2.6.6：

Mechanisms with more than Two Substrates / 2.6.7：

Other Nomenclatures for Multi-substrate Reactions / 2.6.8：

Derivation of Rate Equations of Complex Enzyme Mechanisms / 2.7：

King-Altmann Method / 2.7.1：

Simplified Derivations Applying Graph Theory / 2.7.2：

Combination of Equilibrium and Steady State Approach / 2.7.3：

Kinetic Treatment of Allosteric Enzymes / 2.8：

Hysteretic Enzymes / 2.8.1：

Kinetic Cooperativity, the Slow Transition Model / 2.8.2：

pH and Temperature Dependence of Enzymes / 2.9：

pH Optimum and Determination of pK Values / 2.9.1：

pH Stability / 2.9.2：

Temperature Dependence / 2.9.3：

Isotope Exchange / 2.10：

Isotope Exchange Kinetics / 2.10.1：

Isotope Effects / 2.10.2：

Primary Kinetic Isotope Effect / 2.10.2.1：

Influence of the Kinetic Isotope Effect on V and Km / 2.10.2.2：

Other Isotope Effects / 2.10.2.3：

Special Enzyme Mechanisms / 2.11：

Ribozymes / 2.11.1：

Polymer Substrates / 2.11.2：

Kinetics of Immobilized Enzymes / 2.11.3：

External Diffusion Limitation / 2.11.3.1：

Internal Diffusion Limitation / 2.11.3.2：

Inhibition of Immobilized Enzymes / 2.11.3.3：

pH and Temperature Behavior of Immobilized Enzymes / 2.11.3.4：

Transport Processes / 2.11.4：

Enzyme Reactions at Membrane Interfaces / 2.11.5：

Application of Statistical Methods in Enzyme Kinetics / 2.12：

General Remarks / 2.12.1：

Statistical Terms Used in Enzyme Kinetics / 2.12.2：

Methods / 3：

Methods for Investigation of Multiple Equilibria / 3.1：

Equilibrium Dialysis and General Aspects of Binding Measurements / 3.1.1：

Equilibrium Dialysis / 3.1.1.1：

Control Experiments and Sources of Error / 3.1.1.2：

Continuous Equilibrium Dialysis / 3.1.1.3：

Ultrafiltration / 3.1.2：

Gel Filtration / 3.1.3：

Batch Method / 3.1.3.1：

The Method of Hummel and Dreyer / 3.1.3.2：

Other Gel Filtration Methods / 3.1.3.3：

Ultracentrifugation / 3.1.4：

Fixed Angle Ultracentrifugation Methods / 3.1.4.1：

Sucrose Gradient Centrifugation / 3.1.4.2：

Surface Plasmon Resonance / 3.1.5：

Electrochemical Methods / 3.2：

The Oxygen Electrode / 3.2.1：

The CO2 Electrode / 3.2.2：

Potentiometry, Redox Potentials / 3.2.3：

The pH-stat / 3.2.4：

Polarography / 3.2.5：

Calorimetry / 3.3：

Spectroscopic Methods / 3.4：

Absorption Spectroscopy / 3.4.1：

The Lambert-Beer Law / 3.4.1.1：

Spectral Properties of Enzymes and Ligands / 3.4.1.2：

Structure of Spectrophotometers / 3.4.1.3：

Double Beam Spectrophotometer / 3.4.1.4：

Difference Spectroscopy / 3.4.1.5：

The Dual Wavelength Spectrophotometer / 3.4.1.6：

Photochemical Action Spectra / 3.4.1.7：

Bioluminescence / 3.4.2：

Fluorescence / 3.4.3：

Quantum Yield / 3.4.3.1：

Structure of Spectrofluorimeters / 3.4.3.2：

Perturbations of Fluorescence Measurements / 3.4.3.3：

Fluorescent Compounds (Fluorophores) / 3.4.3.4：

Radiationless Energy Transfer / 3.4.3.5：

Fluorescence Polarization / 3.4.3.6：

Pulse Fluorimetry / 3.4.3.7：

Circular Dichroism and Optical Rotation Dispersion / 3.4.4：

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy / 3.4.5：

IR Spectroscopy / 3.4.5.1：

Raman Spectroscopy / 3.4.5.2：

Applications / 3.4.5.3：

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / 3.4.6：

Measurement of Fast Reactions / 3.5：

Flow Methods / 3.5.1：

The Continuous Flow Method / 3.5.1.1：

The Stopped-flow Method / 3.5.1.2：

Measurement of Enzyme Reactions by Flow Methods / 3.5.1.3：

Determination of the Dead Time / 3.5.1.4：

Relaxation Methods / 3.5.2：

The Temperature Jump Method / 3.5.2.1：

The Pressure Jump Method / 3.5.2.2：

The Electric Field Method / 3.5.2.3：

Flash Photolysis, Pico- and Femto-second Spectroscopy / 3.5.3：

Evaluation of Rapid Kinetic Reactions (Transient Kinetics) / 3.5.4：

Subject Index

Preface to the Second English Edition

Preface to the First English Edition

Symbols and Abbreviations

図書

3. Technical writing for teams : the STREAM tools handbook (pbk.)

Alexander Mamishev, Sean Williams

出版情報:	Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons, c2010 xvii, 243 p. ; 24 cm.
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Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction / Chapter 1：

In this Chapter / 1.1：

Our Audience / 1.2：

A few horror stories / 1.2.1：

Some history / 1.2.2：

The Need For a Good "Writing System" / 1.3：

Introducing Stream Tools / 1.4：

What is STREAM Tools? / 1.4.1：

Why use STREAM Tools? / 1.4.2：

The software of STREAM Tools / 1.4.3：

Recommended packages / 1.4.3.1：

A brief comparison of Microsoft Word vs. LaTeX: history and myths / 1.4.3.2：

How to Use this Book / 1.5：

Exercises / 1.6：

Quick Start Guide For Stream Tools / Chapter 2：

A General Overview of the Writing Process / 2.1：

Introduction to Writing Quality Tools: The Stream Tools Editorial Mark-Up Table / 2.3：

Introduction to Document Design Tools / 2.4：

Important fundamental concepts / 2.4.1：

Step 1: Use template files to create your new manuscripts / 2.4.1.1：

Step 2: Copy existing elements and paste them into a new location / 2.4.1.2：

Step 3: Edit the element / 2.4.1.3：

Step 4: Cross-referencing elements / 2.4.1.4：

Creating Elements in a Document / 2.4.2：

Headings / 2.4.2.1：

Equations / 2.4.2.2：

Figures / 2.4.2.3：

Tables / 2.4.2.4：

References (literature citations) / 2.4.2.5：

Introduction to File Management: Optimizing Your Workflow / 2.5：

General principles / 2.5.1：

Using a wiki for file management / 2.5.2：

Version control / 2.5.3：

Conclusions / 2.6：

Document Design / 2.7：

Creating Templates / 3.1：

How to create and cross-reference a heading template / 3.2.1：

How to alter a heading template / 3.2.1.2：

Common formatting mistakes in headings / 3.2.1.3：

Common stylistic mistakes for headings / 3.2.1.4：

Tips and tricks / 3.2.1.5：

How to create and cross-reference an equation template / 3.2.2：

How to alter an equation template / 3.2.2.2：

Common formatting mistakes for equations / 3.2.2.3：

Common stylistic mistakes for equations / 3.2.2.4：

How to create and cross-reference a figure template / 3.2.2.5：

How to alter a figure template / 3.2.3.2：

Common formatting mistakes in figures / 3.2.3.3：

Common stylistic mistakes in figures / 3.2.3.4：

Tips and tricks for figures / 3.2.3.5：

How to create and cross-reference a table template / 3.2.4：

How to alter a table template / 3.2.4.2：

Common typesetting mistakes / 3.2.4.3：

Common stylistic mistakes in tables / 3.2.4.4：

Tips and tricks for tables / 3.2.4.5：

Front matter / 3.2.5：

Controlling page numbers / 3.2.5.1：

Table of contents / 3.2.5.2：

Back matter / 3.2.6：

Appendices / 3.2.6.1：

Indices / 3.2.6.2：

Using Multiple Templates / 3.3：

Controlling styles / 3.3.1：

Switching between single-column and double-column formats / 3.3.2：

Master documents / 3.3.3：

Practice Problems / 3.4：

Additional Resources / 3.4.1：

Using Bibliographic Databases / 3.6：

Why Use a Bibliographic Database? / 4.1：

Choice of Software / 4.3：

Using Endnote / 4.4：

Setting up the interface / 4.4.1：

Adding references / 4.4.2：

Citing references / 4.4.3：

Sharing a Database / 4.5：

Numbering the database entries / 4.5.1：

Compatibility with BiBTeX / 4.5.2：

Formatting References / 4.6：

Planning, Drafting, and Editing Documents / 4.7：

Definition Stage / 5.1：

Select your team members / 5.2.1：

Hold a kick-off meeting / 5.2.2：

Analyze the audience / 5.2.3：

Formulate the purpose / 5.2.4：

Persuasion / 5.2.4.1：

Exposition / 5.2.4.2：

Instruction / 5.2.4.3：

Select the optimum combination of STREAM Tools / 5.2.5：

Preparation Stage / 5.3：

Evaluate historical documents / 5.3.1：

Journal articles / 5.3.1.1：

Proceedings/papers / 5.3.1.2：

Theses and dissertations / 5.3.1.3：

Proposals / 5.3.1.4：

Reports / 5.3.1.5：

Populate the file repository / 5.3.2：

Create a comprehensive outline of the document / 5.3.3：

Using deductive structures / 5.3.3.1：

Using Microsoft Word's Outline feature / 5.3.3.2：

Populate all sections with "yellow text" / 5.3.4：

Distribute writing tasks among team members / 5.3.5：

Choose a drafting strategy / 5.3.5.1：

Synchronize writing styles / 5.3.5.2：

Writing Stage / 5.4：

Enter content / 5.4.1：

Legacy content / 5.4.1.1：

New content / 5.4.1.2：

Control versions of shared files / 5.4.1.3：

Request that team members submit their drafts / 5.4.2：

Verify that each section is headed in the right direction / 5.4.3：

Construct the whole document / 5.4.4：

Revise for content and distribute additional writing tasks / 5.4.5：

Comprehensive editing / 5.4.5.1：

STREAM Tools Editorial Mark-up table (STEM Table) / 5.4.5.2：

Strategies for editing electronic copy using Microsoft Word--an overview of Microsoft Word's commenting, reviewing, and proofing features / 5.4.5.3：

Distribute additional writing tasks / 5.4.6：

Completion Stage / 5.5：

Copy edit the document / 5.5.1：

Send out for a final review of content and clarity / 5.5.2：

Proofread the document / 5.5.3：

Submit the document / 5.5.4：

Conduct the final process-improvement review session / 5.5.5：

Building High Quality Writing Teams / 5.6：

Understanding the Benefits and Challenges of Teamwork / 6.1：

The payoff of teamwork / 6.2.1：

Some principle challenges of teamwork / 6.2.2：

Identifying Team Goals and Assigning Member Roles / 6.3：

Define roles and procedures clearly / 6.3.1：

Define team roles / 6.3.1.1：

Define team procedures / 6.3.1.2：

Managing Teamwork at a Distance / 6.4：

Building trust in virtual teams / 6.4.1：

Demonstrating sensitivity to cultural differences / 6.4.2：

Selecting Communication Tools To Support Teamwork / 6.5：

Wikis / 6.5.1：

Creating a wiki / 6.5.1.1：

Editing / 6.5.1.2：

Organizing / 6.5.1.3：

Monitoring edits / 6.5.1.4：

Other suggestions for wiki use / 6.5.1.5：

SharePoint / 6.5.2：

Lists / 6.5.2.1：

Web pages / 6.5.2.2：

Alerts and site management / 6.5.2.3：

Assuring Quality Writing / 6.6：

Choosing the Best Words 278 / 7.1：

Choose strong words / 7.2.1：

Use strong nouns and verbs / 7.2.1.1：

Choose words with the right level of formality / 7.2.1.2：

Avoid weak words / 7.2.2：

Check for confusing or frequently misused words / 7.2.2.1：

Avoid double negatives, and change negatives to affirmatives / 7.2.2.2：

Avoid changing verbs to nouns / 7.2.2.3：

Delete meaningless words and modifiers / 7.2.2.4：

Steer clear of jargon / 7.2.2.5：

Avoid sexist or discriminatory language / 7.2.2.6：

Writing Strong Sentences / 7.3：

Write economically / 7.3.1：

Include a variety of sentence types / 7.3.2：

Avoiding Weak Sentence Construction / 7.4：

Comma splices / 7.4.1.1：

Fragments / 7.4.1.2：

Fused or run-on sentences / 7.4.1.3：

Misplaced, dangling, or two-way modifiers / 7.4.1.4：

Faulty parallelism / 7.4.1.5：

Punctuating For Clarity / 7.5：

End punctuation / 7.5.1：

Periods / 7.5.1.1：

Question marks / 7.5.1.2：

Exclamation points / 7.5.1.3：

Commas / 7.5.2：

Semicolons / 7.5.3：

Colons / 7.5.4：

Apostrophes / 7.5.5：

Dashes and hyphens / 7.5.6：

Final Considerations / 7.6：

Abbreviations and acronyms / 7.6.1：

Capitalization / 7.6.2：

Numbers / 7.6.3：

Dates / 7.6.4：

Fractions and percentages / 7.6.5：

Units of measure / 7.6.6：

A Final Note on Grammar / 7.7：

Concluding Remarks / 7.8：

Business Case / 8.1：

Frequently Asked Questions / 8.3：

Success Stories / 8.4：

Additional Reading / 8.5：

Useful books and articles / 8.5.1：

Useful weblinks / 8.5.2：

EXERCISES / 8.6：

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction / Chapter 1：

図書

4. Radar meteorology

by Henri Sauvageot

出版情報:	Boston : Artech House, c1991 xii, 366 p. ; 24 cm
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Preface

Basic Concepts of Radar / Chapter 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

The Sensor / 1.2：

Noncoherent Pulse Radar / 1.2.1：

Pulsed Doppler Radar / 1.2.2：

Display of the Data / 1.2.3：

Sensitivity of the Receiver / 1.2.4：

Antenna / 1.2.5：

Resolution / 1.2.6：

Refraction / 1.2.7：

Attenuation / 1.2.8：

The Radar Equation: General Forms / 1.3：

Single Scatterer / 1.3.1：

Distributed Target / 1.3.2：

Calibration and Setting Up / 1.4：

Meteorological Signals / 1.5：

Meteorological Targets / 1.5.1：

Signal Statistics / 1.5.2：

Decorrelation Time: Independent Samples / 1.5.3：

Sample Time Averaging: Reducing the Variance of the Mean / 1.5.4：

Reducing the Integration Time / 1.5.5：

Detecting Weak Signals / 1.5.6：

Sampling and Demultiplexing / 1.5.7：

Hydrological Measurements / Chapter 2：

Clouds and Precipitation / 2.1：

Physical Processes of Formation / 2.2.1：

Hydrometeor Size Distributions: General Forms / 2.2.2：

Integral Parameters / 2.2.3：

Clouds / 2.2.4：

Precipitation / 2.2.5：

Terminal Fall Velocity of Hydrometeors / 2.2.6：

The Shape of Hydrometeors / 2.2.7：

Scattering and Attenuation Cross Sections / 2.3：

Homogeneous Spherical Particles / 2.3.1：

Nonhomogeneous Particles / 2.3.2：

Nonspherical Particles / 2.3.3：

Atmospheric Attenuation / 2.4：

Attenuation by Gases / 2.4.1：

Attenuation by Clouds / 2.4.2：

Attenuation by Precipitation / 2.4.3：

Backscattering by Clouds and Precipitation / 2.5：

Radar Reflectivity Factor / 2.5.1：

Z and X Relations / 2.5.2：

Polarization Measurements / 2.5.3：

Hail Precipitation Detection / 2.5.4：

Lightning Detection / 2.5.5：

Artifacts / 2.5.6：

Particular Meteorological Forms of the Radar Equation / 2.5.7：

Precipitation Measurements / 2.6：

Single-Wavelength Reflectivity / 2.6.1：

Radar and Rain Gauge / 2.6.3：

Single-Wavelength Attenuation Measurements / 2.6.4：

Dual-Wavelength a-R Method / 2.6.5：

Dual-Wavelength N(D) Method / 2.6.6：

Dual Polarization / 2.6.7：

Area Integral Methods for Convective Rainfall / 2.6.8：

Radar Networks / 2.7：

Short-Term Forecasting / 2.8：

Radars and Satellites / 2.9：

Technical Aspects / 2.9.1：

Estimation of Precipitation with Visible and Infrared Data / 2.9.2：

Rain Estimation by Passive Microwave Methods / 2.9.3：

Orbital Radars / 2.9.4：

Velocity Measurements / Chapter 3：

The Doppler Spectrum / 3.1：

Spectral Parameters / 3.1.1：

Discrete-Fourier Transform / 3.1.2：

Estimators of Spectral Moments / 3.1.3：

Factors Affecting the Width of the Doppler Spectrum / 3.1.4：

Ground Clutter Suppression / 3.1.5：

Doppler Spectra at Vertical Incidence / 3.2：

Size Distribution of Precipitation / 3.2.1：

Vertical Air Velocity / 3.2.2：

Measurement of the Velocity Fields with a Single Doppler Radar / 3.3：

Analysis of the Mean Field by the VAD Method / 3.3.1：

The VVP Method / 3.3.2：

Display of the Radial Velocity / 3.3.3：

Measurement of Turbulence / 3.4：

The Inertial Domain / 3.4.1：

Measurement of Rate of Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy / 3.4.2：

The Turbulence Field / 3.4.3：

Measurement of the Velocity Fields with Several Doppler Radars / 3.5：

Retrieval of the Thermodynamic and Microphysical Fields / 3.6：

Airborne Radar / 3.7：

Observation of Clear Air / Chapter 4：

Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Turbulent Medium / 4.1：

General Relations / 4.2.1：

Reflectivity in the Inertial Domain / 4.2.2：

Relationship Between Radar Reflectivity and the Average Atmospheric Field / 4.2.3：

ST Radar / 4.3：

Influence of the Wavelength / 4.3.1：

Wind Measurements / 4.3.2：

Reflectivity / 4.3.3：

Networks of ST Radar / 4.3.4：

Rass / 4.4：

Insects / 4.5：

General Characteristics / 4.5.1：

Insects and Birds / 4.5.2：

Observations / 4.5.3：

Artificial Tracers / 4.6：

General Properties / 4.6.1：

Applications to Atmospheric Observation / 4.6.2：

Introduction to the Study of Some Meteorological Structures by Radar / Chapter 5：

Diversity of Meteorological Structures / 5.1：

Movements of the Atmosphere / 5.1.2：

The Area of Radar Application / 5.1.3：

Convection in the Planetary Boundary Layer / 5.2：

The Convective Boundary Layer / 5.2.1：

Observation of the Convective Field / 5.2.2：

The Aerobiological Field / 5.2.3：

Pollution and Plumes / 5.2.4：

Deep Convection and Thunderstorms / 5.3：

The Convective Cells / 5.3.1：

Convective Storm Structure / 5.3.2：

Squall Lines / 5.3.3：

Microbursts / 5.3.4：

Hail / 5.3.5：

Electrical Activity of Storms / 5.3.6：

Tornadoes and Vortexes / 5.4：

Identification of Vortexes by Radar / 5.4.1：

Application to Warning Systems / 5.4.3：

Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances and Stratiform Clouds / 5.5：

Structure of Extratropical Cyclone Disturbances / 5.5.1：

Stratiform Precipitation / 5.5.2：

Tropical Cyclones / 5.6：

Turbulent Stratifications and Shear Instability / 5.7：

Experimental Modification of Clouds and Precipitation / 5.8：

Bibliographical Note / Appendix 1：

Units and Symbols / Appendix 2：

List of Constants / Appendix 3：

Definitions and Various Numerical Values / Appendix 4：

References

Index

Preface

Basic Concepts of Radar / Chapter 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

図書

5. Freshwater algae : identification and use as bioindicators

Edward Bellinger and David C. Sigee

出版情報:	Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 viii, 271 p ; 26 cm
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Introduction to freshwater algae / 1：

General introduction / 1.1：

Algae / 1.1.1：

Algae as primary producers / 1.1.2：

Freshwater environments / 1.1.3：

Planktonic and benthic algae / 1.1.4：

Size and shape / 1.1.5：

Taxonomic variation / 1.2：

Microscopical appearance / 1.2.1：

Biochemistry / 1.2.2：

Molecular characteristics and identification / 1.2.3：

Blue-green algae / 1.3：

Cytology / 1.3.1：

Morphological and taxonomic diversity / 1.3.2：

Ecology / 1.3.3：

Blue-green algae as bioindicators / 1.3.4：

Green algae / 1.4：

Morphological diversity / 1.4.1：

Green algae as bioindicators / 1.4.3：

Euglenoids / 1.5：

Euglenoids as bioindicators / 1.5.1：

Yellow-green algae / 1.6：

Yellow-green algae as bioindicators / 1.6.1：

Dinoflagellates / 1.7：

Cryptomonads / 1.7.1：

Comparison with euglenoid algae / 1.8.1：

Biodiversity / 1.8.3：

Cryptomonads as bioindicators / 1.8.4：

Chrysophytes / 1.9：

Chrysophytes as bioindicators / 1.9.1：

Diatoms / 1.10：

Diatoms as bioindicators / 1.10.1：

Red algae / 1.11：

Brown algae / 1.12：

Sampling, biomass estimation and counts of freshwater algae A Planktonic algae / 2：

Protocol for collection / 2.1：

Standing water phytoplankton / 2.1.1：

River phytoplankton

Mode of collection / 2.2：

Phytoplankton trawl net / 2.2.1：

Volume samplers / 2.2.2：

Integrated sampling / 2.2.3：

Sediment traps / 2.2.4：

Phytoplankton biomass / 2.3：

Turbidity / 2.3.1：

Dry weight and ash-free dry weight / 2.3.2：

Pigment concentrations / 2.3.3：

Flow cytometry / 2.4：

Microscope counts of species populations / 2.5：

Sample preservation and processing / 2.5.1：

Species counts / 2.5.2：

Conversion of species counts to biovolumes / 2.5.3：

Chemical cleaning of diatoms / 2.5.4：

Diversity within species populations / 2.6：

Molecular analysis / 2.6.1：

Analytical microscopical techniques B Non-planktonic algae / 2.6.2：

Deep water benthic algae / 2.7：

Benthic-pelagic coupling / 2.7.1：

Benthic algae and sediment stability / 2.7.2：

Invertebrate grazing of benthic algae / 2.7.3：

Shallow water communities / 2.8：

Substrate / 2.8.1：

Algal communities / 2.8.2：

Algal biofilms / 2.9：

Mucialginous biofilms / 2.9.1：

Biomass / 2.9.2：

Taxonomic composition / 2.9.3：

Matrix structure / 2.9.4：

Periphyton? algal mats / 2.10：

Inorganic substratum / 2.10.1：

Plant surfaces / 2.10.2：

Algae as bioindicators / 3：

Bioindicators and water quality / 3.1：

Biomarkers and bioindicators / 3.1.1：

Characteristics of bioindicators / 3.1.2：

Biological monitoring versus chemical measurements / 3.1.3：

Monitoring water quality: objectives / 3.1.4：

Lakes / 3.2：

Contemporary planktonic and attached algae as bioindicators / 3.2.1：

Fossil algae as bioindicators: lake sediment analysis / 3.2.2：

Water quality parameters / 3.2.3：

Wetlands / 3.3：

Rivers / 3.4：

The periphyton community / 3.4.1：

River diatoms / 3.4.2：

Evaluation of the diatom community / 3.4.3：

Human impacts and diatom indices / 3.4.4：

Calculation of diatom indices / 3.4.5：

Practical applications of diatom indices / 3.4.6：

Estuaries / 3.5：

Ecosystem complexity / 3.5.1：

Algae as estuarine bioindicators / 3.5.2：

A key to the more frequently occurring freshwater algae / 4：

Introduction to the key / 4.1：

Using the key / 4.1.1：

Morphological groupings / 4.1.2：

Key to the main genera and species / 4.2：

List of algae included and their occurrence in the key / 4.3：

Algal identification: bibliography / 4.4：

Glossary

References

Index

Introduction to freshwater algae / 1：

General introduction / 1.1：

Algae / 1.1.1：

図書

6. Theoretical femtosecond physics : atoms and molecules in strong laser fields

F. Grossmann

出版情報:	Berlin : Springer, c2008 xiii, 214 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Springer series on atomic, optical, and plasma physics ; 48
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Prerequisites / Part I：

A Short Introduction to Laser Physics / 1：

The Einstein Coefficients / 1.1：

Fundamentals of the Laser / 1.2：

Elementary Laser Theory / 1.2.1：

Realization of the Laser Principle / 1.2.2：

Pulsed Lasers / 1.3：

Frequency Comb / 1.3.1：

Carrier Envelope Phase / 1.3.2：

Husimi Representation of Laser Pulses / 1.3.3：

Some Gaussian Integrals / 1.A：

References

Time-Dependent Quantum Theory / 2：

The Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equation / 2.1：

Introduction / 2.1.1：

Time-Evolution Operator / 2.1.2：

Spectral Information / 2.1.3：

Analytical Solutions for Wavepackets / 2.1.4：

Analytical Approaches / 2.2：

Feynman's Path Integral / 2.2.1：

Semiclassical Approximation / 2.2.2：

Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory / 2.2.3：

Magnus Expansion / 2.2.4：

Time-Dependent Hartree Method / 2.2.5：

Quantum-Classical Methods / 2.2.6：

Floquet Theory / 2.2.7：

Numerical Methods / 2.3：

Orthogonal Basis Expansion / 2.3.1：

Split-Operator FFT Method / 2.3.2：

Alternative Methods of Time-Evolution / 2.3.3：

Semiclassical Initial Value Representations / 2.3.4：

The Royal Road to the Path Integral / 2.A：

Variational Calculus / 2.B：

Stability Matrix / 2.C：

From the HK- to the VVG-Propagator / 2.D：

Applications / Part II：

Field Matter Coupling and Two-Level Systems / 3：

Light Matter Interaction / 3.1：

Minimal Coupling / 3.1.1：

Length Gauge / 3.1.2：

Kramers-Henneberger Transformation / 3.1.3：

Volkov Wavepacket / 3.1.4：

Analytically Solvable Two-Level Problems / 3.2：

Dipole Matrix Element / 3.2.1：

Rabi Oscillations Induced by a Constant Perturbation / 3.2.2：

Time-Dependent Perturbations / 3.2.3：

Exactly Solvable Time-Dependent Cases / 3.2.4：

Generalized Parity Transformation / 3.A：

Two-Level System in an Incoherent Field / 3.B：

Single Electron Atoms in Strong Laser Fields / 4：

The Hydrogen Atom / 4.1：

Hydrogen in Three Dimensions / 4.1.1：

The One-Dimensional Coulomb Problem / 4.1.2：

Field Induced Ionization / 4.2：

Tunnel Ionization / 4.2.1：

Multiphoton Ionization / 4.2.2：

ATI in the Coulomb Potential / 4.2.3：

Stabilization in Very Strong Fields / 4.2.4：

Atoms Driven by HCP / 4.2.5：

High Harmonic Generation / 4.3：

Three-Step Model / 4.3.1：

Odd Harmonics Rule / 4.3.2：

Semiclassical Explanation of the Plateau / 4.3.3：

Cutoff and Odd Harmonics Revisited / 4.3.4：

Further reading / 2.9：

Quantum description of light / 3：

Pictures of quantum mechanics / 3.1：

Historical background / 3.1.1：

Schrodinger picture / 3.1.2：

Antisymmetry of the wavefunction / 3.1.3：

Symmetry of the wavefunction / 3.1.4：

Heisenberg picture / 3.1.5：

Dirac (interaction) picture / 3.1.6：

Other formulations / 3.2：

Density matrix / 3.2.1：

Second quantization / 3.2.2：

Quantization of the light field / 3.2.3：

Quantum states / 3.3：

Fock states / 3.3.1：

Coherent states / 3.3.2：

Glauber-Sudarshan representation / 3.3.3：

Thermal states / 3.3.4：

Mixture states / 3.3.5：

Quantum correlations of quantum fields / 3.3.6：

Statistics of the field / 3.3.7：

Polarization / 3.3.8：

Outlook on quantum mechanics for microcavities / 3.4：

Semiclassical description of light-matter coupling / 3.5：

Light-matter interaction / 4.1：

Classical limit / 4.1.1：

Einstein coefficients / 4.1.2：

Optical transitions in semiconductors / 4.2：

Excitons in semiconductors / 4.3：

Frenkel and Wannier-Mott excitons / 4.3.1：

Excitons in confined systems / 4.3.2：

Quantum wells / 4.3.3：

Quantum wires and dots / 4.3.4：

Exciton-photon coupling / 4.4：

Surface polaritons / 4.4.1：

Exciton-photon coupling in quantum wells / 4.4.2：

Exciton-photon coupling in quantum wires and dots / 4.4.3：

Dispersion of polaritons in planar microcavities / 4.4.4：

Motional narrowing of cavity polaritons / 4.4.5：

Microcavities with quantum wires or dots / 4.4.6：

Quantum description of light-matter coupling in semiconductors / 5：

Rabi dynamics / 5.1：

Bloch equations / 5.3：

Full quantum picture / 5.3.1：

Dressed bosons / 5.3.2：

Lindblad dissipation / 5.4：

Jaynes-Cummings model / 5.5：

Dicke model / 5.6：

Quantization of the exciton field / 5.7：

Excitons as bosons / 5.7.2：

Excitons in quantum dots / 5.7.3：

Dispersion of polaritons / 5.8：

The polariton Hamiltonian / 5.8.2：

Coupling in quantum dots / 5.8.3：

Weak-coupling microcavities / 6：

Purcell effect / 6.1：

The physics of weak coupling / 6.1.1：

Spontaneous emission / 6.1.2：

The case of QDs, 2D excitons and 2D electron-hole pairs / 6.1.3：

Fermi's golden rule / 6.1.4：

Dynamics of the Purcell effect / 6.1.5：

Case of QDs and QWs / 6.1.6：

Experimental realizations / 6.1.7：

Lasers / 6.2：

The physics of lasers / 6.2.1：

Semiconductors in laser physics / 6.2.2：

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers / 6.2.3：

Resonant-cavity LEDs / 6.2.4：

Quantum theory of the laser / 6.2.5：

Nonlinear optical properties of weak-coupling microcavities / 6.3：

Bistability / 6.3.1：

Phase matching / 6.3.2：

Strong coupling: resonant effects / 6.4：

Optical properties background / 7.1：

Quantum well microcavities / 7.1.1：

Variations on a theme / 7.1.2：

Motional narrowing / 7.1.3：

Polariton emission / 7.1.4：

Near-resonant-pumped optical nonlinearities / 7.2：

Pulsed stimulated scattering / 7.2.1：

Quasimode theory of parametric amplification / 7.2.2：

Microcavity parametric oscillators / 7.2.3：

Resonant excitation case and parametric amplification / 7.3：

Semiclassical description / 7.3.1：

Stationary solution and threshold / 7.3.2：

Theoretical approach: quantum model / 7.3.3：

Three-level model / 7.3.4：

Threshold / 7.3.5：

Two-beam experiment / 7.4：

One-beam experiment and spontaneous symmetry breaking / 7.4.1：

Dressing of the dispersion induced by polariton condensates / 7.4.2：

Bistable behaviour / 7.4.3：

Strong coupling: polariton Bose condensation / 8：

Introduction / 8.1：

Basic ideas about Bose-Einstein condensation / 8.2：

Einstein proposal / 8.2.1：

Experimental realization / 8.2.2：

Modern definition of Bose-Einstein condensation / 8.2.3：

Specificities of excitons and polaritons / 8.3：

Thermodynamic properties of cavity polaritons / 8.3.1：

Interacting bosons and Bogoliubov model / 8.3.2：

Polariton superfluidity / 8.3.3：

Quasicondensation and local effects / 8.3.4：

High-power microcavity emission / 8.4：

Thresholdless polariton lasing / 8.5：

Kinetics of formation of polariton condensates: semiclassical picture / 8.6：

Qualitative features / 8.6.1：

The semiclassical Boltzmann equation / 8.6.2：

Numerical solution of Boltzmann equations, practical aspects / 8.6.3：

Effective scattering rates / 8.6.4：

Numerical simulations / 8.6.5：

Kinetics of formation of polariton condensates: quantum picture in the Born-Markov approximation / 8.7：

Density matrix dynamics of the ground-state / 8.7.1：

Discussion / 8.7.2：

Coherence dynamics / 8.7.3：

Kinetics of formation of polariton condensates: quantum picture beyond the Born-Markov approximation / 8.8：

Two-oscillator toy theory / 8.8.1：

Coherence of polariton-laser emission / 8.8.2：

Order parameter and phase diffusion coefficient / 8.8.3：

Semiconductor luminescence equations / 8.9：

Claims of exciton and polariton Bose-Einstein condensation / 8.10：

Spin and polarization / 8.11：

Spin relaxation of electrons, holes and excitons in semiconductors / 9.1：

Microcavities in the presence of a magnetic field / 9.2：

Resonant Faraday rotation / 9.3：

Spin relaxation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities: experiment / 9.4：

Spin relaxation of exciton-polaritons in microcavities: theory / 9.5：

Optical spin Hall effect / 9.6：

Optical induced Faraday rotation / 9.7：

Interplay between spin and energy relaxation of exciton-polaritons / 9.8：

Polarization of Bose condensates and polariton superfluidity / 9.9：

Magnetic-field effect and superfluidity / 9.10：

Finite-temperature case / 9.11：

Spin dynamics in parametric oscillators / 9.12：

Classical nonlinear optics consideration / 9.13：

Polarized OPO: quantum model / 9.14：

Conclusions / 9.15：

Glossary / 9.16：

Linear algebra / A：

Scattering rates of polariton relaxation / B：

Polariton-phonon interaction / B.1：

Interaction with longitudinal optical phonons / B.1.1：

Interaction with acoustic phonons / B.1.2：

Polariton-electron interaction / B.2：

Polariton-polariton interaction / B.3：

Polariton decay / B.3.1：

Polariton-structural-disorder interaction / B.4：

Derivation of the Landau criterion of superfluidity and Landau formula / C：

Landau quantization and renormalization of Rabi splitting / D：

References

Overview of Microcavities / 1：

Properties of microcavities / 1.1：

Q-factor and finesse / 1.1.1：

70.

図書

70. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy in forensic science (: hardback)

edited by John M. Chalmers, Howell G.M. Edwards, Michael D. Hargreaves

出版情報:	Chichester : Wiley, 2012 xxviii, 618 p., [32] p. of plates ; 25 cm
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About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Introduction / Section I：

Introduction and Scope / John M. Chalmers ; Howell G.M. Edwards ; Michael D. Hargreaves1：

Historical Prologue / 1.1：

The Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science / 1.2：

References

Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques: Basics and Instrumentation / 2：

Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques / 2.1：

The basics and some comparisons / 2.2.1：

Wavelength/Wavenumber Ranges and Selection Rules / 2.2.1.1：

Sampling Considerations / 2.2.1.2：

Sensitivity, Surfaces and Signal Enhancement Techniques / 2.2.1.3：

IR and Raman Bands / 2.2.1.4：

Quantitative and classification analyses / 2.2.2：

Multivariate Data Analyses / 2.2.2.1：

Data Pre-Processing / 2.2.2.2：

Reference databases and search libraries/algorithms / 2.2.3：

Vibrational Spectroscopy: Instrumentation / 2.3：

Spectrometers / 2.3.1：

Sources / 2.3.1.1：

Detectors / 2.3.1.2：

Spectrometers and Interferometers / 2.3.1.3：

Vibrational spectroscopy-microscopy systems / 2.3.2：

Mapping and Imaging / 2.3.2.1：

Fibre optics and fibre-optic probes / 2.3.3：

Remote, portable, handheld, field-use, and stand-off vibrational spectroscopy instrumentation / 2.3.4：

Closing Remarks / 2.4：

Vibrational Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques / 3：

Vibrational Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques / 3.1：

Raman spectroscopy / 3.2.1：

Raman Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques and Considerations / 3.2.1.1：

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.2：

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.3：

Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.4：

Transmission Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.5：

Raman Microscopy/Microspectroscopy and Imaging / 3.2.1.6：

Remote and Fibre-Optic Probe Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.7：

Mid-infrared spectroscopy / 3.2.2：

Mid-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques / 3.2.2.1：

Mid-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques / 3.2.2.2：

Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy / 3.2.2.3：

Mid-Infrared Microscopy/Microspectroscopy and Imaging / 3.2.2.4：

Near-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques / 3.2.3：

Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy / 3.2.3.1：

Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy / 3.2.3.2：

Near-Infrared Transflection Spectroscopy / 3.2.3.3：

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Interactance and Fibre-Optic Probe Measurements / 3.2.3.4：

Near-Infrared Microscopy and Imaging / 3.2.3.5：

Terahertz/far-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques / 3.2.4：

Acknowledgements / 3.3：

Criminal Scene / Section II：

Criminal Forensic Analysis / Edward G. Bartick4：

Forensic Analysis / 4.1：

General Use of IR and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis / 4.3：

Progression of infrared spectroscopy development in forensic analysis / 4.3.1：

Progression of Raman spectroscopy development in forensic analysis / 4.3.2：

Sampling methods / 4.3.3：

Microscopes / 4.3.3.1：

Reflection Methods / 4.3.3.2：

Gas Chromatography/IR / 4.3.3.3：

Spectral Imaging / 4.3.3.4：

Applications of Evidential Material Analysis / 4.4：

Polymers / 4.4.1：

General / 4.4.1.1：

Copy Toners / 4.4.1.2：

Fibres / 4.4.1.3：

Paints / 4.4.1.4：

Tapes / 4.4.1.5：

Drugs / 4.4.2：

Explosives / 4.4.3：

Fingerprint analysis / 4.4.4：

Summary and Future Direction / 4.5：

Forensic Analysis of Hair by Infrared Spectroscopy / Kathryn S. Kalasinsky

Basic Forensic Hair Analysis / 4.1.1：

Uniqueness of Hair to Chemical Analysis / 4.1.3：

Mechanism for Chemical Substance Incorporation into Hair / 4.1.4：

Applications / 4.1.5：

Disease Diagnosis / 4.1.6：

Summary / 4.1.7：

Raman Spectroscopy for Forensic Analysis of Household and Automotive Paints / Steven E.J. Bell ; Samantha P. Stewart ; W.J. Armstrong

Paint Composition / 4.2.1：

Analysis of Resin Bases / 4.2.3：

White Paint / 4.2.4：

Coloured Household Paints / 4.2.5：

Multi-Layer Paints / 4.2.6：

Automotive Paint / 4.2.7：

Conclusions / 4.2.8：

Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Inks on Written Documents / A. Guedes ; A.C. Prieto

Experimental

Chemical Differences in the Composition of Writing Inks through Time, and Modern Inks: Major Groups

Ink Discrimination / 4.3.4：

Forensic Test / 4.3.5：

Forensic Analysis of Fibres by Vibrational Spectroscopy / Peter M. Fredericks4.3.6：

Forensic importance of fibres

Types of fibres

Dyes

Why use vibrational spectroscopy?

Infrared Spectroscopy

Instrumentation and sample preparation / 4.4.2.1：

Transmission mid-IR microspectroscopy / 4.4.2.2：

ATR IR microspectroscopy / 4.4.2.3：

IR synchrotron radiation / 4.4.2.4：

Mid-IR imaging / 4.4.2.5：

Raman Spectroscopy

Application to fibres / 4.4.3.1：

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering / 4.4.3.2：

Raman spectroscopy of titania filler / 4.4.3.3：

Data Analysis

Acknowledgement / 4.4.5：

In Situ Crime Scene Analysis

Instrumentation / 4.5.1：

Raman spectrometers / 4.5.2.1：

Infrared spectrometers / 4.5.2.2：

Conditions of analysis / 4.5.3：

General chemical analysis / 4.5.3.2：

Conclusion / 4.5.3.3：

Raman spectroscopy gains currency / R. Withnall ; A. Reip ; J. Silver4.6：

Banknotes / 4.6.1：

Postage Stamps / 4.6.3：

Potential Forensic Applications / 4.6.4：

Counter Terrorism And Homeland Security / 4.6.5：

Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security / Vincent Otieno-Alego ; Naomi Speers5：

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Explosives Identification / 5.1：

Level of chemical identification / 5.2.1：

Capability to analyse a large range of explosives and related chemicals / 5.2.2：

Other positive features of IR and Raman spectroscopy in explosive analysis / 5.2.3：

Case Studies - Example 1 / 5.2.4：

Portable IR and Raman Instruments / 5.3：

Case Studies - Example 2 / 5.3.1：

Post-Blast Examinations / 5.4：

Detection of Explosives in Fingerprints / 5.5：

Applications of SORS in explosive analysis / 5.6：

Terahertz Spectroscopy of Explosives / 5.7：

Sampling modes and sample preparation / 5.7.1：

THz spectroscopy of explosives and explosive related materials / 5.7.2：

Glossary / 5.8：

Tracing Bioagents - a Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for a Fast and Reliable Identification of Bioagents / P. R€osch ; U. M€unchberg ; S. St€ockel ; J. Popp

Toxins / 5.1.1：

Viruses / 5.1.3：

Bacteria / 5.1.4：

Bulk samples / 5.1.4.1：

Single bacterium identification / 5.1.4.2：

Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation / Mary L. Lewis ; Ian R. Lewis ; Peter R. Griffiths5.1.5：

Background

UV Excited Raman Studies of Explosives

FT-Raman Studies of Explosives

Neither FT-Raman nor Traditional Dispersive Raman / 5.2.5：

Surface Enhanced Raman and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Studies of Explosives / 5.2.6：

Dispersive Raman Studies of Explosives / 5.2.7：

Compact Dispersive Raman Spectrometers for the Study of Explosives / 5.2.8：

Stand-Off Raman of Explosives / 5.2.9：

Raman Microscopy and Imaging / 5.2.11：

Vehicle-Mounted Raman Analysers / 5.2.12：

Classification Schema for Explosives / 5.2.13：

Handheld Raman and FT-IR Spectrometers / Robert L. Green ; Wayne Jalenak ; Christopher D. Brown ; Craig Gardner5.2.14：

Handheld/Portable Raman and FT-IR Devices / 5.3.2：

Tactical Considerations / 5.3.3：

Sample Considerations / 5.3.5：

Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy Explosive Identification Capabilities / 5.3.6：

Performance Characterisation / 5.3.7：

Disclaimer / 5.3.8：

Non-Invasive Detection of Concealed Liquid and Powder Explosives using Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy / Kevin Buckley ; Pavel Matousek

Discussion and Examples / 5.4.1：

Terahertz Frequency Spectroscopy and its Potential for Security Applications / A.D. Burnett ; A.G. Davies ; P. Dean ; J.E. Cunningham ; E.H. Linfield5.4.3：

Terahertz Frequency Radiation / 5.5.1：

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy / 5.5.3：

Examples of the Use of THz Spectroscopy to Detect Materials of Security Interest / 5.5.4：

Drugs of abuse / 5.5.4.1：

Terahertz frequency imaging / 5.5.4.3：

Spectroscopy and imaging of concealed materials / 5.5.4.4：

Conclusions and Future Outlook / 5.5.5：

Drugs And Drugs Of Abuse / Section IV：

Raman Spectroscopy of Drugs of Abuse / S.J. Speers6：

Bulk Drugs / 6.1：

General Introduction / 6.2.1：

Experimental considerations / 6.2.2：

Laboratory-based methods / 6.2.3：

Screening and Identification / 6.2.3.1：

Quantitative Analysis / 6.2.3.2：

Composition Profiling / 6.2.3.3：

Raman outside the laboratory / 6.2.4：

Trace Detection / 6.3：

Drug microparticles / 6.3.1：

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy / 6.3.2：

Drugs of Abuse - Application of Handheld FT-IR and Raman Spectrometers / 6.4：

Advantages of Vibrational Spectroscopy / 6.1.1：

General Drugs of Abuse - Introduction / 6.1.3：

Vibrational Spectroscopy / 6.1.4：

Analysis of Street Samples / 6.1.5：

Considerations when analysing in situ / 6.1.5.1：

Considerations when analysing in the laboratory / 6.1.5.2：

New Narcotic Threats / 6.1.6：

Identification of Drug Precursors / 6.1.7：

Case Studies / 6.1.8：

Case study I / 6.1.8.1：

Case study II / 6.1.8.2：

Non-Invasive Detection of Illicit Drugs Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy / 6.1.9：

Application Examples

Detection of Drugs of Abuse Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering / Karen Faulds ; W. Ewen Smith

Substrates

Direct Detection / 6.3.3：

Indirect Detection / 6.3.4：

Art / 6.3.5：

Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool for Tracing Art Forgeries / A. Deneckere ; P. Vandenabeele ; L. Moens7：

How to Trace Art Forgeries with Vibrational Spectroscopy? / 7.1：

Detection of anachronisms / 7.2.1：

Examples / 7.2.1.1：

Differentiation Between the Natural or Synthetic Form of a Pigment / 7.2.1.2：

Comparing with the artist's palette / 7.2.2：

Impurities / 7.2.3：

The Mercatellis Manuscripts / 7.2.3.1：

Spectroscopic Pigment Investigation of the Mayer van den Bergh Breviary / 7.2.3.2：

Identification of Dyes and Pigments by Vibrational Spectroscopy / Juan Manuel Madariaga7.3：

Review of the Scientific Literature / 7.1.1：

Databases of Reference Materials / 7.1.3：

Chemometric analysis of the spectral information / 7.1.3.1：

FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy Applications / 7.1.4：

Identification of dyes, pigments and bulk materials / 7.1.4.1：

Attribution, authentication and counterfeit detection / 7.1.4.2：

Identification of degradation products and degradation mechanisms / 7.1.4.3：

The Vinland Map: An Authentic Relic of Early Exploration or a Modern Forgery - Raman Spectroscopy in a Pivotal Role?

The Scientific Analysis of the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation

Raman Microspectroscopic Study

Study of Manuscripts by Vibrational Spectroscopy / Lucia Burgio

Why Raman Microscopy? / 7.3.1：

Dating and Authentication / 7.3.3：

Provenance and Trade Routes / 7.3.4：

Archaeology And Mineralogy / 7.3.5：

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Forensic Applications in Mineralogy / J. Jehlicka8：

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy for Provenancing / 8.1：

Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals / 8.3：

Class 1: Elements / 8.3.1：

Carbon / 8.3.1.1：

Carbon and Graphitisation / 8.3.1.2：

Minerals from other groups of the mineralogical classification system / 8.3.2：

Class 2: Sulfides / 8.3.2.1：

Class 3: Halogenides / 8.3.2.2：

Class 4: Oxides and Hydroxides / 8.3.2.3：

Class 5: Carbonates and Nitrates / 8.3.2.4：

Class 6: Borates / 8.3.2.5：

Class 7: Sulfates / 8.3.2.6：

Class 8: Phosphates / 8.3.2.7：

Class 9: Silicates / 8.3.2.8：

Class 10: Organic Compounds / 8.3.2.9：

Opals / 8.4：

Natural Glass / 8.5：

Meteorites / 8.6：

Identification and Provenancing of Gemstones / 8.7：

Synthetic gemstones / 8.7.1：

Semi-precious minerals / 8.7.2：

Garnets / 8.7.3：

Common Minerals / 8.8：

Clays / 8.8.1：

Databases / 8.9：

Identification of Inclusions in Minerals / 8.10：

Raman Mapping Techniques / 8.11：

Analyses Outdoors and On Site / 8.12：

Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to the Provenancing of Rocks / 8.13：

Identification of Ivory by Conventional Backscatter Raman and SORS / 8.14：

Application of Raman Spectroscopy / 8.1.1：

Preliminary screening method / 8.1.2.1：

Fake sample analysis / 8.1.2.2：

Concealed materials screening / 8.1.2.3：

Applications to the Study of Gems and Jewellery / Lore Kiefert ; Marina Epelboym ; Hpone-Phyo Kan-Nyunt ; Susan Paralusz8.1.3：

Case Study Example I: Mid-Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Diamonds / 8.2.1：

Infrared spectroscopy of diamonds / 8.2.2.1：

Photoluminescence spectroscopy / 8.2.2.4：

Case Study Example II: Detection of Fissure Fillings in Emeralds / 8.2.2.5：

Detection of emerald fissure fillings using FT-IR spectroscopy / 8.2.3.1：

Detection of emerald fissure fillings using Raman spectroscopy / 8.2.3.3：

Case Study Example III: The Raman Identification of Turquoise / 8.2.3.4：

Advanced analysis of turquoise / 8.2.4.1：

Raman Spectroscopy of Ceramics and Glasses / Paola Ricciardi ; Philippe Colomban8.2.5：

The Raman spectroscopic signature of ceramics, glasses and enamels

How to Discriminate Between Genuine Artifacts and Copies and Fakes

On-Site Measurements and Procedures / 8.3.3：

Tools for the identification of crystalline and amorphous phases in ceramics and glasses / 8.3.3.1：

Alhambra vases (Granada, Spain, fourteenth century) / 8.3.4：

Iznik fritware (Ottoman empire, fifteenth-seventeenth century) / 8.3.4.2：

Celadons (Vi^et Nam, thirteenth-fifteenth century) / 8.3.4.3：

Medici porcelain (Florence, sixteenth century) / 8.3.4.4：

Glass cup with handles (Low Countries, sixteenth-seventeenth century) / 8.3.4.5：

Meissen porcelains (Saxony, eighteenth century) / 8.3.4.6：

Enamels on metal: Chinese cloisonnes and Limoges painted enamels (fifteenth-nineteenth century) / 8.3.4.7：

Raman Spectroscopy at Longer Excitation Wavelengths Applied to the Forensic Analysis of Archaeological Specimens: A Novel Aspect of Forensic Geoscience / 8.3.5：

Results and Discussion / 8.4.1：

Resins / 8.4.3.1：

Ivories / 8.4.3.2：

Buried skeletal remains / 8.4.3.3：

Human Tissues and Skeletal Remains / 8.4.4：

Nail / 8.4.4.1：

Skin / 8.4.4.2：

Calcified tissues / 8.4.4.3：

Teeth / 8.4.4.4：

Bone / 8.4.4.5：

Counterfeit Consumer Products / 8.4.5：

Anti-Counterfeiting Organisations / Andrew J. O'Neil9：

Definition of a Counterfeit Product / 9.3：

Counterfeit Product Spectroscopic Analysis / 9.4：

Counterfeit alcoholic beverages and whisky / 9.4.1：

Counterfeit stamps / 9.4.2：

Counterfeit currency / 9.4.3：

Counterfeit medicines / 9.4.4：

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Microscopy / 9.4.4.1：

Attenuated Total Reflection Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Microscopy / 9.4.4.2：

Raman Spectroscopy, Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy and Mapping Microscopy / 9.4.4.3：

Use of Portable Spectrometers for Medicines Authentication / 9.4.4.4：

Combined Uses of Molecular Spectroscopic Techniques for Medicines Authentication / 9.4.4.5：

Case Studies Using Mid-infrared, Raman and Near-infrared Spectroscopies and NIR Multispectral Imaging / 9.5：

Case Study I: Counterfeit Clothing / 9.6：

Case study Ia: counterfeit Burberry Classic Check Scarf / 9.6.1：

Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis / 9.6.1.1：

ATR/FT-IR Analysis / 9.6.1.2：

Case study Ib: counterfeit New Era 59fifty baseball caps / 9.6.2：

Case Study II: Counterfeit Aftershave / 9.6.2.1：

Case Study III: Counterfeit Medicines / 9.8：

Near-infrared spectrometry / 9.8.1：

Raman spectrometry / 9.8.2：

NIR Multispectral Imaging / 9.8.3：

Case Study IV: Counterfeit Product Packaging / 9.9：

ATR/FT-IR Spectroscopy / 9.9.1：

Tablet Blister-Strip Polymer / 9.9.1.1：

Tablet Carton / 9.9.1.2：

Case Study V: Counterfeit Royal Mail First Class Stamps / 9.10：

Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis / 9.10.1：

Near-infrared multispectral imaging / 9.10.2：

Case Study VI: Counterfeit Bank of England Banknotes / 9.11：

ATR/FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis / 9.11.1：

Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Counterfeit Tablets / Kaho Kwok ; Lynne S. Taylor9.11.2：

The Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting Problem / 9.1.1：

Analytical Techniques to Detect Counterfeit Products / 9.1.2：

Using Raman Spectroscopy to Characterise Genuine and Counterfeit Tablets-A Case Study / 9.1.3：

Examination of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Labels / Mark R. Witkowski ; Mary W. Carrabba9.1.4：

Counterfeit Packaging Analysis / 9.2.1：

Case Study I: Counterfeit LipitorLabels / 9.2.3：

Case Study II: Counterfeit ZyprexaLabels / 9.2.4：

Vibrational Spectroscopy for "Food Forensics" / Victoria L. Brewster ; Royston Goodacre9.2.5：

Adulteration / 9.3.1：

Provenance / 9.3.3：

Food Spoilage / 9.3.4：

Micro-Organism Identification / 9.3.5：

Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Adulteration in Foods / Banu Özen ; Figen Tokatli9.3.6：

Adulteration of Food Products and Application of IR Spectroscopy in the Detection of Adulteration

Case Study: Adulteration of Extra Virgin Olive Oils with Refined Hazelnut Oil

Index

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

71.

図書

71. Reviews of plasma physics (v. 1 - v. 24)

authorized translation from the Russian by Herbert Lashinsky ; edited by M.A. Leontovich

出版情報:	New York : Consultants Bureau, 1965- v. ; 24 cm
子書誌情報:	loading…
所蔵情報:	loading…

目次情報: 続きを見る

Cooperative Effects in Plasmas / B.B. KadomtsevPart 1：

Preliminaries / 1：

Nonlinear Waves / 2：

Waves and Particles / 3：

Plasma in a Magnetic Field / 4：

Linear Waves / 5：

Relativistic Interaction of Laser Pulse With Plasmas / S.V. Bulanov ; F. Califano ; G.I. Dudnikova ; T.Zh. Esirkepov ; I.N. Inovenkov ; F.F. Kamenets ; T.V. Liseikina ; M. Lontano ; K. Mima ; N. M. Naumova ; K. Nishihara ; F. Pegoraro ; H. Ruhl ; A.S. Sakharov ; Y. Sentoku ; V.A. Vshivkov ; V.V. ZhakhovskiiPart 2：

Introduction

Relativistically strong electromagnetic waves in underdense plasmas

Acceleration of charged particles and photons

Filamentation of the laser light and magnetic interaction of filaments and electromagnetic radiation

Relativistic solitons

Interactions of an ultrashort, relativistically strong, laser pulse with an overdense plasma

Nonlinear interactions of laser pulses with a foil / 6：

Coulomb explosion of a cluster irradiated by a high intensity laser pulse / 7：

Conclusions / 8：

References

Theoretical Principles of the Plasma-Equilibrium Control in Stellarators / V. D. Pustovitov

History of the problem and a general review of the theory / 1.：

The first problems of tokamaks and stellarators / 1.1.：

The problem of high [beta] / 1.2.：

Development of the MHD theory of stellarators / 1.3.：

High [beta] and the problem of plasmaequilibrium control / 1.4.：

Free-boundary plasma equilibrium / 1.5.：

Plasma-shape control in stellarators / 1.6.：

General equations of the theory of plasma equilibrium in conventional stellarators / 2.：

Stellarator approximation and the magnetic differential equation / 2.1.：

Real and averaged magnetic surfaces / 2.2.：

Integral quantities / 2.3.：

Currents in equilibrium configurations / 2.4.：

Longitudinal current in a stellarator / 2.5.：

Two-dimensional equation of plasma equilibrium in stellarators / 2.6.：

Analytical models / 3.：

Two-dimensional model of a stellarator / 3.1.：

Minimal set of parameters / 3.2.：

Description of the inner part of the plasma / 3.3.：

Effect of satellite harmonics on the stellarator configuration / 3.4.：

Control of plasma equilibrium using a vertical magnetic field / 4.：

Boundary conditions in equilibrium problems / 4.1.：

Reduction of the boundary conditions / 4.2.：

Effect of a vertical field on the plasmacolumn position in stellarators / 4.3.：

Suppression of the Pfirsch-Schluter current in conventional stellarators / 4.4.：

Integral independence on [beta] and "overcompensation" / 4.5.：

The influence of a quadrupole field on the stellarator configuration / 5.：

Control of the vacuum stellarator configuration using a quadrupole field / 5.1.：

Doublet-like stellarator configurations / 5.2.：

Control of the rotational-transform profile with the help of the quadrupole field / 5.3.：

Elongation of the plasma column as a means of increasing [beta][subscript eq] in stellarators / 5.4.：

List of main symbols

Fundamentals of Stationary Plasma Thruster Theory / A. I. Morozov ; V. V. Savelyev

General picture of processes in SPTs

Principal scheme of an SPT

Specifics of physical processes in SPTs

Quasi-autonomous functional units of SPTs

General system of equations and boundary conditions for SPT processes

Magnetic and electric fields in SPTs

Magnetic fields in SPTs

"Equipotentialization" of the magnetic force lines. Magnetic drift surfaces

The "loading" of magnetic force lines

Plasma electric field for the quasi-Maxwellian electron component

Remarks

Electron kinetics in the SPT channel

Characteristics of particle collisions with each other and with the surfaces

Electron distribution functions in the SPT channel

Debye layers on the SPT channel walls

The near-wall conductivity (NWC)

UHF-oscillations in the SPT channel / 3.5.：

Some conclusions / 3.6.：

Erosion of insulators in SPTs

The role and form of insulator erosion

Ion sputtering

Mathematical modeling of the anomalous erosion

Heavy particle dynamics in the SPT channel

Dynamics of single heavy particles

A kinetic description of ionizing heavy particles

Similarity criteria for discharges in SPT

The "inverse" problem of heavy particle dynamics

An analysis of processes using the emerging flux characteristics / 5.5.：

Estimate of energetic balance components in the SPT-ATON / 5.6.：

Low-frequency oscillations in SPTs / 6.：

Experimental data on LF-oscillations in the SPT channel / 6.1.：

Linear oscillations in a one-dimensional flux model without ionization / 6.2.：

One-dimensional self-consistent models for plasma flow in an SPT channel / 7.：

Modeling an SPT in the one-dimensional hydrodynamic approximation / 7.1.：

The results of calculations in the hydrodynamic model / 7.2.：

Dynamics of oscillations / 7.3.：

A hybrid model for the plasma flow in an SPT / 7.4.：

SPTs in real conditions / 8.：

The particle influx from the VC into the SPT / 8.1.：

Preventing particle influx from the VC / 8.2.：

Supersynchronization phenomenon / 8.3.：

Appendix

The necessity of electric propulsion thrusters / A.：

Preface

Mechanisma of Transverse Conductivity and Generation of Self-Consistent Electric Fields in Strongly Ionized Magnetized Plasma / V. Rozhansky

Conductivity Tensor in Partially Ionized Plasma / 1.1：

Main Mechanisms of Perpendicular Conductivity in Fully Ionized Plasma: Currents Caused by Viscosity, Inertia, Collisions with Neutrals, and [down triangle, open]B, and Mass-Loading Currents / 1.3：

Inertia Currents / 1.3.1：

Currents Caused by Ion-Neutral Collisions / 1.3.2：

Diamagnetic Currents / 1.3.3：

Viscosity-Driven Currents / 1.3.4：

Mass-Loading Current / 1.3.5：

Inertial (Polarization) and [down triangle, open]B Currents. Acceleration of Plasma Clouds in an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field / 1.4：

Alfven Conductivity / 1.5：

Perpendicular Viscosity, Radial Current, and Radial Electric Field in an Infinite Cylinder / 1.6：

Current Systems in Front of a Biased Electrode (Flush-Mounted Probe) and Spot of Emission / 1.7：

Viscosity-Driven Perpendicular Currents / 1.7.1：

Currents Driven by Ion-Neutral Collisions / 1.7.2：

General Situation / 1.7.3：

Spot of Emission / 1.7.5：

Currents in the Vicinity of a Biased Electrode That is Smaller Than the Ion Gyroradius / 1.8：

Neoclassical Perpendicular Conductivity in a Tokamak / 1.9：

Steady State Current / 1.9.1：

Time-Dependent Current / 1.9.2：

Transverse Conductivity in a Reversed Field Pinch / 1.10：

Modeling of Electric Field and Currents in the Tokamak Edge Plasma / 1.11：

Mechanisms of Anomalous Perpendicular Viscosity and Viscosity-Driven Currents / 1.12：

Transverse Conductivity in a Stochastic Magnetic Field / 1.13：

Nonstochastic Magnetic Field / 1.13.1：

Stochastic Magnetic Field / 1.13.2：

Electric Fields Generated in the Shielding Layer between Hot Plasma and a Solid State / 1.14：

Correlations and Anomalous Transport Models / O.G. Bakunin

Turbulent Diffusion and Transport / 2.1：

The Correlation Function and the Taylor Diffusivity / 2.2.1：

The Richardson Law / 2.2.2：

The Davydov Model of Turbulent Diffusion / 2.2.3：

The Batchelor Approximation for the Diffusion Coefficient / 2.2.4：

Nonlocal Effects and Diffusion Equations / 2.3：

The Functional Equation for Random Walks / 2.3.1：

Nonlocality and the Levy Distribution / 2.3.2：

The Monin Fractional Differential Equation / 2.3.3：

The Corrsin Conjecture / 2.4：

The Corrsin Independence Hypothesis / 2.4.1：

The Simplified Corrsin Conjecture / 2.4.2：

The Correlation Function and Scalings / 2.4.3：

Effects of Seed Diffusivity / 2.5：

Seed Diffusivity and Correlations / 2.5.1：

"Returns" and Correlations / 2.5.2：

The Stochastic Magnetic Field and Scalings / 2.5.3：

The Howells Result / 2.5.4：

The Diffusive Tracer Equation and Averaging / 2.6：

The Taylor Shear Flow Model / 2.6.1：

Generalization of the Taylor Model / 2.6.2：

The Zeldovich Flow and the Kubo Number / 2.6.3：

Advection and Zeldovich Scaling / 2.6.4：

The System of Random Shear Flows / 2.7：

The Dreizin-Dykhne Superdiffusion Regime / 2.7.1：

The Matheron-de Marsily Model / 2.7.2：

The "Manhattan Grid" Flow and Transport / 2.7.3：

The Quasi-Linear Approximation / 2.8：

Quasi-Linear Equations / 2.8.1：

Short-Range and Long-Range Correlations / 2.8.2：

The Telegraph Equation / 2.8.3：

Magnetic Diffusivity and the Kubo Number / 2.8.4：

The Diffusive Renormalization / 2.9：

The Dupree Approximation / 2.9.1：

The Dupree Theory Revisited / 2.9.2：

The Taylor-McNamara Correlation Function / 2.9.3：

The Kadomtsev-Pogutse Renormalization and the Stochastic Magnetic Field / 2.9.4：

Anomalous Transport and Convective Cells / 2.10：

Bohm Scaling and Electric Field Fluctuations / 2.10.1：

The Bohm Regime and Correlations / 2.10.2：

Convective Cells and Transport / 2.10.3：

Complex Structures and Convective Transport / 2.10.4：

Stochastic Instability and Transport / 2.11：

Stochastic Instability and Correlations / 2.11.1：

The Rechester-Rosenbluth Model / 2.11.2：

Collisional Effects and the Stix Formula / 2.11.3：

The Quasi-Isotropic Stochastic Magnetic Field and Transport / 2.11.4：

Quasi-Linear Scaling for the Stochastic Instability Increment / 2.11.5：

Fractal Conceptions and Turbulence / 2.12：

Fractality and Transport / 2.12.1：

The Richardson Law and Fractality / 2.12.2：

Intermittency and the Kolmogorov Law / 2.12.3：

Percolation and Scalings / 2.13：

Continuum Percolation and Transport / 2.13.1：

Renormalization and Percolation / 2.13.2：

Graded Percolation / 2.13.3：

Percolation and Turbulent Transport Scalings / 2.14：

Random Steady Flows and Seed Diffusivity / 2.14.1：

The Spatial Hierarchy of Scales and Stochastic Instability / 2.14.2：

Low Frequency Regimes / 2.14.3：

The Temporal Hierarchy of Scales and Correlations / 2.15：

The Spatial and Temporal Hierarchy of Scales / 2.15.1：

The Isichenko Intermediate Regime / 2.15.2：

Dissipation and Percolation Transport / 2.15.3：

The Stochastic Magnetic Field and Percolation Transport / 2.16：

Percolation and the Kadomtsev-Pogutse Scaling / 2.16.1：

Percolation Renormalization and the Stochastic Instability Increment / 2.16.3：

Percolation in Drift Flows / 2.17：

Graded Percolation and Drift Flows / 2.17.1：

Low Frequency Regimes and Drift Effects / 2.17.2：

Compressibility and Percolation / 2.17.3：

Multiscale Flows / 2.18：

The Nested Hierarchy of Scales and Drift Effects / 2.18.1：

The Brownian Landscape and Percolation / 2.18.2：

Correlations and Transport Scalings / 2.18.3：

The Diffusive Approximation and the Multiscale Model / 2.18.4：

Stochastic Instability and Time Scales / 2.18.5：

Isotropic and Anisotropic Turbulent Energy Spectra / 2.18.6：

The Multiscale Model of Transport in a Tangled Magnetic Field / 2.18.7：

Subdiffusion and Traps / 2.19：

The Balagurov and Vaks Model of Diffusion with Traps / 2.19.1：

Subdiffusion and Fractality / 2.19.2：

Comb Structures and Transport / 2.19.3：

Continuous Time Random Walks / 2.20：

The Montroll and Weiss Approach and Memory Effects / 2.20.1：

Fractional Differential Equations / 2.20.2：

The Taylor Definition and Memory Effects / 2.20.3：

Fractional Differential Equations and Scalings / 2.21：

The Klafter, Blumen, and Shlesinger Approximation / 2.21.1：

The Stochastic Magnetic Field and Balescu Approach / 2.21.2：

Longitudinal Correlations and the Diffusive Approximation / 2.21.3：

Vortex Structures and Trapping / 2.21.4：

Correlations and Trapping / 2.21.5：

Correlation and Phase-Space / 2.22：

The Corrsin Conjecture and Phase-Space / 2.22.1：

The Hamiltonian Nature of the Universal Hurst Exponent / 2.22.2：

The One-Flight Model and Transport / 2.22.3：

Correlations and Nonlocal Velocity Distribution / 2.22.4：

The Arrhenius Law and Phase-Space Distribution / 2.22.5：

Conclusion / 2.23：

Acknowledgements

Cooperative Effects in Plasmas / B.B. KadomtsevPart 1：

Preliminaries / 1：

Nonlinear Waves / 2：

72.

図書

72. Logic and objects (: pbk)

Francis G. McCabe

出版情報:	Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall, c1992 xxii, 289 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Prentice-Hall International series in computer science
子書誌情報:	loading…
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目次情報: 続きを見る

Preface

Introduction and background / 1：

What is logic programming? / 1.1：

Extensions to logic programming / 1.2：

Functions and relations / 1.2.1：

Programming on a larger scale / 1.2.2：

Object oriented and logic programming / 1.3：

Logic programming and static objects / 1.3.1：

Dynamic objects / 1.3.2：

Summary / 1.4：

Elements of LandO / 2：

Class templates / 2.1：

Syntax of LandO programs / 2.1.1：

Computing with class rules / 2.1.2：

Functions and conditional equalities / 2.2：

Expressions in programs / 2.2.1：

Mutable theories / 2.3：

assert, retract and LandO programs / 2.3.1：

Dynamic variables in LandO programs / 2.3.2：

Programming techniques / 2.4：

Class templates and modules / 3.1：

Generic modules / 3.1.1：

Data driven programming / 3.2：

The structure of objects / 3.3：

Inclusion and broadcasting / 3.3.1：

Specialization and inheritance / 3.3.2：

LandO programming methodology / 3.4：

Logic programming methodologies / 4.1：

The 'divide and conquer' programming methodology / 4.1.1：

The 'browse and modify' programming methodology / 4.1.2：

Application classification / 4.2：

Single-function applications / 4.2.1：

Multi-function applications / 4.2.2：

Abstract pipelines / 4.2.3：

Composite applications / 4.3：

LandO graphics / 4.4：

Introduction / 5.1：

Objects versus command sequences / 5.1.1：

Denoting pictures by terms / 5.2：

Simple pictures / 5.2.1：

Computing with pictures / 5.2.2：

More complex pictures / 5.3：

Aggregate pictures / 5.3.1：

Recursively defined pictures / 5.3.2：

Graphics calculations and aggregate pictures / 5.3.3：

Drawing modified pictures / 5.3.4：

Graphics and applications / 5.4：

The link between an application and its tools / 5.4.1：

Displaying graphic edit windows / 5.4.2：

Related work / 5.5：

Helm and Marriott / 5.5.1：

The travelling salesman / 5.6：

Two solutions to the travelling salesman / 6.1：

Incremental algorithms / 6.1.1：

Analysis of route in Program 6.3 / 6.1.2：

The driving salesman / 6.1.3：

The travelling salesman application / 6.2：

The representation of a town / 6.2.1：

The application's tools / 6.2.2：

A general purpose packer/scheduler / Tony Solomonides6.3：

The problems / 7.1：

Attributes and features: a wish list / 7.2：

The nature of boxes / 7.2.1：

Constraints / 7.3：

Three kinds of constraints / 7.3.1：

Content-related constraints / 7.3.2：

The underlying engine / 7.4：

How to stack boxes / 7.4.1：

The geometry of planar arrangements / 7.4.2：

Interval operations and their computation / 7.4.3：

Interval problems in three dimensions / 7.4.4：

Stacking boxes in three dimensions / 7.4.5：

The user interface / 7.5：

Semantics / 7.6：

Semantics of class templates / 8.1：

The fundamental intuition / 8.1.1：

The approach to understanding / 8.1.2：

A proof theory for LandO programs / 8.1.3：

Mapping LandO programs into clausal form / 8.1.4：

The soundness of LandO inference / 8.1.5：

The completeness of LandO inference / 8.1.6：

Conventional logic programs and LandO programs / 8.1.7：

A model theory for LandO programs / 8.1.8：

The logic of functions / 8.2：

Functions, terms and canonical forms / 8.2.1：

A simple evaluator for canon / 8.2.2：

The effect of evaluation order / 8.2.3：

Compiling expressions / 8.2.4：

Quoted expressions and evaluation / 8.2.5：

Implementing LandO / 8.3：

A preprocessor for LandO programs / 9.1：

Constraints on the translated programs / 9.1.1：

A strategy for compiling LandO programs / 9.1.2：

The label phase / 9.1.3：

The body phase / 9.1.4：

Class rules / 9.1.5：

A complete example / 9.1.6：

Equations and expressions / 9.1.7：

Dynamic variables / 9.1.8：

Tracing and debugging LandO programs / 9.1.9：

Dynamic LandO programs / 9.2：

A performance comparison of LandO programs / 9.3：

The LandO preprocessor / 9.4：

The top-level of the LandO preprocessor / A.1：

Consulting an LandO file / A.1.1：

The translator proper / A.1.2：

A single class body / A.1.3：

Examples of LandO programs / A.1.4：

The benchmark programs / B.1：

Naive reverse / B.1.1：

Quicksorting a list / B.1.2：

An air-line planner / B.2：

The travelling salesman program / C：

The packer algorithms / D：

Two-dimensional arrangements / D.1：

Three dimensional arrangements / D.2：

Interval algebra in three dimensions / D.3：

One-dimensional interval algebra / D.3.1：

Two dimensional interval algebra / D.3.2：

Three dimensional interval algebra / D.3.3：

General library programs / D.4：

Bibliography

Index

Preface

Introduction and background / 1：

What is logic programming? / 1.1：

73.

図書

73. Liquid crystal elastomers

M. Warner and E. M. Terentjev

出版情報:	Oxford : Oxford University Press, c2003 xiv, 407 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	The international series of monographs on physics ; 120
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A bird's eye view of liquid crystal elastomers / 1：

Liquid crystals / 2：

Ordering of rod and disc fluids / 2.1：

Nematic order / 2.2：

Free energy and phase transitions of nematics / 2.3：

Molecular theory of nematics / 2.4：

Distortions of nematic order / 2.5：

Transitions driven by external fields / 2.6：

Anisotropic viscosity and dissipation / 2.7：

Cholesteric liquid crystals / 2.8：

Smectic liquid crystals / 2.9：

Polymers, elastomers and rubber elasticity / 3：

Configurations of polymers / 3.1：

Liquid crystalline polymers / 3.2：

Shape of liquid crystalline polymers / 3.2.1：

Frank elasticity of nematic polymers / 3.2.2：

Classical rubber elasticity / 3.3：

Manipulating the elastic response of rubber / 3.4：

Finite extensibility and entanglements in elastomers / 3.5：

Classical elasticity / 4：

Deformation tensor and Cauchy-Green strain / 4.1：

Non-linear and linear elasticity / 4.2：

Geometry of deformations and rotations / 4.3：

Rotations / 4.3.1：

Shears and their decomposition / 4.3.2：

Square roots and polar decomposition of tensors / 4.3.3：

Compressibility of rubbery networks / 4.4：

Nematic elastomers / 5：

Structure and examples of nematic elastomers / 5.1：

Stress-optical coupling / 5.2：

Polydomain textures and alignment by stress / 5.3：

Monodomain 'single-crystal' nematic elastomers / 5.4：

Spontaneous shape changes / 5.4.1：

Nematic photoelastomers / 5.4.2：

Field-induced director rotation / 5.5：

Applications of liquid crystalline elastomers / 5.6：

Nematic rubber elasticity / 6：

Neo-classical theory / 6.1：

Spontaneous distortions / 6.2：

Equilibrium shape of nematic elastomers[Dagger] / 6.3：

Photo-mechanical effects / 6.4：

Thermal phase transitions / 6.5：

Effect of strain on nematic order / 6.6：

Mechanical and nematic instabilities / 6.7：

Mechanical Freedericks transition / 6.7.1：

The elastic low road / 6.7.2：

Finite extensibility and entanglements / 6.8：

Soft elasticity / 7：

Director anchoring to the bulk / 7.1：

Director rotation without strain / 7.1.1：

Coupling of rotations to pure shear / 7.1.2：

Soft modes of deformation / 7.2：

Principal symmetric strains and body rotations / 7.2.2：

Forms of the free energy allowing softness / 7.2.3：

Optimal deformations / 7.3：

A practical method of calculating deformations / 7.3.1：

Stretching perpendicular to the director / 7.3.2：

Semi-soft elasticity / 7.4：

Example: random copolymer networks / 7.4.1：

A practical geometry of semi-soft deformation / 7.4.2：

Experiments on long, semi-soft strips / 7.4.3：

Unconstrained elastomers in external fields / 7.4.4：

Semi-soft free energy and stress / 7.5：

Thermomechanical history and general semi-softness / 7.6：

Thermomechanical history dependence / 7.6.1：

Forms of the free energy violating softness / 7.6.2：

Distortions of nematic elastomers / 8：

Freedericks transitions in nematic elastomers / 8.1：

Strain-induced microstracture: stripe domains / 8.2：

General distortions of nematic elastomers / 8.3：

One-dimensional quasi-convexification / 8.3.1：

Full quasi-convexification / 8.3.2：

Numerical and experimental studies / 8.3.3：

Random disorder in nematic networks / 8.4：

Nematic ordering with quenched disorder / 8.4.1：

Characteristic domain size / 8.4.2：

Polydomain-monodomain transition / 8.4.3：

Cholesteric elastomers / 9：

Cholesteric networks / 9.1：

Intrinsically chiral networks / 9.1.1：

Chirally imprinted networks / 9.1.2：

Mechanical deformations / 9.2：

Uniaxial transverse elongation / 9.2.1：

Stretching along the pitch axis / 9.2.2：

Piezoelectricity of cholesteric elastomers / 9.3：

Imprinted cholesteric elastomers / 9.4：

Photonics of cholesteric elastomers / 9.5：

Photonics of liquid cholesterics / 9.5.1：

Photonics of elastomers / 9.5.2：

Experimental observations / 9.5.3：

Lasing in cholesterics / 9.5.4：

Continuum description of nematic elastomers / 10：

From molecular theory to continuum elasticity / 10.1：

Compressibility effects / 10.1.1：

The limit of linear elasticity / 10.1.2：

The role of nematic anisotropy / 10.1.3：

Phenomenological theory for small deformations / 10.2：

Strain-induced rotation / 10.3：

Symmetry arguments / 10.4：

The mechanism of soft deformation / 10.4.2：

Continuum representation of semi-softness / 10.5：

Unconstrained director fluctuations / 10.6：

Unconstrained phonons / 10.7：

Light scattering from director fluctuations / 10.8：

Dynamics of liquid crystal elastomers / 11：

Classical rubber dynamics / 11.1：

Rouse model and entanglements / 11.1.1：

Dynamical response of entangled networks / 11.1.2：

Long time stress relaxation / 11.1.3：

Nematohydrodynamics of elastic solids / 11.2：

Viscous coefficients and relaxation times / 11.2.1：

Balance of forces and torques / 11.2.2：

Symmetries and order parameter / 11.2.3：

Response to oscillating strains / 11.3：

Oscillating shear / 11.4：

Steady stress relaxation / 11.4.2：

Smectic elastomers / 12：

Materials and preparation / 12.1：

Smectic A elastomers / 12.1.1：

Smectic C and ferroelectric C elastomers / 12.1.2：

Physical properties of smectic elastomers / 12.2：

Smectic-A elastomers / 12.2.1：

Smectic-C elastomers / 12.2.2：

A molecular model of Smectic-A rubber elasticity / 12.3：

The geometry of affine layer deformations / 12.3.1：

Response to principal deformations / 12.3.2：

General deformations of a SmA elastomer / 12.3.3：

Instability and CMHH microstructure / 12.4：

Comparison with experiment / 12.5：

Smectic-C rubber elasticity / 12.6：

SmC soft deformations / 12.6.1：

SmC deformations with microstructure / 12.6.2：

Continuum description of smectic elastomers / 13：

Continuum description of smectic A elastomers / 13.1：

Relative translations in smectic networks revisited / 13.1.1：

Nematic -strain, -rotation and -smectic couplings / 13.1.2：

Effective smectic elasticity of elastomers / 13.2：

Effective rubber elasticity of smectic elastomers / 13.3：

Layer elasticity and fluctuations in smectic A elastomers / 13.4：

Layer buckling instabilities: the CMHH effect / 13.5：

Quenched layer disorder and the N-A phase transition / 13.6：

References / 13.7：

Index

Author Index

Online Appendices: (www.lcelastomer.org.uk)

Nematic order in elastomers under strain / A：

Biaxial soft elasticity / B：

Stripe microstructure / C：

Couple-stress and Cosserat elasticity / D：

Expansion at small deformations and rotations / E：

Smectic C soft elasticity / F：

A bird's eye view of liquid crystal elastomers / 1：

Liquid crystals / 2：

Ordering of rod and disc fluids / 2.1：

74.

図書

74. SO[2], NO, and NO[2] oxidation mechanisms : atmospheric considerations

edited by Jack G. Calvert

出版情報:	Boston : Butterworth Publishers, c1984 xiv, 254 p. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名:	Acid precipitation series ; v. 3
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75.

図書

75. Single-particle cryo-EM of biological macromolecules

edited by Robert M Glaeser, Eva Nogales, Wah Chiu

出版情報:	Bristol : IOP Publishing, c2021 1 v. ; 27 cm
シリーズ名:	Biophysical Society-IOP series
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Editor biographies

Section authors

Introduction and overview / 1：

Visualizing biological molecules to understand life's principles / 1.1：

A brief historical perspective on scattering-based structural biology methods / 1.1.1：

Unique capabilities of cryo-EM: polymers and viruses / 1.1.2：

Unique capabilities of cryo-EM: integral membrane proteins / 1.1.3：

Unique capabilities of cryo-EM: large assemblies / 1.1.4：

Unique capabilities of cryo-EM: scarce samples / 1.1.5：

Unique capabilities of cryo-EM: compositionally heterogeneous samples / 1.1.6：

Unique capabilities of cryo-EM: conformationally complex samples / 1.1.7：

Current limits of cryo-EM and things yet to come / 1.1.8：

Recovery of 3D structures from images of weak-phase objects / 1.2：

The signal that we care about is attributed to elastic scattering of electrons / 1.2.1：

The electron accumulates information as it passes through a specimen / 1.2.2：

The image wave function, and thus the image intensity, suffers from imperfections in the microscope optics / 1.2.3：

Intermediate summary: the image intensity is linear in the projected Coulomb potential of the object / 1.2.4：

Structure-factor phases, as well as amplitudes, are retained in the computed Fourier transforms of image intensities / 1.2.5：

The projection theorem: the Fourier transform of an image corresponds to a 2D 'central' section within the 3D Fourier transform of the object / 1.2.6：

The 3D object can be reconstructed from multiple projections / 1.2.7：

Similarities and differences between sub-tomogram averaging and single-particle cryo-EM / 1.2.8：

References

Sample preparation / 2：

Overview / 2.1：

Initial screening of samples in negative stain / 2.2：

Introduction / 2.2.1：

Negative staining for TEM / 2.2.2：

Purpose of negative staining when starting a project / 2.2.3：

Techniques for the preparation of negatively stained samples / 2.2.4：

Use of data processing to provide feedback to optimize samples for cryo-EM / 2.2.5：

Standard method of making grids for cryo-EM / 2.3：

Grids and support films / 2.3.1：

Plasma cleaning or 'glow discharging' grids / 2.3.2：

Types of apparatus used for plunge freezing / 2.3.3：

Blotting and plunging the grid using plunge freezers / 2.3.4：

Common issues faced in making grids for cryo-EM imaging / 2.3.5：

Requirement to make very thin specimens for cryo-EM / 2.4：

Inelastic electron scattering causes the image quality to deteriorate with increasing sample thickness values / 2.4.1：

The projection approximation may fail if the sample is too thick / 2.4.2：

Areas of a grid where the sample is obviously too thick can, and should be, avoided during data collection / 2.4.3：

Areas where the sample is much too thin, perhaps even air-dried, can sometimes be avoided just on the basis of their subjective appearance / 2.4.4：

Current strategies for optimizing preparation of cryo-grids / 2.5：

Behavior of particles in the thin film environment / 2.5.1：

Approaches to alter particle behavior in the thin film / 2.5.2：

New technologies for sample preparation / 2.5.3：

Data collection / 3：

Radiation damage in cryo-EM / 3.1：

Interaction cross sections, elastic, and inelastic interactions / 3.2.1：

Cryoprotection and primary, secondary, and tertiary radiation damage / 3.2.3：

Radiation damage dependence on electron energy / 3.2.4：

Practical implications of radiation damage: image averaging in cryo-EM / 3.2.5：

Resolution dependence and exposure weighting / 3.2.6：

Radiation damage versus beam-induced motion and charging / 3.2.7：

Low-dose protocols for recording images / 3.3：

Automated low-dose imaging / 3.3.1：

Improving throughput / 3.3.2：

Electron exposure levels used during high-resolution data collection / 3.3.3：

Practical considerations: defocus. stigmation, coma-free illumination, and phase plates / 3.4：

Why do we need to defocus the microscope? / 3.4.1：

Effects of defocus on the image and its information content / 3.4.2：

Defocus variation is necessary to obtain uniform information coverage in reciprocal space / 3.4.3：

Optical correction of astigmatism and coma aberrations / 3.4.4：

Use of phase plates to improve image contrast and the expected benefits / 3.4.5：

Practical considerations: movie-mode data acquisition / 3.5：

Magnification and resolution / 3.5.1：

Dose rate / 3.5.2：

Strategies for motion correction / 3.5.3：

Total dose or exposure time / 3.5.4：

File size of movie datasets / 3.5.5：

Summary / 3.5.6：

Data processing / 4：

Automated extraction of particles / 4.1：

From micrographs to particles / 4.2.1：

Manual selection / 4.2.2：

Unbiased automated approaches / 4.2.3：

Particle extraction / 4.2.4：

Cleaning up the results through classification / 4.2.5：

CTF estimation and image correction (restoration) / 4.3：

CTF estimation / 4.3.1：

Image correction / 4.3.2：

Magnification distortion / 4.3.3：

Concluding remarks / 4.3.4：

Merging data from structurally homogeneous subsets / 4.4：

How many particle images are needed for a 3D reconstruction? / 4.4.1：

Obtaining a 3D reconstruction / 4.4.2：

Acknowledgments

3D classification of structurally heterogeneous particles / 4.5：

Global 3D classification / 4.5.1：

Masked 3D classification / 4.5.3：

3D classification of particles with pseudo-symmetry / 4.5.4：

Dealing with continuous motions / 4.5.5：

Conclusion / 4.5.6：

Preferred orientation: how to recognize and deal with adverse effects / 4.6：

Protein interaction with the air-water interface / 4.6.1：

Preferred orientation and its effects in cryo-EM / 4.6.2：

Quantifying preferred orientation and its effects on cryo-EM reconstructions / 4.6.3：

Overcoming the effects of preferred orientation / 4.6.4：

Areas of research / 4.6.5：

B factors and map sharpening / 4.7：

An ideal 3D reconstruction has a predictable radial amplitude spectrum / 4.7.1：

Actual 3D reconstructions feature dampened amplitudes at high frequencies / 4.7.2：

Several factors contribute to signal decay at high frequencies / 4.7.3：

Gaussian falloff, parametrized by a B factor, is a useful model of signal loss / 4.7.4：

Estimating B factors / 4.7.5：

Sharpening a map / 4.7.6：

A single inverse Gaussian filter using a global B factor does not always lead to the optimal map / 4.7.7：

Optical aberrations and Ewald sphere curvature / 4.8：

Further considerations on the aberration function Â¿(s) / 4.8.1：

Common types of aberrations / 4.8.2：

Practical considerations for aberration correction / 4.8.3：

Thick objects and the Ewald sphere / 4.8.4：

Ewald sphere correction / 4.8.5：

Map validation / 5：

Measures of resolution: FSC and local resolution / 5.1：

The 'gold-standard' FSC / 5.2.1：

Resolution thresholds / 5.2.2：

FSC artifacts due to masking, filtration, and CTF / 5.2.3：

Local resolution / 5.2.4：

Resolution anisotropy / 5.2.5：

Recognizing the effect of bias and over-fitting / 5.3：

Introduction and nature of the problem arising from iterative refinement / 5.3.1：

Assessing the consistency of maps with projection data / 5.3.2：

Detecting over-fitting at high resolution in maps and effect on the FSC / 5.3.3：

Local over-fitting / 5.3.4：

Estimates of alignment accuracy / 5.3.5：

Correlation and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) / 5.4.1：

Analysis of alignment accuracy with synthetic data / 5.4.2：

The relationship between alignment accuracy and resolution / 5.4.3：

Estimating alignment accuracy from tilt pairs / 5.4.4：

Estimating alignment accuracy from the reconstructed map / 5.4.5：

Estimating alignment accuracy from projection-matching results / 5.4.6：

Discussion / 5.5：

Acknowledgements

Model building and validation / 6：

Using known components or homologs: model building / 6.1：

Identifying known/modeled structures of individual subunits / 6.2.1：

Rigid-body fitting / 6.2.2：

Flexible fitting / 6.2.3：

Building atomistic models in cryo-EM density maps / 6.3：

Building models into cryo-EM density maps / 6.3.1：

Model refinement / 6.3.3：

Model validation / 6.3.4：

Model uncertainty / 6.3.5：

Model deposition / 6.3.6：

Revisiting the cryo-EM model challenge / 6.3.7：

Toward the future / 6.3.8：

Conclusions / 6.3.9：

Quality evaluation of cryo-EM map-derived models / 6.4：

Map-model metrics / 6.4.1：

Model-only metrics / 6.4.3：

Summary and conclusions / 6.4.4：

Acknowledgment

How algorithms from crystallography are helping electron cryo-microscopy / 6.5：

Map improvement / 6.5.1：

Map interpretation and model building / 6.5.3：

Model optimization / 6.5.4：

Validation / 6.5.5：

Validation-guided corrections / 6.5.6：

Archiving structures and data / 6.5.7：

Single-particle cryo-EM structure deposition / 6.6.1：

Preparing files for deposition / 6.6.3：

Data validation / 6.6.4：

Sample sequence and ligands / 6.6.5：

Deposition using OneDep / 6.6.6：

Post-deposition: what happens next? / 6.6.7：

Accessing cryo-EM structure data / 6.6.8：

Editor biographies

Section authors

Introduction and overview / 1：

76.

図書

76. Low-power CMOS design for wireless transceivers

Alireza Zolfaghari

出版情報:	Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2003 xvi, 106 p. ; 24 cm.
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Introduction / 1.：

Wireless Networks / 1.1：

GPS / 1.2：

Overview of Topics / 1.3：

Transceiver Architecture / 2.：

Receiver Architectures / 2.1：

Heterodyne Receivers / 2.2.1：

Homodyne Receivers / 2.2.2：

Image-Reject Receivers / 2.2.3：

Transmitter Architectures / 2.3：

Direct-Conversion Transmitters / 2.3.1：

Two-Step Transmitters / 2.3.2：

Proposed Transceiver Architecture / 2.4：

Compatibility with GPS / 2.5：

Stacked Inductors and Transformers / 3.：

Definitions of the Quality Factor / 3.1：

Large inductors with high self-resonance frequencies / 3.3：

Derivation of Self-Resonance Frequency / 3.4：

Modification of Stacked Inductors / 3.5：

Stacked Transformers / 3.6：

Experimental Results / 3.7：

Receiver Front End / 4.：

Low-Noise Amplifier / 4.1：

RF Mixers / 4.3：

First Downconversion / 4.4：

Second Downconversion / 4.5：

Divide-by-Two Circuit / 4.5.1：

Passive Mixers / 4.5.2：

Transmitter / 5.：

First Upconversion / 5.1：

Second Upconversion / 5.3：

Power Amplifier / 5.4：

Channel-Select Filter / 6.：

Noninvasive Filtering / 6.1：

General Idea / 6.2.1：

Noise Performance / 6.2.2：

Filter Tuning / 6.2.3：

Filter Design / 6.3：

Bluetooth Signal / 6.3.1：

Single-Tone Interferers / 6.3.2：

Intermodulation Specification / 6.3.3：

Order of Filter / 6.3.4：

Filter Realization / 6.4：

Transconductor Stage / 6.4.1：

Input Transconductor and Parallel Resistor / 6.4.2：

Capacitors / 6.4.3：

Test Setup / 6.4.4：

Equipment / 7.2.1：

Test Board / 7.2.2：

Noise Figure Measurements at Low Frequencies / 7.2.3：

First Prototype: RF Front-End Chip / 7.3：

Second Prototype: Transmitter/Receiver Chip / 7.4：

Conclusion / 8.：

References

Introduction / 1.：

Wireless Networks / 1.1：

GPS / 1.2：

77.

図書

77. Critical phenomena in natural sciences : chaos, fractals, selforganization and disorder : concepts and tools. 2nd ed (: pbk)

Didier Sornette

出版情報:	Berlin : Springer, c2006 xxii, 528 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Springer series in synergetics Springer complexity
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Useful Notions of Probability Theory / 1：

What Is Probability? / 1.1：

First Intuitive Notions / 1.1.1：

Objective Versus Subjective Probability / 1.1.2：

Bayesian View Point / 1.2：

Introduction / 1.2.1：

Bayes' Theorem / 1.2.2：

Bayesian Explanation for Change of Belief / 1.2.3：

Bayesian Probability and the Dutch Book / 1.2.4：

Probability Density Function / 1.3：

Measures of Central Tendency / 1.4：

Measure of Variations from Central Tendency / 1.5：

Moments and Characteristic Function / 1.6：

Cumulants / 1.7：

Maximum of Random Variables and Extreme Value Theory / 1.8：

Maximum Value Among N Random Variables / 1.8.1：

Stable Extreme Value Distributions / 1.8.2：

First Heuristic Derivation of the Stable Gumbel Distribution / 1.8.3：

Second Heuristic Derivation of the Stable Gumbel Distribution / 1.8.4：

Practical Use and Expression of the Coefficients of the Gumbel Distribution / 1.8.5：

The Gnedenko-Pickands-Balkema-de Haan Theorem and the pdfofPeaks-Over-Threshold / 1.8.6：

Sums of Random Variables, Random Walks and the Central Limit Theorem / 2：

TheRandomWalkProblem / 2.1：

AverageDrift / 2.1.1：

Diffusion Law / 2.1.2：

Brownian Motion as Solution of a Stochastic ODE / 2.1.3：

FractalStructure / 2.1.4：

Self-Affinity / 2.1.5：

Master and Diffusion (Fokker-Planck) Equations / 2.2：

Simple Formulation / 2.2.1：

GeneralFokker-PlanckEquation / 2.2.2：

ItoVersusStratonovich / 2.2.3：

Extracting Model Equations from Experimental Data / 2.2.4：

TheCentralLimit Theorem / 2.3：

Convolution / 2.3.1：

Statement / 2.3.2：

Conditions / 2.3.3：

CollectivePhenomenon / 2.3.4：

Renormalization Group Derivation / 2.3.5：

Recursion Relation and Perturbative Analysis / 2.3.6：

Large Deviations / 3：

CumulantExpansion / 3.1：

LargeDeviationTheorem / 3.2：

Quantification of the Deviation from the Central Limit Theorem / 3.2.1：

Heuristic Derivation of the Large Deviation Theorem(3.9) / 3.2.2：

Example: the Binomial Law / 3.2.3：

Non-identically Distributed Random Variables / 3.2.4：

Large Deviations with Constraints and the Boltzmann Formalism / 3.3：

Frequencies Conditioned byLargeDeviations / 3.3.1：

PartitionFunctionFormalism / 3.3.2：

LargeDeviationsintheDiceGame / 3.3.3：

Model Construction from Large Deviations / 3.3.4：

Large Deviations in the Gutenberg-Richter Law and the Gamma Law / 3.3.5：

Extreme Deviations / 3.4：

The "Democratic" Result / 3.4.1：

Application to the Multiplication of Random Variables: a Mechanism for Stretched Exponentials / 3.4.2：

Application to Turbulence and to Fragmentation / 3.4.3：

Large Deviations in the Sum of Variables with Power Law Distributions / 3.5：

General Case with Exponent ? > 2 / 3.5.1：

Borderline Case with Exponent ? = 2 / 3.5.2：

Power Law Distributions / 4：

Stable Laws: Gaussian and LÃ©vy Laws / 4.1：

Definition / 4.1.1：

The Gaussian Probability Density Function / 4.1.2：

TheLog-NormalLaw / 4.1.3：

The LÃ©vy Laws / 4.1.4：

Truncated LÃ©vy Laws101 / 4.1.5：

PowerLaws / 4.2：

How Does One Tame "Wild" Distributions? / 4.2.1：

Multifractal Approach / 4.2.2：

Anomalous Diffusion of Contaminants in the Earth's Crust and the Atmosphere / 4.3：

General Intuitive Derivation / 4.3.1：

More Detailed Model of Tracer Diffusion in the Crust / 4.3.2：

Anomalous Diffusion in a Fluid / 4.3.3：

Intuitive Calculation Tools for Power Law Distributions / 4.4：

Fox Function, Mittag-Leffler Function and LÃ©vy Distributions / 4.5：

Fractals and Multifractals / 5：

Fractals / 5.1：

A First Canonical Example: the Triadic Cantor Set / 5.1.1：

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? / 5.1.3：

The Hausdorff Dimension / 5.1.4：

ExamplesofNaturalFractals / 5.1.5：

Multifractals / 5.2：

Correction Method for Finite Size Effects and Irregular Geometries / 5.2.1：

Origin of Multifractality and Some Exact Results / 5.2.3：

Generalization of Multifractality: Infinitely Divisible Cascades / 5.2.4：

ScaleInvariance / 5.3：

Relation with Dimensional Analysis / 5.3.1：

TheMultifractalRandomWalk / 5.4：

A First Step: the Fractional Brownian Motion / 5.4.1：

Definition and Properties of the Multifractal Random Walk / 5.4.2：

Complex Fractal Dimensions and Discrete Scale Invariance / 5.5：

Definition of Discrete Scale Invariance / 5.5.1：

Log-Periodicity and Complex Exponents / 5.5.2：

Importance and Usefulness of Discrete Scale Invariance / 5.5.3：

Scenarii Leading to Discrete Scale Invariance / 5.5.4：

Rank-Ordering Statistics and Heavy Tails / 6：

Probability Distributions / 6.1：

Definition of Rank Ordering Statistics / 6.2：

NormalandLog-NormalDistributions / 6.3：

TheExponentialDistribution / 6.4：

PowerLawDistributions / 6.5：

MaximumLikelihoodEstimation / 6.5.1：

QuantilesofLargeEvents / 6.5.2：

Power Laws with a Global Constraint: "Fractal Plate Tectonics" / 6.5.3：

The Gamma Law / 6.6：

The Stretched Exponential Distribution / 6.7：

Maximum Likelihood and Other Estimators ofStretchedExponentialDistributions / 6.8：

Two-Parameter Stretched Exponential Distribution / 6.8.1：

Three-Parameter Weibull Distribution / 6.8.3：

GeneralizedWeibullDistributions / 6.8.4：

Statistical Mechanics: Probabilistic Point of View and the Concept of "Temperature" / 7：

Statistical Derivation of the Concept of Temperature / 7.1：

Statistical Thermodynamics / 7.2：

Statistical Mechanics as Probability Theory with Constraints / 7.3：

GeneralFormulation / 7.3.1：

First Law of Thermodynamics / 7.3.2：

ThermodynamicPotentials / 7.3.3：

Does the Concept of Temperature Apply to Non-thermal Systems? / 7.4：

Formulation of the Problem / 7.4.1：

AGeneralModelingStrategy / 7.4.2：

DiscriminatingTests / 7.4.3：

Stationary Distribution with External Noise / 7.4.4：

Effective Temperature Generated byChaoticDynamics / 7.4.5：

Principle of Least Action for Out-Of-Equilibrium Systems / 7.4.6：

Superstatistics / 7.4.7：

Long-Range Correlations / 8：

Criterion for the Relevance of Correlations / 8.1：

StatisticalInterpretation / 8.2：

An Application: Super-Diffusion in a Layered Fluid with Random Velocities / 8.3：

AdvancedResultsonCorrelations / 8.4：

CorrelationandDependence / 8.4.1：

Statistical Time Reversal Symmetry / 8.4.2：

Fractional Derivation and Long-Time Correlations / 8.4.3：

Phase Transitions: Critical Phenomena and First-Order Transitions / 9：

SpinModelsat TheirCriticalPoints / 9.1：

Definition of the Spin Model / 9.2.1：

CriticalBehavior / 9.2.2：

Long-Range Correlations of Spin Models at their Critical Points / 9.2.3：

First-OrderVersusCriticalTransitions / 9.3：

Definition and Basic Properties / 9.3.1：

Dynamical Landau-Ginzburg Formulation / 9.3.2：

The Scaling Hypothesis: Dynamical Length Scales for Ordering / 9.3.3：

Transitions, Bifurcations and Precursors / 10：

"Supercritical" Bifurcation / 10.1：

Critical PrecursoryFluctuations / 10.2：

"Subcritical" Bifurcation / 10.3：

Scaling and Precursors Near Spinodals / 10.4：

SelectionofanAttractorintheAbsence of a Potential / 10.5：

The Renormalization Group / 11：

General Framework / 11.1：

An Explicit Example: Spins on a Hierarchical Network / 11.2：

Renormalization Group Calculation / 11.2.1：

Fixed Points, Stable Phases and Critical Points / 11.2.2：

Singularities and Critical Exponents / 11.2.3：

Complex Exponents and Log-Periodic Correctionsto Scaling / 11.2.4：

"Weierstrass-Type Functions" from Discrete Renormalization Group Equations / 11.2.5：

Criticality and the Renormalization Group on Euclidean Systems / 11.3：

A Novel Application to the Construction of Functional Approximants / 11.4：

GeneralConcepts / 11.4.1：

Self-Similar Approximants / 11.4.2：

Towards a Hierarchical View of the World / 11.5：

The Percolation Model / 12：

Percolationas a Model ofCracking / 12.1：

Effective Medium Theory and Percolation / 12.2：

Renormalization Group Approach to Percolation and Generalizations / 12.3：

Cell-to-Site Transformation / 12.3.1：

A Word of Caution on Real Space Renormalization Group Techniques / 12.3.2：

The Percolation Model on the Hierarchical Diamond Lattice / 12.3.3：

Directed Percolation / 12.4：

Definitions / 12.4.1：

UniversalityClass / 12.4.2：

Field Theory: Stochastic Partial Differential Equation with Multiplicative Noise / 12.4.3：

Self-Organized Formulation of Directed Percolation and Scaling Laws / 12.4.4：

Rupture Models / 13：

TheBranchingModel / 13.1：

Mean Field Version or Branching on the Bethe Lattice / 13.1.1：

A Branching-Aggregation Model Automatically Functioning at Its Critical Point / 13.1.2：

Generalization of Critical Branching Models / 13.1.3：

Fiber Bundle Models and the Effects of Stress Redistribution / 13.2：

One-Dimensional System of Fibers Associated in Series / 13.2.1：

Democratic Fiber Bundle Model (Daniels, 1945) / 13.2.2：

Hierarchical Model / 13.3：

The Simplest Hierarchical Model of Rupture / 13.3.1：

Quasi-Static Hierarchical Fiber Rupture Model / 13.3.2：

Hierarchical Fiber Rupture Model with Time-Dependence / 13.3.3：

Quasi-Static Models in Euclidean Spaces / 13.4：

A Dynamical Model of Rupture Without Elasto-Dynamics: the "Thermal Fuse Model" / 13.5：

Time-to-Failure and Rupture Criticality / 13.6：

Critical Time-to-Failure Analysis / 13.6.1：

Time-to-Failure Behavior in the Dieterich Friction Law / 13.6.2：

Mechanisms for Power Laws / 14：

Temporal Copernican Principle and ? = 1 Universal Distribution of Residual Lifetimes / 14.1：

Change of Variable / 14.2：

Power Law Change of Variable Close to the Origin / 14.2.1：

CombinationofExponentials / 14.2.2：

Maximization of the Generalized Tsallis Entropy / 14.3：

Superposition of Distributions / 14.4：

Power Law Distribution ofWidths / 14.4.1：

Sum of Stretched Exponentials (Chap. 3) / 14.4.2：

Double Pareto Distribution by Superposition of Log-Normalpdf's / 14.4.3：

Random Walks: Distribution of Return Times to the Origin / 14.5：

Derivation / 14.5.1：

Applications / 14.5.2：

Sweeping of a Control Parameter Towards an Instability / 14.6：

Growth with Preferential Attachment / 14.7：

Multiplicative Noise with Constraints / 14.8：

Definition of the Process / 14.8.1：

The Kesten Multiplicative Stochastic Process / 14.8.2：

Random Walk Analogy / 14.8.3：

Exact Derivation, Generalization and Applications / 14.8.4：

The "Coherent-Noise" Mechanism / 14.9：

Avalanches in Hysteretic Loops and First-Order Transitions with Randomness / 14.10：

"Highly Optimized Tolerant" (HOT) Systems / 14.11：

Mechanism for the Power Law Distribution of Fire Sizes / 14.11.1：

"Constrained Optimization with Limited Deviations" (COLD) / 14.11.2：

HOT versus Percolation / 14.11.3：

Self-Organized Criticality / 15：

What Is Self-OrganizedCriticality? / 15.1：

SandpileModels / 15.1.1：

Generalities / 15.2.1：

TheAbelianSandpile / 15.2.2：

Threshold Dynamics / 15.3：

Generalization / 15.3.1：

Illustration of Self-Organized Criticality Within the Earth's Crust / 15.3.2：

Scenarios for Self-Organized Criticality / 15.4：

Nonlinear Feedback of the "Order Parameter" onto the "Control Parameter" / 15.4.1：

Generic Scale Invariance / 15.4.3：

Mapping onto a Critical Point / 15.4.4：

Mapping to Contact Processes / 15.4.5：

Critical Desynchronization / 15.4.6：

Extremal Dynamics / 15.4.7：

Dynamical System Theory of Self-Organized Criti-cality / 15.4.8：

Tests of Self-Organized Criticality in Complex Systems: the Example of the Earth'sCrust / 15.5：

Introduction to the Physics of Random Systems / 16：

The Random Energy Model / 16.1：

Non-Self-Averaging Properties / 16.3：

Fragmentation Models / 16.3.1：

Randomness and Long-Range Laplacian Interactions / 17：

Levy Distributions from Random Distributions of Sources with Long-Range Interactions / 17.1：

Holtsmark's Gravitational Force Distribution / 17.1.1：

Generalization to Other Fields (Electric, Elastic, Hydrodynamics) / 17.1.2：

Long-Range Field Fluctuations Due to Irregular Arrays of Sources at Boundaries / 17.2：

Problem and Main Results / 17.2.1：

Calculation Methods / 17.2.2：

References / 17.2.3：

Index

Useful Notions of Probability Theory / 1：

What Is Probability? / 1.1：

First Intuitive Notions / 1.1.1：

78.

図書

78. Nanotechnology : an introduction to nanostructuring techniques

Michael Köhler, Wolfgang Fritzsche

出版情報:	Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, c2004 ix, 272 p ; 25 cm
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Introduction / 1：

The Way into the Nanoworld / 1.1：

From Micro- to Nanotechniques / 1.1.1：

Definition of Nanostructures / 1.1.2：

Insight into the Nanoworld / 1.1.3：

Intervention into the Nanoworld / 1.1.4：

Building Blocks of Nanotechnology / 1.2：

Interactions and Topology / 1.3：

The Microscopic Environment of the Nanoworld / 1.4：

Molecular Basics / 2：

Particles and Bonds / 2.1：

Chemical Bonds in Nanotechnology / 2.1.1：

Van der Waals Interactions / 2.1.2：

Dipole-Dipole Interactions / 2.1.3：

Ionic Interactions / 2.1.4：

Metal Bonds / 2.1.5：

Covalent Bonds / 2.1.6：

Coordinative Bonds / 2.1.7：

Hydrogen Bridge Bonds / 2.1.8：

Polyvalent Bonds / 2.1.9：

Chemical Structure / 2.2：

Binding Topologies / 2.2.1：

Building Blocks of Covalent Architecture / 2.2.2：

Units for a Coordinated Architecture / 2.2.3：

Building Blocks for Weakly Bound Aggregates / 2.2.4：

Assembly of Complex Structures through the Internal Hierarchy of Binding Strengths / 2.2.5：

Reaction Probability and Reaction Equilibrium / 2.2.6：

Microtechnological Foundations / 3：

Planar Technology / 3.1：

Preparation of Thin Layers / 3.2：

Condition and Preprocessing of the Substrate Surface / 3.2.1：

Layer Deposition from the Gas Phase / 3.2.2：

Evaporation / 3.2.3：

Sputtering / 3.2.4：

Chemical Vapor Deposition / 3.2.5：

Galvanic Deposition / 3.2.6：

Deposition by Spinning (Spin Coating) / 3.2.7：

Shadow-mask Deposition Techniques / 3.2.8：

Preparation of Ultrathin Inorganic Layers and Surface-bound Nanoparticles / 3.3：

Ultrathin Layers by Vacuum Deposition Processes / 3.3.1：

Deposition of Ultrathin Films from the Liquid Phase / 3.3.2：

In Situ Generation of Ultrathin Inorganic Films by Chemical Surface Modification / 3.3.3：

In Situ Formation of Ultrathin Inorganic Layers on Heteroorganic Materials / 3.3.4：

Immobilization of Nanoparticles / 3.3.5：

In Situ Formation of Inorganic Nanoparticles / 3.3.6：

Structure Generation and Fabrication of Lithographic Masks / 3.4：

Adhesive Mask Technique / 3.4.1：

Role of Resist in Photolithography / 3.4.2：

Serial Pattern Transfer / 3.4.3：

Group Transfer Processes / 3.4.4：

Maskless Structure Generation / 3.4.5：

Soft Lithography / 3.4.6：

Etching Processes / 3.5：

Etching Rate and Selectivity / 3.5.1：

Isotropic and Anisotropic Etching Processes / 3.5.2：

Lithographic Resolution in Etching Processes / 3.5.3：

Wet Etching Processes / 3.5.4：

Dry Etching Processes / 3.5.5：

High-resolution Dry Etching Techniques / 3.5.6：

Choice of Mask for Nanolithographic Etching Processes / 3.5.7：

Packaging / 3.6：

Biogenic and Bioanalogue Molecules in Technical Microstructures / 3.7：

Preparation of Nanostructures / 4：

Principles of Fabrication / 4.1：

Subtractive and Additive Creation of Nanostructures / 4.1.1：

Nanostructure Generation by Lift-off Processes / 4.1.2：

Principles of Nanotechnical Shape-definition and Construction / 4.1.3：

Nanomechanical Structure Generation / 4.2：

Scaling Down of Mechanical Processing Techniques / 4.2.1：

Local Mechanical Cutting Processes / 4.2.2：

Surface Transport Methods / 4.2.3：

Reshaping Processes / 4.2.4：

Printing Processes / 4.2.5：

Nanolithography / 4.3：

Structure Transfer by Electromagnetic Radiation / 4.3.1：

Nanolithographic Transfer of Groups of Elements by Optical Projection / 4.3.2：

EUV and X-ray Lithography / 4.3.3：

Multilayer Resists Techniques with Optical Pattern Transfer / 4.3.4：

Near-field Optical Structure Techniques with Contact Masks / 4.3.5：

Energetic Particles in Nanolithographic Structure Transfer / 4.3.6：

Electron Beam Lithography / 4.3.7：

Ion Beam Lithography / 4.3.8：

Atomic Beam Lithography / 4.3.9：

Molecular and Nanoparticle Beam Lithography / 4.3.10：

Direct Writing of Structures by a Particle Beam / 4.3.11：

Single-particle Beam Processes / 4.3.12：

Nanofabrication by Self-structuring Masks / 4.3.13：

Nanofabrication by Scanning Probe Techniques / 4.4：

Scanning Force Probes / 4.4.1：

Particle Manipulation With a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) / 4.4.2：

Thermo-mechanical Writing of Nanostructures / 4.4.3：

Electrically Induced Structure Generation by Scanning Probe Techniques / 4.4.4：

Chemical Electrodeless Induced Scanning Probe Structure Generation / 4.4.5：

Nanostructure Generation by Optical Near-field Probes / 4.4.6：

Nanotechnical Structures / 5：

Inorganic Solids / 5.1：

Influence of Material Morphology on Nanoscale Pattern Processes / 5.1.1：

Inorganic Dielectrics / 5.1.2：

Metals / 5.1.3：

Semiconductors / 5.1.4：

Carbon / 5.1.5：

Organic Solids and Layer Structures / 5.2：

Solids Composed of Smaller Molecules / 5.2.1：

Organic Monolayer and Multilayer Stacks / 5.2.2：

Synthetic Organic Polymers / 5.2.3：

Biopolymers / 5.2.4：

Molecular Monolayer and Layer Architectures / 5.3：

Langmuir-Blodgett Films / 5.3.1：

Self-assembled Surface Films / 5.3.2：

Binding of Molecules on Solid Substrate Surfaces / 5.3.3：

Secondary Coupling of Molecular Monolayers / 5.3.4：

Categories of Molecular Layers / 5.3.5：

Molecular Coupling Components (Linkers) and Distance Components (Spacers) / 5.3.6：

Definition of Binding Spots on Solid Substrates / 5.3.7：

Architectures with Single Molecules / 5.4：

Single Molecules as Nanostructures / 5.4.1：

Strategies of Molecular Construction / 5.4.2：

Biogenic and Bioanalogous Nanoarchitectures / 5.4.3：

DNA Nanoarchitectures / 5.4.4：

Synthetic Supramolecules / 5.4.5：

Nanoparticles and Nanocompartments / 5.4.6：

Combination of Molecular Architectures and Nanoparticles with Planar Technical Structures / 5.5：

Characterization of Nanostructures / 6：

Geometrical Characterization / 6.1：

Layer Thickness and Vertical Structure Dimensions / 6.1.1：

Lateral Dimensions / 6.1.2：

Structures that Assist Measurement / 6.1.3：

Characterization of Composition of Layers and Surfaces / 6.2：

Atomic Composition / 6.2.1：

Characterization of the Chemical Surface / 6.2.2：

Functional Characterization of Nanostructures / 6.3：

Nanotransducers / 7：

Design of Nanotransducers / 7.1：

Nanomechanical Elements / 7.2：

Nanomechanical Sensors / 7.2.1：

Nanometer-precision Position Measurements with Conventional Techniques / 7.2.2：

Electrically Controlled Nanoactuators / 7.2.3：

Chemically Driven Nanoactuators / 7.2.4：

Rigidity of Nanoactuators / 7.2.5：

Nanoelectronic Devices / 7.3：

Electrical Contacts and Nanowires / 7.3.1：

Nanostructured Tunneling Barriers / 7.3.2：

Quantum Dots and Localization of Elementary Particles / 7.3.3：

Nanodiodes / 7.3.4：

Electron Islands and Nanotransistors / 7.3.5：

Nanoswitches, Molecular Switches and Logic Elements / 7.3.6：

Nanooptical Devices / 7.4：

Nanostructures as Optical Sensors / 7.4.1：

Nanostructured Optical Actuators / 7.4.2：

Nanooptical Switching and Conversion Elements / 7.4.3：

Magnetic Nanotransducers / 7.5：

Chemical Nanoscale Sensors and Actuators / 7.6：

Technical Nanosystems / 8：

What are Nanosystems? / 8.1：

Systems with Nanocomponents / 8.2：

Entire Systems with Nanometer Dimensions / 8.3：

Table of Examples

References

Index

Introduction / 1：

The Way into the Nanoworld / 1.1：

From Micro- to Nanotechniques / 1.1.1：

79.

図書

79. Microbial polyesters (: us ; : gw)

Yoshiharu Doi

出版情報:	New York, N.Y. : VCH, c1990 ix, 156 p. ; 23 cm
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Introduction / Chapter 1：

Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 1.1：

Microbial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) / 1.2：

Environmentally Degradable Polyesters / 1.3：

References

Fermentation and Analysis of Microbial Polyesters / Chapter 2：

Fermentation Production / 2.1：

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 2.1.1：

Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) / 2.1.2：

Polymer Isolation / 2.2：

Solvent Extraction / 2.2.1：

Alkaline Hypochlorite Treatment / 2.2.2：

Enzyme Treatment / 2.2.3：

Analysis / 2.3：

Polyester Content of Cells / 2.3.1：

Composition of Copolymers / 2.3.2：

Molecular Weight? / 2.3.3：

Microorganisms and Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) / Chapter 3：

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Microorganisms / 3.1：

Functions of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 3.1.1：

Structure of Native P(3HB) Granules / 3.1.2：

Biosynthesis of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) / 3.2：

Alcaligenes eutrophus / 3.2.1：

Pseudomonas oleovorans / 3.2.2：

Other Bacterial Strains / 3.2.3：

Molecular Structures of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) / 3.3：

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalerate) / 3.3.1：

Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates-co-3-hydroxy--chloroalkanoates) / 3.3.2：

Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism / Chapter 4：

Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis / 4.1：

Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis / 4.2：

Enzymology of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis / 4.3：

3-Ketothiolase / 4.3.1：

Acetoacetyl-CoA Reductase / 4.3.2：

P(3HB) Synthase / 4.3.3：

Pathways of P(3-hydroxybutyrate) Degradation / 4.4：

Cyclic Nature of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism / 4.5：

Replacement of P(3HB) by P(3HB-co-3HV) / 4.5.1：

Replacement of P(3HB-co-3HV) by P(3HB) / 4.5.2：

Application to PHA Fermentation / 4.5.3：

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) / Chapter 5：

Alcaligenes eutrophus and Carbon Substrates / 5.1：

Molecular Structure / 5.2：

Biosynthetic Pathway? / 5.3：

Structure and Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / Chapter 6：

Crystal Structure and Properties / 6.1：

Crystal Structure / 6.1.1：

Solid-State Properties / 6.1.2：

Solution Properties / 6.2：

Solid-State Properties of Copolyesters / Chapter 7：

Composition and Physical Properties / 7.1：

X-Ray Diffraction Analysis / 7.1.1：

Solid-State CP/MAS 13C-NMR Analysis / 7.1.2：

Mechanical Properties / 7.1.3：

Thermal Properties / 7.2：

Melting Temperatures / 7.2.1：

Glass-Transition Temperatures / 7.2.2：

Thermal Stability / 7.2.3：

Kinetics of Crystallization / 7.3：

Biodegradation of Microbial Polyesters / Chapter 8：

Extracellular P(3HB) Depolymerase / 8.1：

Pseudomonas lemoignei / 8.1.1：

Alcaligenes faecalis / 8.1.2：

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Copolyesters / 8.2：

Simple Hydrolysis of Polyesters / 8.3：

Applications and Prospects / 8.4：

Environmentally Degradable Plastics / 8.4.1：

Medical Applications / 8.4.2：

Index

Introduction / Chapter 1：

Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) / 1.1：

Microbial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) / 1.2：

80.

図書

80. Dendrimer chemistry (: pbk)

authors, Fritz Vögtle, Gabriele Richardt, Nicole Werner ; translator, Anthony J. Rackstraw

出版情報:	Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, c2009 xi, 342 p. ; 24 cm
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Preface

Introduction / 1：

Historical - Cascade molecules and dendrimers / 1.1：

Dendritic architectures / 1.2：

Perfection, defects, dispersity / 1.3：

Definition and classification of dendritic molecules / 1.4：

Nomenclature of dendritic molecules / 1.5：

Newkome nomenclature / 1.5.1：

Cascadane nomenclature / 1.5.2：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 1 "Introduction"

Synthetic methods for dendritic molecules / 2：

Divergent synthesis / 2.1：

Convergent synthesis / 2.2：

Recent synthetic methods / 2.3：

Orthogonal synthesis / 2.3.1：

Double-stage convergent method / 2.3.2：

Double-exponential method / 2.3.3：

Hypermonomer method / 2.3.4：

Click chemistry / 2.3.5：

Solid phase synthesis / 2.4：

Coordination-chemical synthesis / 2.5：

Metal complex as core unit / 2.5.1：

Metal complex as branching unit / 2.5.2：

Supramolecular synthesis / 2.6：

Hyperbranched polymers / 2.7：

Dendronised linear polymers / 2.8：

Polymer-analogous method / 2.8.1：

Macromonomer method / 2.8.2：

Dendro-Isomers / 2.9：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 2 "Synthetic methods for dendritic molecules"

Functional dendrimers / 3：

Monofunctional dendrimers / 3.1：

Functional core / 3.1.1：

Functional periphery / 3.1.2：

Functionalisation of terminal groups / 3.1.2.1：

Introduction of peripheral groups prior to dendrimer growth / 3.1.2.2：

Functional units in the dendrimer scaffold / 3.1.3：

Modification prior to dendrimer growth / 3.1.3.1：

Internal modification on conclusion of dendrimer growth / 3.1.3.2：

Multifunctional dendrimers

Bifunctionalised molecular periphery / 3.2.1：

Two different functional units in different parts of the molecule / 3.2.2：

More than two different functional units / 3.2.3：

Overview of functional dendrimers and their synthesis / 3.2.4：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 3 "Functional dendrimers"

Types of dendrimers and their syntheses / 4：

Achiral dendrimers / 4.1：

POPAM / 4.1.1：

PAMAM / 4.1.2：

POMAM / 4.1.3：

Polylysine dendrimers / 4.1.4：

Dendritic hydrocarbons / 4.1.5：

Condensed arene components - Iptyceness / 4.1.5.1：

Dendrimers from arene and multiply bonded building blocks / 4.1.5.2：

Stilbenoid dendrimers / 4.1.5.3：

Hyperbranched polybenzenes / 4.1.5.4：

Carbon/oxygen-based (and FrÃ©chet) dendrimers / 4.1.6：

Polyether dendrimers / 4.1.6.1：

Polyester dendrimers / 4.1.6.2：

Carbohydrate dendrimers (glycodendrimers) / 4.1.6.3：

Porphyrin-based dendrimers / 4.1.7：

Ionic dendrimers / 4.1.8：

Polyanionic dendrimers / 4.1.8.1：

Silicon-based dendrimers / 4.1.8.2：

Silane dendrimers / 4.1.9.1：

Carbosilane dendrimers / 4.1.9.2：

Carbosiloxane dendrimers / 4.1.9.3：

Siloxane dendrimers / 4.1.9.4：

Hyperbranched silicon-based polymers / 4.1.9.5：

Phosphorus-based dendrimers / 4.1.10：

Metallodendrimers (and Newkome dendrimers) / 4.1.11：

Bibliography and Notes for Section 4.1 "Achiral dendrimers"

Chiral dendrimers / 4.2：

Classification of chiral dendrimers / 4.2.1：

Studies on the chirality of dendritic molecules / 4.2.2：

Chiroptical studies / 4.2.2.1：

Possible applications of chiral dendrimers / 4.2.2.2：

Dendrimers with chiral core and achiral branching scaffold / 4.2.3：

Chiroptical studies on dendrimers with chiral cores / 4.2.3.1：

Possible applications of chiral-core dendrimers / 4.2.3.2：

Dendrimers with chiral building blocks as spacers or branching units / 4.2.4：

Chiroptical studies on dendrimers with chiral dendrimer scaffold / 4.2.4.1：

Possible applications of dendrimers with chiral branching scaffold / 4.2.4.2：

Chirality in the periphery / 4.2.5：

Chiroptical studies on dendrimers with peripheral chiral units / 4.2.5.1：

Possible applications of dendrimers with peripheral chiral units / 4.2.5.2：

Chiral dendrimers for asymmetric catalysis / 4.2.6：

Interpretation of the chirality of dendritic molecules / 4.2.7：

Bibliography and Notes for Section 4.2 "Chiral Dendrimers"

Photophysical properties of dendirtic molecules / 5：

Luminescence and energy transfer / 5.1：

Luminescence / 5.1.1：

Energy transfer / 5.1.2：

Dexter mechanism: Energy transfer by radiative emission / 5.1.2.1：

FÃ¶rster mechanism: Energy transfer by dipole-dipole interactions / 5.1.2.2：

Examples from the field of dendritic molecules / 5.1.2.3：

Antenna effect and photoisomerisation of dendrimers / 5.2：

Antenna effect / 5.2.1：

Photoisomerisation / 5.2.2：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 5 "Photophysical properties of dendritic molecules"

(Special) chemical reactions of dendritic molecules / 6：

Covalent chemical reactions / 6.1：

Metathesis / 6.1.1：

Molecular imprinting / 6.1.2：

Covalent introduction of functionalities in the interior of dendritic molecules / 6.1.3：

Supramolecular (host/guest) interactions / 6.2：

Non-covalent modification of a dendrimer periphery / 6.2.1：

Self-assembly of dendrimers / 6.2.2：

Inclusion of guest species in dendritic host molecules / 6.2.3：

Dendrimers with multiple receptor units / 6.2.3.1：

Guest inclusion by steric compression / 6.2.3.2：

Guest inclusion by dynamic processes (diffusion) / 6.2.3.3：

Dendritic stopper groups (in rotaxanes) / 6.2.4：

Dendritic effects / 6.3：

Dendritic effects in inclusion of guests / 6.3.1：

Dendritic effects in catalysis / 6.3.2：

Metal-containing dendritic catalysts / 6.3.2.1：

Metal-free dendritic catalysts / 6.3.2.2：

Dendritic effects on electrochemical properties / 6.3.3：

Redox gradients / 6.3.3.1：

Redox sensors / 6.3.3.3：

Redox potential and redox transfer kinetics / 6.3.3.4：

Charge-separation processes / 6.3.3.5：

Summary of the dendritic effect / 6.3.4：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 6 "(Special) chemical reactions of dendritic molecules"

Characterisation and analysis / 7：

Chromatography / 7.1：

Liquid chromatography / 7.1.1：

Preparative liquid chromatography / 7.1.1.1：

High-performance liquid chromatography / 7.1.1.2：

Gel permeation chromatography / 7.1.2：

Gel electrophoresis / 7.2：

NMR spectroscopy / 7.3：

(1D)-NMR spectroscopic studies / 7.3.1：

Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy in dendrimer research / 7.3.2：

Diffusion NMR spectroscopy / 7.3.3：

Dynamic NMR spectroscopy / 7.3.4：

Mass spectrometry / 7.4：

Gentle ionisation methods: MALDI and ESI / 7.4.1：

Study of dendrimers by MALDI and ESI-MS / 7.4.1.1：

X-ray crystal structure analysis / 7.5：

Small-angle scattering / 7.6：

Principle of small-angle scattering / 7.6.1：

Capability of small-angle scattering / 7.6.2：

Structural analysis of dissolved dendrimers with SANS and SAXS / 7.6.3：

Radial segment density distribution of flexible dendrimers / 7.6.3.1：

Distribution of end groups / 7.6.3.2：

Intermolecular interactions of flexible dendrimers in solution / 7.6.3.3：

Scanning probe microscopy / 7.7：

STM and AFM / 7.7.1：

AFM images of dendrimers / 7.7.1.1：

STM images of dendrimers / 7.7.1.2：

Transmission electron microscopy / 7.8：

TEM / 7.8.1：

TEM images of dendrimers / 7.8.1.1：

Chiroptical methods / 7.9：

Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism / 7.9.1：

Chiroptical studies on chiral dendritic structures / 7.9.2：

Summary / 7.10：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 7 "Characterization and analysis"

Special properties and potential applications / 8：

Catalysis, membrane technology / 8.1：

Dendrimers as catalyst supports / 8.2.1：

Catalytic dendrimers for membrane reactors / 8.2.2：

Dendrimers in enantioselective catalysis / 8.2.3：

Dendrimers as phase transfer catalysts / 8.2.4：

Pigments, adhesives, additives in chemical materials / 8.3：

Dendrimers as additives / 8.3.1：

Dendritic polymers for printing inks / 8.3.2：

Dendritic polymers for paints / 8.3.3：

Dendritic polymers as additives in foam formulation / 8.3.4：

Network precursors for plastics / 8.3.5：

Dendrimers as nanocapsules for dyes and for molecular imprinting / 8.3.6：

Dendrimers for displays and (opto)electronics / 8.4：

Liquid-crystalline dendrimers / 8.4.1：

Biomimetics, sensor technology, diagnostics (fluorescence) / 8.5：

Protein dendrimers / 8.5.1：

Glycomimetics / 8.5.2：

Dendrimers in sensor technology / 8.5.3：

Quartz micro balance with dendritic sensor layers / 8.5.3.1：

Luminescent dendrimers as sensor materials / 8.5.3.2：

Fluorescing PET sensors / 8.5.3.3：

Dendrimers in medical diagnostics / 8.6：

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) processes / 8.6.1：

DNA dendrimers as biosensors for DNA hybridisation / 8.6.2：

Medical applications / 8.7：

Dendrimers as carriers for cytostatic agents / 8.7.1：

Gene therapy / 8.7.2：

Photodynamic therapy / 8.7.3：

Dendrimers in prevention against HIV / 8.7.4：

Culture of organs and tissue / 8.7.5：

Wound healing / 8.7.5.1：

Boron neutron capture therapy / 8.7.6：

Dendrimers in nanotechnology / 8.8：

Photoswitchable dendrimers / 8.8.1：

Dendrimers as impellers / 8.8.2：

Dendrimers as nanotubes / 8.8.3：

Dendritic polymers as templates / 8.8.4：

Bibliography and Notes for Chapter 8 "Special properties and potential applications"

Outlook

Subject Index

Preface

Introduction / 1：

Historical - Cascade molecules and dendrimers / 1.1：

81.

図書

81. An introduction to bootstrap methods with applications to R (: hardback)

Michael R. Chernick, Robert A. LaBudde

出版情報:	Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, c2011 xvii, 216 p. ; 25 cm
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Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Tables

Introduction / 1：

Historical Background / 1.1：

Definition and Relationship to the Delta Method and Other Resampling Methods / 1.2：

Jackknife / 1.2.1：

Delta Method / 1.2.2：

Cross-Validation / 1.2.3：

Subsampling / 1.2.4：

Wide Range of Applications / 1.3：

The Bootstrap and the R Language System / 1.4：

Historical Notes / 1.5：

Exercises / 1.6：

References

Estimation / 2：

Estimating Bias / 2.1：

Bootstrap Adjustment / 2.1.1：

Error Rate Estimation in Discriminant Analysis / 2.1.2：

Simple Example of Linear Discrimination and Bootstrap Error Rate Estimation / 2.1.3：

Patch Data Example / 2.1.4：

Estimating Location / 2.2：

Estimating a Mean / 2.2.1：

Estimating a Median / 2.2.2：

Estimating Dispersion / 2.3：

Estimating an Estimate's Standard Error / 2.3.1：

Estimating Interquartile Range / 2.3.2：

Linear Regression / 2.4：

Overview / 2.4.1：

Bootstrapping Residuals / 2.4.2：

Bootstrapping Pairs (Response and Predictor Vector) / 2.4.3：

Heteroscedasticity of Variance: The Wild Bootstrap / 2.4.4：

A Special Class of Linear Regression Models: Multivariable Fractional Polynomials / 2.4.5：

Nonlinear Regression / 2.5：

Examples of Nonlinear Models / 2.5.1：

A Quasi-Optical Experiment / 2.5.2：

Nonparametric Regression / 2.6：

Examples of Nonparametric Regression Models / 2.6.1：

Bootstrap Bagging / 2.6.2：

Confidence Intervals / 2.7：

Subsampling, Typical Value Theorem, and Efron's Percentile Method / 3.1：

Bootstrap-t / 3.2：

Iterated Bootstrap / 3.3：

Bias-Corrected (BC) Bootstrap / 3.4：

BCa and ABC / 3.5：

Tilted Bootstrap / 3.6：

Variance Estimation with Small Sample Sizes / 3.7：

Hypothesis Testing / 3.8：

Relationship to Confidence Intervals / 4.1：

Why Test Hypotheses Differently? / 4.2：

Tendril DX Example / 4.3：

Klingenberg Example: Binary Dose-Response / 4.4：

Time Series / 4.5：

Forecasting Methods / 5.1：

Time Domain Models / 5.2：

Can Bootstrapping Improve Prediction Intervals? / 5.3：

Model-Based Methods / 5.4：

Bootstrapping Stationary Autoregressive Processes / 5.4.1：

Bootstrapping Explosive Autoregressive Processes / 5.4.2：

Bootstrapping Unstable Autoregressive Processes / 5.4.3：

Bootstrapping Stationary ARMA Processes / 5.4.4：

Block Bootstrapping for Stationary Time Series / 5.5：

Dependent Wild Bootstrap (DWB) / 5.6：

Frequency-Based Approaches for Stationary Time Series / 5.7：

Sieve Bootstrap / 5.8：

Bootstrap Variants / 5.9：

Bayesian Bootstrap / 6.1：

Smoothed Bootstrap / 6.2：

Parametric Bootstrap / 6.3：

Double Bootstrap / 6.4：

The m-Out-of-n Bootstrap / 6.5：

The Wild Bootstrap / 6.6：

Chapter Special Topics / 6.7：

Spatial Data / 7.1：

Kriging / 7.1.1：

Asymptotics for Spatial Data / 7.1.2：

Block Bootstrap on Regular Grids / 7.1.3：

Block Bootstrap on Irregular Grids / 7.1.4：

Subset Selection in Regression / 7.2：

Gong's Logistic Regression Example / 7.2.1：

Gunter's Qualitative Interaction Example / 7.2.2：

Determining the Number of Distributions in a Mixture / 7.3：

Censored Data / 7.4：

P-Value Adjustment / 7.5：

The Westfall-Young Approach / 7.5.1：

Passive Plus Example / 7.5.2：

Consulting Example / 7.5.3：

Bioequivalence / 7.6：

Individual Bioequivalence / 7.6.1：

Population Bioequivalence / 7.6.2：

Process Capability Indices / 7.7：

Missing Data / 7.8：

Point Processes / 7.9：

Bootstrap to Detect Outliers / 7.10：

Lattice Variables / 7.11：

Covariate Adjustment of Area Under the Curve Estimates for Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves / 7.12：

Bootstrapping in SAS / 7.13：

When the Bootstrap is Inconsistent and How to Remedy It / 7.14：

Too Small of a Sample Size / 8.1：

Distributions with Infinite Second Moments / 8.2：

Example of Inconsistency / 8.2.1：

Remedies / 8.2.3：

Estimating Extreme Values / 8.3：

Survey Sampling / 8.3.1：

m-Dependent Sequences / 8.4.1：

Example of Inconsistency When Independence Is Assumed / 8.5.1：

Remedy / 8.5.3：

Unstable Autoregressive Processes / 8.6：

Long-Range Dependence / 8.6.1：

A Remedy / 8.7.1：

Bootstrap Diagnostics / 8.8：

Author Index / 8.9：

Subject Index

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Tables

82.

図書

82. Near-field microscopy and near-field optics

D. Courjon

出版情報:	London : Imperial College Press, c2003 xxi, 317 p ; 24 cm.
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Preface

How to read this book

History of Near-field Optics / Chapter 1：

Notion of imaging system / 1.1：

Bases of imaging / 1.2：

Vision / 1.2.1：

Image / 1.2.2：

Far-field imaging systems / 1.2.3：

Notion of superresolution / 1.2.4：

Near-field imaging systems / 1.2.5：

History of near-field microscopy / 1.3：

Synge's speculation / 1.3.1：

J. O'Keefe's letter / 1.3.2：

E. Ash and G. Nicholls realization / 1.3.3：

Superresolution in imaging systems / 1.3.4：

Scanning tunnelling microscopy / 1.3.5：

Early optical near-field microscopes / 1.3.6：

Non-radiating Sources & Non-propagating Fields / Chapter 2：

Introduction / 2.1：

A few words of terminology / 2.1.1：

Various non-radiating sources / 2.2：

Non-radiating classical distributions / 2.3：

Non-radiating sources by destructive interference / 2.4：

Extension of the notion of non-radiating source / 2.5：

Evanescent fields / 2.5.1：

Evanescent field generated by total internal reflection / 2.5.2：

Destructive-interference device / 2.5.3：

Resonant evanescent fields / 2.5.4：

Resonant spherical devices / 2.5.5：

Evanescent Optics / Chapter 3：

Theory of Fresnel evanescent waves / 3.1：

Reflection and refraction laws / 3.1.1：

Total internal reflection / 3.1.2：

Energy flow and Poynting vector / 3.1.3：

Goos-Hanchen and transversal shifts / 3.1.4：

Evanescent fields generated by sub-wavelength diffraction / 3.2：

Light beam propagation / 3.3：

A particular case of evanescent waves: the plasmons / 3.4：

Definition of a plasmon / 3.4.1：

Theory / 3.4.2：

Scanning plasmon optical microscopy / 3.4.3：

Theories and Modellings / Chapter 4：

Early works / 4.1：

Recent works / 4.2：

Different ways of approaching the theory of near-field optics / 4.3：

Physical approach / 4.3.1：

Model space / 4.3.2：

Global or non-global approach / 4.3.3：

Tip description / 4.4：

Description in a non-global scheme / 4.4.1：

Description in a global scheme / 4.4.2：

Light-sample interaction / 4.5：

Rigorous grating theory / 4.5.1：

The reciprocal-space perturbative method (RSPM) / 4.5.2：

Direct-space-global approaches / 4.5.3：

Inverse Problem and Apparatus Function / Chapter 5：

Inverse problem solution in band-limited far-field imaging / 5.1：

Inverse propagator and reciprocity theorem / 5.3：

Reciprocity theorem / 5.3.1：

Inverse problem solution in near-field imaging / 5.4：

Apparatus functions / 5.5：

Impulse response / 5.5.1：

Transfer function / 5.5.2：

Criteria of Quality, Noise and Artifacts / Chapter 6：

Degrees of freedom of an optical system / 6.1：

Generalization of Lukosz's approach / 6.1.1：

Far-field case / 6.1.2：

Near-field case / 6.1.3：

Information capacity for noisy coherent signals / 6.1.4：

Noise in optical systems / 6.2：

Optical noises / 6.2.1：

External noises / 6.2.2：

Artifacts / 6.3：

Scanning modes in near-field microscopy / 6.3.1：

Notion of artifact / 6.3.2：

Comparison between the three scanning mode behaviours / 6.4：

Input parameters of the simulation / 6.4.1：

Constant distance mode / 6.4.2：

Constant height mode / 6.4.3：

Constant intensity mode / 6.4.4：

Notion of resolution / 6.5：

Detection / 6.5.1：

Localization / 6.5.2：

Resolution / 6.5.3：

The two-point criterion / 6.5.4：

Other estimates of resolution / 6.5.5：

Optical transfer function OTF / 6.5.6：

OTF in near-field optics / 6.5.7：

Experimental OTF in near-field optics / 6.5.8：

Contrast / 6.5.9：

New criteria of quality / 6.5.10：

Nano-collectors and Nano-emitters / Chapter 7：

Precursors / 7.1：

Near-field collection and emission / 7.2：

Principle / 7.2.1：

Distance of collection/emission / 7.2.2：

Shape of nano-collectors/emitters / 7.2.3：

Various technologies / 7.3：

Bare tapers / 7.4：

Shaping techniques / 7.4.1：

Etching techniques / 7.4.2：

Effect of parameters / 7.4.3：

More sophisticated procedures / 7.4.4：

High aperture angle conical tips / 7.4.5：

Hot stretching techniques / 7.4.6：

Advantages and drawbacks of the two techniques / 7.4.7：

Tapered metal wire and silicon AFM tips / 7.4.8：

Pyramidal tips / 7.4.9：

Coated materials / 7.5：

Flat nano-apertures / 7.5.1：

Tapered nano-apertures / 7.5.2：

Tapered/cleaved fibres / 7.5.3：

Efficiency of tapered metal coated fibres / 7.5.4：

Laser damages / 7.5.5：

Realization of the aperture by other techniques / 7.5.6：

Nano-antenna used as a near-field perturbing system / 7.6：

Variant of tapered fibres / 7.7：

Chemical sensors used as fluorescent tips / 7.8：

Instrumentation / Chapter 8：

Basic structure of near-field optical microscopes / 8.1：

Mechanical part / 8.2：

Translation stage / 8.2.1：

Practical case / 8.2.2：

Techniques for machining the piezo-electric tube / 8.2.3：

Compensation of the thermal drift / 8.2.4：

Connection of the wires on the electrodes / 8.2.5：

Holding of the nano-collector/emitter / 8.3：

Fibre as a nano-collector/emitter / 8.3.1：

Other collector/emitters / 8.3.2：

Anti-vibration devices / 8.4：

Distance control / 8.4.1：

Optical part / 8.5：

Source / 8.5.1：

Detector / 8.5.2：

Usual optical and opto-electronic components / 8.5.3：

Electronic stages / 8.6：

Synchronous detection / 8.6.1：

Distance control: the P.I.D. device / 8.6.2：

Main Near-field Microscope Configurations / Chapter 9：

Transmission microscopes / 9.1：

Reflection microscopy / 9.2：

Tunnelling microscopy / 9.3：

Optical tunnelling microscopy / 9.4：

Plasmon microscopy / 9.5：

Hybrid techniques / 9.6：

Near-field microscopy with shear-force control / 9.6.1：

Contact near-field optical microscopy / 9.6.2：

Near-field Image Processing / Chapter 10：

Generalities / 10.1：

Linear distortions / 10.1.1：

Non-linear distortions / 10.1.2：

Correction of distortions / 10.2：

Correction of linear distortions / 10.2.1：

Correction of non-linear distortions / 10.2.2：

Correction of tip-sample sticking / 10.2.3：

Filtering process / 10.3：

Direct or local filtering / 10.3.1：

Fourier or reciprocal filtering / 10.3.2：

Karhunen-Loeve transform and information extraction / 10.4：

Applications of Near-field Microscopy / Chapter 11：

First attempts: topography measurements / 11.1：

Local index variation measurement / 11.1.2：

Light trapping / 11.2：

Concept of nano-optics / 11.3：

A simple case: the frustrated reflection by a sphere or a tip / 11.4：

A second example: the resonant tunnelling effect / 11.5：

A more sophisticated example: a sub-wavelength periodic structure / 11.6：

Photonic transfer through segmented optical waveguides / 11.7：

Basis of Optics / Appendix A：

Unit Systems / A.0.1：

Basic functions and operators in optics / A.1：

Reminder on vectorial calculus / A.1.1：

Relations connecting gradient, divergence and rotational / A.1.2：

Dyadic analysis / A.1.3：

Maxwell's equations / A.2：

Material equations / A.2.1：

Maxwell's equation in the dyadic scheme / A.2.2：

Wave equation / A.3：

There is no charges or currents ([characters not reproducible] = 0 and j = 0) / A.3.1：

The medium is homogeneous, ([mu] and [epsilon] space-independent) / A.3.2：

The medium is homogeneous and there is no charges or currents / A.3.3：

Case of harmonic fields / A.3.4：

Scalar and vector potentials / A.4：

Static regimes / A.5：

Poisson's and Laplace's equations / A.5.1：

Field generated by a single charge / A.5.2：

Flux of an electric field through a surface element / A.5.3：

Gauss' theorem / A.5.4：

Green's functions and Green's theorem / A.6：

Green's functions in classical potential theory / A.6.1：

Time dependent fields: the Helmholtz equation / A.6.2：

Green's theorem / A.6.3：

Green's dyadic / A.6.4：

Expansion of a field in term of a set of plane waves / A.7：

Basis / A.7.1：

Angular spectrum expansion (A.S.E.) / A.7.2：

Propagation of light using A.S.E. / A.8：

Analysis of the results / A.9：

Nomenclature

List of Acronyms

Glossary

Index

Author Index

Bibliography

Preface

How to read this book

History of Near-field Optics / Chapter 1：

83.

図書

83. Interfaces in crystalline materials

A.P. Sutton and R.W. Balluffi

出版情報:	Oxford : Clarendon Press , New York : Oxford University, 1995 xxxii, 819 p. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名:	Monographs on the physics and chemistry of materials ; 51
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List of symbols

Glossary

Interfacial Structure / Part I：

The geometry of interfaces / 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

All the group theory we need / 1.2：

The relationship between two crystals / 1.3：

Crystals and lattices / 1.3.1：

Vector and coordinate transformations / 1.3.2：

Descriptions of lattice rotations / 1.3.3：

Vector and matrix representations / 1.3.3.1：

The Frank-Rodrigues map / 1.3.3.2：

Fundamental zones / 1.3.3.3：

Quaternions / 1.3.3.4：

Geometrical specification of an interface / 1.4：

Macroscopic and microscopic geometrical degrees of freedom / 1.4.1：

Macroscopic geometrical degrees of freedom of an arbitrary interface / 1.4.2：

Grain boundaries in cubic materials / 1.4.3：

The median lattice and the mean boundary plane / 1.4.3.1：

Tilt and twist components / 1.4.3.2：

Symmetric and asymmetric tilt boundaries / 1.4.3.3：

Bicrystallography / 1.5：

Outline of crystallographic methodology / 1.5.1：

Introduction to Seitz symbols / 1.5.3：

Symmetry of dichromatic patterns / 1.5.4：

Symmetry of dichromatic complexes / 1.5.5：

Symmetry of ideal bicrystals / 1.5.6：

Symmetry of real bicrystals / 1.5.7：

Two examples / 1.6：

Lattice matched polar-non-polar epitaxial interfaces / 1.6.1：

Lattice matched metal-silicide silicon interfaces / 1.6.2：

Classification of isolated interfacial line defects / 1.7：

General formulation / 1.7.1：

Interfacial dislocations / 1.7.2：

DSC dislocations / 1.7.2.1：

Supplementary displacement dislocations / 1.7.2.2：

Relaxation displacement dislocations / 1.7.2.3：

Non-holosymmetric crystals and interfacial defects / 1.7.2.4：

Interfacial disclinations and dispirations / 1.7.2.5：

The morphologies of embedded crystals / 1.8：

Quasiperiodicity and incommensurate interfaces / 1.9：

References

Dislocation models for interfaces / 2：

Classification of interfacial dislocations / 2.1：

The Frank-Bilby equation / 2.3：

Comments on the Frank-Bilby equation and the dislocation content of an interface / 2.4：

Frank's formula / 2.5：

The O-lattice / 2.6：

The geometry of discrete dislocation arrays in interfaces / 2.7：

The general interface / 2.7.1：

Application to a grain boundary with arbitrary geometrical parameters / 2.7.2：

Grain boundaries containing one and two sets of dislocations / 2.7.3：

Epitaxial interfaces / 2.7.4：

Local dislocation interactions / 2.8：

Pt-NiO interfaces / 2.9：

A1-A1[subscript 3] Ni eutectic interfaces / 2.9.2：

Elastic fields of interfaces / 2.10：

Stress and distortion fields of grain boundaries in isotropic elasticity / 2.10.1：

Grain boundary energies / 2.10.3：

Stress fields of heterophase interfaces in isotropic elasticity / 2.10.4：

Dislocation arrays at interfaces in anisotropic elasticity / 2.10.5：

Isotropic elastic analysis of epitaxial interfaces / 2.10.6：

Stress fields of precipitates and non-planar interfaces / 2.10.7：

Degree of localization of the cores of interfacial dislocations / 2.11：

Lattice theories of dislocation arrays / 2.11.1：

Peierls-Nabarro model for an isolated edge dislocation / 2.11.2.1：

Peierls-Nabarro model for a symmetrical tilt boundary / 2.11.2.3：

The van der Merwe model for a symmetrical tilt boundary / 2.11.2.4：

Atomistic models using computer simulation and interatomic forces / 2.11.3：

Experimental observations of arrays of interfacial dislocations / 2.12：

Mainly room-temperature observations / 2.12.1：

High-temperature observations / 2.12.2：

Models of interatomic forces at interfaces / 3：

Density functional theory / 3.1：

The variational principle and the Kohn-Sham equations / 3.2.1：

The Harris-Foulkes energy functional / 3.2.2：

Valence and core electrons: pseudopotentials / 3.3：

The force theorem and Hellmann-Feynman forces / 3.4：

Cohesion and pair potentials in sp-bonded metals / 3.5：

Effective medium theory / 3.6：

The embedded atom method / 3.7：

Tight binding models / 3.8：

The diatomic molecule / 3.8.1：

Bands, bonds, and Green functions / 3.8.3：

Moments of the spectral density matrix / 3.8.4：

The tight binding bond (TBB) model / 3.8.5：

The second moment approximation / 3.8.6：

Beyond the second moment approximation / 3.8.7：

Temperature dependence of atomic interactions / 3.9：

Ionic bonding / 3.10：

Interatomic forces at heterophase interfaces / 3.11：

Models and experimental observations of atomic structure / 4：

Introduction: classification of interfaces / 4.1：

Diffuse interfaces / 4.2：

Heterophase interfaces in systems with a miscibility gap / 4.2.1：

Antiphase domain boundaries in systems with long-range order / 4.2.2：

Displacive transformation interfaces in systems near a mechanical instability / 4.2.3：

Sharp homophase interfaces: large-angle grain boundaries / 4.3：

Large-angle grain boundaries in metals / 4.3.1：

The significance of the rigid body displacement parallel to the boundary plane / 4.3.1.1：

The significance of the expansion normal to the boundary plane / 4.3.1.2：

Testing the analytic model / 4.3.1.3：

The significance of individual atomic relaxation / 4.3.1.4：

Discussion: singular, vicinal, and general interfaces / 4.3.1.5：

Methods of computer simulation / 4.3.1.6：

The polyhedral unit model / 4.3.1.7：

The structural unit model / 4.3.1.8：

Three-dimensional grain boundary structures / 4.3.1.9：

The influence of temperature / 4.3.1.10：

Grain boundaries in ionic crystals / 4.3.2：

Grain boundaries in covalent crystals / 4.3.3：

Sharp heterophase interfaces / 4.4：

Metal-metal interfaces / 4.4.1：

Metal-insulator interfaces / 4.4.3：

Metal-semiconductor interfaces / 4.4.4：

Interfacial Thermodynamics / Part II：

Thermodynamics of interfaces / 5：

The interface free energy / 5.1：

Additional interface thermodynamic quantities and relationships between them / 5.3：

Introduction of the interface stress and strain variables / 5.4：

Introduction of the geometric thermodynamic variables / 5.5：

Dependence of [sigma] on the interface inclination / 5.6：

The Wulff plot / 5.6.1：

Equilibrium shape (Wulff form) of embedded second-phase particle / 5.6.2：

Faceting of initially flat interface / 5.6.3：

The capillarity vector, [xi] / 5.6.4：

Capillary pressure associated with smoothly curved interface / 5.6.5：

Equilibrium lattice solubility at a smoothly curved heterophase interface / 5.6.6：

Equilibrium solubility at embedded second-phase particle / 5.6.7：

Equilibrium interface configurations at interface junction lines / 5.6.8：

Further thermodynamic relationships involving changes in interface inclination / 5.6.9：

Dependence of [sigma] on the crystal misorientation / 5.7：

Dependence of [sigma] on simultaneous variations of the interface inclination and crystal misorientation / 5.8：

Chemical potentials and diffusion potentials, M[subscript i], in non-uniform systems containing interfaces / 5.9：

Analysis of system at equilibrium; introduction of the diffusion potential, M[subscript i] / 5.9.1：

Incoherent interface / 5.9.2.1：

Coherent interface / 5.9.2.2：

Summary / 5.9.2.3：

Diffusional transport in non-equilibrium systems / 5.9.3：

Interface phases and phase transitions / 6：

Interface phase equilibria / 6.1：

Interface phase transitions / 6.3：

Non-congruent phase transitions / 6.3.1：

Faceting of initially flat interfaces / 6.3.1.1：

Faceting of embedded particle interfaces / 6.3.1.2：

Interface dissociation / 6.3.1.3：

Congruent phase transitions / 6.3.2：

Various transitions induced by changes in temperature, composition, or crystal misorientation / 6.3.2.1：

Interface wetting by a solid phase / 6.3.2.2：

Interface wetting by a liquid phase in alloy systems / 6.3.2.3：

Grain boundary melting in a one-component system / 6.3.2.4：

Segregation of solute atoms to interfaces / 7：

Overview of some of the main features of interface segregation in metals / 7.1：

Physical models for the interaction between solute atoms and interfaces / 7.3：

Elastic interaction models / 7.3.1：

Size accommodation model / 7.3.2.1：

Hydrostatic pressure (P[Delta]V) and elastic inhomogeneity models / 7.3.2.2：

Further elastic models / 7.3.2.3：

Atomistic models at 0 K / 7.3.3：

Electronic interaction models / 7.3.4：

Statistical mechanical models of segregation / 7.4：

Regular solution model / 7.4.1：

Mean field models / 7.4.3：

McLean isotherm / 7.4.3.1：

Fowler-Guggenheim isotherm / 7.4.3.2：

Multiple segregation site models / 7.4.3.3：

Beyond mean field models / 7.4.4：

Some additional models / 7.4.5：

Atomistic models at a finite temperature / 7.5：

Interface segregation in ionic solids / 7.6：

Interfacial Kinetics / Part III：

Diffusion at interfaces / 8：

Fast diffusion along interfaces of species which are substitutional in the crystal lattice / 8.1：

Slab model and regimes of diffusion behaviour / 8.2.1：

Mathematical analysis of the diffusant distribution in the type A, B, and C regimes / 8.2.2：

Experimental observations / 8.2.3：

Some major results for diffusion along interfaces / 8.2.3.1：

Effects of interface structure / 8.2.3.2：

Mechanisms for fast grain boundary diffusion / 8.2.4：

Equilibrium point defects in the grain boundary core / 8.2.4.1：

'Ring', vacancy, interstitialcy, and interstitial mechanisms / 8.2.4.2：

Models for grain boundary self-diffusivities via the different mechanisms / 8.2.5：

Vacancy mechanism / 8.2.5.1：

Interstitialcy mechanism / 8.2.5.2：

Interstitial mechanism / 8.2.5.3：

General characteristics of the models for boundary self-diffusion / 8.2.6：

On the question of the mechanism (or mechanisms) of fast grain boundary diffusion / 8.2.7：

Metals / 8.2.7.1：

Ionic materials / 8.2.7.2：

Covalent materials / 8.2.7.3：

Diffusion along interfaces of solute species which are interstitial in the crystal lattice / 8.3：

Slow diffusion across interfaces in fast ion conductors / 8.4：

Diffusion-induced grain boundary motion (DIGM) / 8.5：

Conservative motion of interfaces / 9：

'Conservative' versus 'non-conservative' motion of interfaces / 9.1：

Driving pressures for conservative motion / 9.1.2：

Basic mechanisms: correlated versus uncorrelated processes / 9.1.3：

Impediments to interface motion / 9.1.4：

Mechanisms and models for sharp interfaces / 9.2：

Glissile motion of interfacial dislocations / 9.2.1：

Small-angle grain boundaries / 9.2.1.1：

Large-angle grain boundaries / 9.2.1.2：

Heterophase interfaces / 9.2.1.3：

Glide and climb of interfacial dislocations / 9.2.2：

Shuffling motion of pure steps / 9.2.2.1：

Uncorrelated atom shuffling and/or diffusional transport / 9.2.4：

Uncorrelated atom shuffling / 9.2.4.1：

Uncorrelated diffusional transport / 9.2.4.2：

Solute atom drag / 9.2.5：

Experimental observations of non-glissile (thermally activated) grain boundary motion in metals / 9.2.6：

General large-angle grain boundaries / 9.2.6.1：

Singular (or vicinal) large-angle grain boundaries / 9.2.6.2：

Solute atom drag effects / 9.2.6.3：

Mechanisms and models for diffuse interfaces / 9.2.6.4：

Propagation of non-linear elastic wave (or, alternatively, coherency dislocations) / 9.3.1：

Self-diffusion / 9.3.2：

Equations of interface motion / 9.4：

Motion when v = v(n) / 9.4.1：

Motion of curved interfaces under capillary pressure / 9.4.2：

More general conservative motion / 9.4.3：

Impediments to interface motion due to pinning / 9.5：

Pinning effects due to embedded particles / 9.5.1：

Pinning at stationary particles at low temperatures / 9.5.1.1：

Thermally activated unpinning / 9.5.1.2：

Diffusive motion of pinned particles along with the interface / 9.5.1.3：

Pinning at free surface grooves / 9.5.2：

Non-conservative motion of interfaces: interfaces as sources/sinks for diffusional fluxes of atoms / 10：

General aspects of interfaces as sources/sinks / 10.1：

'Diffusion-controlled', 'interface-controlled', and 'mixed' kinetics / 10.2.1：

Dissipation of energy during source/sink action / 10.2.2：

The maximum energy available to drive the source/sink action / 10.2.3：

Grain boundaries as sources/sinks for fluxes of atoms / 10.3：

Models / 10.3.1：

Models for singular or vicinal grain boundaries / 10.3.2.2：

Models for general grain boundaries / 10.3.3.2：

Sharp heterophase interfaces as sources/sinks for fluxes of atoms / 10.3.3.3：

Singular or vicinal heterophase interfaces / 10.4.1：

General heterophase interfaces / 10.4.1.2：

Growth, coarsening, shape-equilibration, and shrinkage of small precipitate particles / 10.4.2：

Growth of phases in the form of flat parallel layers / 10.4.2.2：

Annealing of supersaturated vacancies / 10.4.2.3：

Diffusional accommodation of boundary sliding at second phase particles / 10.4.2.4：

Diffuse heterophase interfaces as sources/sinks for solute atoms / 10.5：

On the question of interface stability during source/sink action / 10.6：

Interfacial Properties / Part IV：

Electronic properties of interfaces / 11：

The Schottky model / 11.1：

The Bardeen model / 11.2.3：

Metal-induced gap states (MIGS) / 11.2.4：

The defect model / 11.2.5：

The development of the Schottky barrier as a function of metal coverage / 11.2.6：

Schottky barriers on Si / 11.2.7：

Discussion of models for Schottky barriers / 11.2.8：

Inhomogeneous Schottky barriers / 11.2.9：

Semiconductor heterojunctions / 11.3：

The band offsets / 11.3.1：

Grain boundaries in metals / 11.4：

Grain boundaries in semiconductors / 11.5：

Grain boundaries in high temperature superconductors / 11.6：

Mechanical properties of interfaces / 12：

Compatibility stresses in bicrystals and polycrystals / 12.1：

Compatibility stresses caused by applied elastic stress / 12.2.1：

Compatibility stresses caused by plastic straining / 12.2.2：

Compatibility stresses caused by heating/cooling / 12.2.3：

Elastic interactions between dislocations and interfaces / 12.3：

Interfaces as sinks, or traps, for lattice dislocations / 12.4：

Large-angle grain boundaries and heterophase boundaries / 12.4.1：

Singular boundaries / 12.4.3.1：

General boundaries / 12.4.3.2：

On the global equilibration of impinged lattice dislocations / 12.4.4：

Interfaces as sources of both interfacial and lattice dislocations / 12.5：

Interfaces as sources of interfacial dislocations / 12.5.1：

Interfaces as sources of lattice dislocations / 12.5.2：

Singular interfaces / 12.5.2.1：

General interfaces / 12.5.2.2：

Interfaces as barriers to the glide of lattice dislocations (slip) / 12.6：

Grain boundaries / 12.6.1：

Effects of interfaces on the plastic deformation of bicrystals and polycrystals at low temperatures / 12.6.2：

Homophase bicrystals and polycrystals / 12.7.1：

Heterophase bicrystals and polycrystals / 12.7.2：

Role of interfaces in the plastic deformation of bicrystals and polycrystals at high temperatures / 12.8：

Interface sliding / 12.8.1：

Sliding at an ideally planar grain boundary / 12.8.1.1：

Sliding at a non-planar grain boundary by means of elastic accommodation / 12.8.1.2：

Sliding at a non-planar grain boundary by means of diffusional accommodation / 12.8.1.3：

Sliding at a non-planar grain boundary by means of plastic flow accommodation in the lattice / 12.8.1.4：

Experimental observations of sliding at interfaces / 12.8.1.5：

Creep of polycrystals / 12.8.2：

Creep of homophase polycrystals controlled by diffusional transport / 12.8.2.1：

Creep of homophase polycrystals controlled by boundary sliding / 12.8.2.2：

Creep of homophase polycrystals controlled by movement of lattice dislocations / 12.8.2.3：

Further aspects of the creep of polycrystals / 12.8.2.4：

Fracture at homophase interfaces / 12.9：

Overview of the different types of fracture observed experimentally in homophase polycrystals / 12.9.1：

Propagation of cleavage cracks / 12.9.2：

Crack propagation in a single crystal / 12.9.2.1：

Crack propagation along a grain boundary / 12.9.2.2：

Crack propagation in homophase polycrystals / 12.9.2.3：

Growth and coalescence of cavities at grain boundaries at low temperatures by plastic flow due to dislocation glide / 12.9.3：

Growth and coalescence of cavities at grain boundaries at high temperatures by diffusion, power-law creep, and boundary sliding / 12.9.4：

Initiation of cavities / 12.9.4.1：

Growth of cavities / 12.9.4.2：

Coalescence of cavities and complete intergranular fracture / 12.9.4.3：

Fracture at heterophase interfaces / 12.10：

Index

List of symbols

Glossary

Interfacial Structure / Part I：

84.

図書

84. Relativistic quantum theory of atoms and molecules : theory and computation

I.P. Grant

出版情報:	New York : Springer, c2007 xxiii, 797 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Springer series on atomic, optical, and plasma physics ; 40
子書誌情報:	loading…
所蔵情報:	loading…

目次情報: 続きを見る

Relativity in atomic and molecular physics / Part I：

Elementary ideas / 1：

The one-electron atom / 1.2：

Classical Kepler orbits / 1.2.1：

The Bohr atom / 1.2.2：

X-ray spectra and Moseley's Law / 1.2.3：

Transition to quantum mechanics / 1.2.4：

Sommerfeld's relativistic orbits and Dirac's wave equation / 1.2.5：

Dirac and Schrodinger charge distributions / 1.2.6：

The Dirac hydrogenic spectrum at high Z / 1.2.7：

Many-electron atoms / 1.3：

Central field models of the atom / 1.3.1：

Closed and open shells / 1.3.2：

Mean field potentials / 1.3.3：

Comparison of Hartree-Fock and Dirac-Hartree-Fock models for ground states / 1.3.4：

The mechanism of shell filling / 1.3.5：

Other approaches / 1.3.6：

Applications to atomic physics / 1.4：

X-ray spectra / 1.4.1：

Applications to astrophysics and plasma physics / 1.4.2：

Modelling atomic processes in plasmas / 1.4.3：

Relativistic molecular structure / 1.5：

Relativistic interpretations of chemical anomalies / 1.5.1：

Relativistic effective core potentials and other approximations / 1.5.2：

Dirac four-component methods for molecules / 1.5.3：

Parity violation and hyperfine interactions / 1.5.4：

High-precision spectroscopy of small molecules containing light elements / 1.5.5：

References

Foundations / Part II：

Relativistic wave equations for free particles / 2：

The special theory of relativity / 2.1：

The Lorentz group / 2.2：

* Spinor representation of Lorentz transformations / 2.2.1：

* Infinitesimal Lorentz transformations and their generators / 2.2.2：

* Representations of the Lorentz group / 2.2.3：

The Poincare group / 2.3：

* Representations of the Poincare group / 2.3.1：

* Space and time reflections / 2.3.2：

The Klein-Gordon equation / 2.4：

The Dirac equation / 2.5：

[gamma]-Matrices and covariant form of Dirac's equation / 2.5.1：

* Lagrangian formulation of Dirac's equation / 2.5.2：

Foldy canonical form and the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation / 2.5.3：

* Position operators in Dirac theory / 2.5.4：

Dirac particles in electromagnetic fields / 2.5.5：

* Negative energy states / 2.5.6：

Maxwell's equations / 2.6：

Covariant form of Maxwell's equations / 2.6.1：

* Lagrangian formulation / 2.6.2：

Gauge invariance / 2.6.3：

* Motion of a test charge / 2.6.4：

* Symmetries and local conservation laws / 2.7：

* Global conservation laws / 2.8：

* Green's functions / 2.9：

Nonrelativistic Green's functions / 2.9.1：

Klein-Gordon operator / 2.9.2：

Maxwell's equations: the zero-mass case / 2.9.3：

Free-particle Dirac equation / 2.9.4：

The Dirac Equation / 3：

Free particles / 3.1：

Properties of Dirac matrices / 3.1.1：

Covariance properties / 3.1.2：

Bilinear covariants / 3.1.3：

Plane wave solutions / 3.1.4：

Energy and spin projectors / 3.1.5：

Charge conjugation / 3.1.6：

Spherical symmetry / 3.2：

Angular structure / 3.2.1：

The operator [sigma subscript r] / 3.2.2：

The operator c[sigma] . p / 3.2.3：

Separation of radial and spin-angular parts / 3.2.4：

Angular density distributions / 3.2.5：

Radial solutions for the free particle / 3.2.6：

Partial wave normalization / 3.2.7：

Hydrogenic atoms / 3.3：

Solution of the radial equations / 3.3.1：

The bound state solutions / 3.3.2：

Charge distributions and energy levels in hydrogenic atoms / 3.3.3：

* The continuum solutions / 3.3.4：

Scattering by a centre of force / 3.4：

Nonrelativistic potential scattering / 3.4.1：

* Relativistic Coulomb scattering / 3.4.2：

* Polarization effects in Coulomb scattering / 3.4.3：

Historical note / 3.4.4：

* Relativistic quantum defect theory / 3.5：

Green's functions / 3.6：

* Partial wave Green's functions / 3.6.1：

The partial wave Green's function for the free Dirac particle / 3.6.2：

Summation over partial waves in the free electron case / 3.6.3：

* Green's function for hydrogenic ions / 3.6.4：

The nonrelativistic limit: the Pauli approximation / 3.7：

The Pauli approximation / 3.7.1：

The Foldy-Wouthuysen and related transformations / 3.7.2：

Other aspects of Dirac theory / 3.8：

Quantum electrodynamics / 4：

Second quantization / 4.1：

Quantization of the Schrodinger equation / 4.1.1：

Identical particles: the symmetric case / 4.1.2：

Identical particles: the antisymmetric case / 4.1.3：

Quantization of the electron-positron field / 4.2：

The Furry picture / 4.2.1：

The free electron case / 4.2.2：

Quantization of the Maxwell field / 4.3：

Interaction of photons and electrons / 4.4：

The equations of motion / 4.4.1：

The interaction picture / 4.4.2：

Wick's theorems / 4.5：

Propagators / 4.6：

Photon propagators / 4.6.1：

Electron-positron propagators / 4.6.2：

Feynman diagrams / 4.6.3：

Second order interaction: U[superscript (2)] (t, t[subscript 0]) / 4.6.4：

Feynman rules / 4.6.5：

The S-matrix / 4.7：

Bound states / 4.8：

A perturbation expansion / 4.8.1：

Gell-Mann, Low, Sucher energy shift / 4.8.2：

Effective interactions / 4.9：

One-photon exchange: Feynman gauge / 4.9.1：

One-photon exchange: Coulomb gauge / 4.9.2：

* Off-shell potentials: heuristic argument / 4.9.3：

One-photon exchange: the first order energy shift / 4.9.4：

* Off-shell potentials / 4.10：

Many-body perturbation theory / 4.11：

Nonrelativistic many-body theory / 4.11.1：

MBPT for atoms and molecules / 4.12：

Particle-hole formalism / 4.12.1：

Computational methods / 4.12.2：

Relativistic approaches to atomic and molecular structure / 4.13：

The no-virtual-pair approximation (NVPA) / 4.13.1：

The NVPA as an antidote to "continuum dissolution" / 4.13.2：

The NVPA and "variational collapse" / 4.13.3：

Semirelativistic approaches / 4.13.4：

A strategy for atomic and molecular calculations / 4.14：

Density functional theories / 4.15：

Basic ideas of RDFT / 4.15.1：

The relativistic Hohenberg-Kohn theorem / 4.15.2：

The relativistic Kohn-Sham equations / 4.15.3：

Exchange and correlation functionals / 4.15.4：

The optimized potential method / 4.15.5：

Computational atomic and molecular structure / Part III：

Analysis and approximation of Dirac Hamiltonians / 5：

Self-adjointness of free particle Hamiltonians / 5.1：

Free particles: the Schrodinger case / 5.1.1：

Free particles: the Dirac case / 5.1.2：

Self-adjointness of Hamiltonians with a local potential / 5.2：

The Schrodinger case / 5.2.1：

The Dirac case / 5.2.2：

The radial Dirac differential operator / 5.3：

The boundary condition at a singular endpoint / 5.3.1：

The Dirac radial operator with one singular endpoint / 5.3.2：

The radial Dirac equation for atoms / 5.4：

Power series solutions near r = 0 / 5.4.1：

Power series solutions in the nonrelativistic limit / 5.4.2：

The boundary condition at the origin / 5.4.3：

Variational methods in quantum mechanics / 5.5：

Min-max theorems and the Ritz method / 5.5.1：

Convergence of the Rayleigh-Ritz eigenvalues in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics / 5.5.2：

Convergence of the Rayleigh-Ritz method in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics / 5.5.3：

The Rayleigh-Ritz method in relativistic quantum mechanics / 5.6：

The finite matrix method for the Dirac equation / 5.6.1：

Convergence of Rayleigh-Ritz methods for Dirac Hamiltonians / 5.6.2：

Spinor basis sets / 5.7：

L-spinors / 5.8：

Kinetic matching and the nonrelativistic limit / 5.8.1：

Orthogonality properties / 5.8.2：

Linear independence of L-spinors / 5.8.3：

Completeness of L-spinors / 5.8.4：

Charge conjugation and L-spinors / 5.8.5：

Construction of [Pi superscript Beta Beta prime], S[superscript Beta Beta prime], and U[superscript Beta Beta prime] matrices for hydrogenic atoms / 5.8.6：

Numerical study of L-spinor performance in hydrogenic atoms / 5.8.7：

S-spinors / 5.9：

Construction of [Pi superscript Beta Beta prime], S[superscript Beta Beta prime], and U[superscript Beta Beta prime] for hydrogenic atoms / 5.9.1：

G-spinors / 5.10：

Finite difference methods / 5.11：

Methods of solution / 5.11.1：

Acceptable solutions / 5.11.2：

Finite element methods / 5.12：

B-splines / 5.12.1：

Variational formulation of finite element schemes / 5.12.2：

Schrodinger equations / 5.12.3：

Dirac equations / 5.12.4：

Complex atoms / 6：

Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory / 6.1：

One-electron matrix elements of tensor operators / 6.2：

2-spinor matrix elements of even operators / 6.2.1：

2-spinor matrix elements of odd operators / 6.2.2：

Angular reduction of the Dirac Hamiltonian for a central potential / 6.3：

Matrix elements of 2-body operators / 6.4：

The Coulomb interaction / 6.4.1：

Relativistic corrections to the Coulomb interaction / 6.4.2：

The Gaunt interaction / 6.4.3：

The Moller interaction / 6.4.4：

The transverse photon interaction in Coulomb gauge / 6.4.5：

The Breit interaction / 6.4.6：

Interaction strengths for the magnetic interactions / 6.5：

The transverse photon interaction / 6.5.1：

Closed shells and configuration averages / 6.5.2：

The Dirac-Hartree-Fock model / 6.6.1：

Inclusion of magnetic interactions / 6.6.2：

Average of configuration models / 6.6.3：

DHF integro-differential equations / 6.7：

Construction of electrostatic potentials / 6.7.1：

Construction of magnetic potentials / 6.7.2：

Algorithms for potentials and Slater integrals / 6.7.3：

Configurations with incomplete subshells / 6.8：

Atomic states with incomplete subshells / 6.8.1：

Partially filled subshells in jj-coupling / 6.8.2：

Creation and annihilation operators as irreducible tensor operators. Quasispin / 6.8.3：

Double tensor operators / 6.8.4：

Parentage / 6.8.5：

Coefficients of fractional parentage in the seniority scheme / 6.8.6：

Equivalent electrons in LS-coupling / 6.8.7：

Atoms with complex configurations / 6.9：

Recoupling coefficients / 6.9.1：

Matrix elements between open shell states / 6.9.2：

Matrix elements of two-electron operators of type G / 6.9.3：

CI and MCDHF problems with large CSF sets / 6.10：

Decoupling active electrons / 6.10.1：

One-electron matrix elements / 6.10.2：

Two-electron matrix elements / 6.10.3：

Computation of atomic structures / 7：

Atomic structure calculations with GRASP / 7.1：

GRASP modules / 7.2：

MCDHF integro-differential equations / 7.3：

Solving the integro-differential equations / 7.4：

Starting the calculation / 7.5：

The radial grid / 7.5.1：

The nuclear mass / 7.5.2：

The nuclear size / 7.5.3：

Initial estimates for radial wavefunctions / 7.5.4：

An EAL calculation / 7.6：

Diagonal and off-diagonal energy parameters / 7.7：

Koopmans' theorem and Brillouin's theorem / 7.8：

Froese Fischer's analysis / 7.8.1：

Control of MCSCF iterations / 7.9：

Corrections to the Coulomb interaction: Breit and other approximations / 7.10：

QED corrections / 7.11：

Towards higher quality atomic models / 7.12：

CSF sets for electron correlation: active space methods / 7.12.1：

Example: intercombination transitions in Be-like ions / 7.12.2：

X-ray transition energies / 7.13：

Computation of atomic properties / 8：

Relativistic radiative transition theory / 8.1：

Line transitions / 8.1.1：

Multipole expansion of the radiation field / 8.1.2：

Emission and absorption by one-electron atoms / 8.2：

Evaluation of one-electron transition amplitudes / 8.2.1：

The nonrelativistic limit: Pauli approximation / 8.2.2：

Radiative transitions in many-electron atoms / 8.3：

Transitions in highly ionized atoms: Fe XXIII / 8.3.1：

Orbital relaxation / 8.4：

Application to atomic transition calculations / 8.5：

Large-scale calculations of energies and transition rates / 8.5.1：

Relativistic atomic photo-ionization theory / 8.6：

The differential cross-section for photo-ionization / 8.6.1：

Low energies: the electric dipole case / 8.6.2：

Angular distributions and polarization parameters for a single channel / 8.6.3：

Other aspects of photo-ionization / 8.6.4：

Hyperfine interactions / 8.7：

Hyperfine interactions in the many-electron atom / 8.7.1：

Isotope shifts / 8.8：

Nuclear motion / 8.8.1：

Nuclear volume effect / 8.8.2：

Continuum processes in many-electron atoms / 9：

Relativistic elastic electron-atom scattering / 9.1：

Model potentials / 9.1.1：

Computational issues / 9.1.2：

Determination of phase-shifts / 9.1.3：

Summation of the partial wave expansion / 9.1.5：

Electron-atom scattering: the close-coupling method / 9.2：

Low-energy elastic and inelastic collisions / 9.2.1：

The distorted wave approximation / 9.2.2：

The relativistic R-matrix method / 9.3：

The radial Dirac equation on a finite interval / 9.3.1：

Bloch operators / 9.3.2：

The inner region, r [Less than Equal] a / 9.3.3：

The outer region, r [Greater than] a / 9.3.4：

Matching inner and outer solutions / 9.3.5：

The Buttle correction / 9.4：

R-matrix theory of photo-ionization / 9.5：

The DARC relativistic R-matrix package / 9.6：

Truncation of the close-coupling expansion. The nonrelativistic CCC method / 9.7：

The R-matrix method at intermediate energies / 9.8：

Electron scattering from heavy atoms and ions / 9.9：

Early work / 9.9.1：

Electron scattering from the mercury atom / 9.9.2：

Scattering of polarized electrons from polarized atoms / 9.9.3：

The relativistic random phase approximation / 9.10：

The RRPA equations / 9.10.1：

Radial equations / 9.10.2：

Multipole transition amplitudes / 9.10.3：

RRPA rates for photo-excitation and photo-ionization / 9.11：

Photo-excitation / 9.11.1：

Photo-ionization / 9.11.2：

Comparison with experiment / 9.12：

Photo-ionization of outer atomic subshells at high Z / 9.12.1：

Beyond RRPA / 9.12.2：

Molecular structure methods / 10：

Molecular and atomic structure methods / 10.1：

Dirac-Hartree-Fock-Breit equations for closed shell atoms / 10.2：

DHFB energy of a closed shell atom / 10.2.1：

Spinor basis function representation / 10.2.2：

Matrix of the radial Dirac operator / 10.2.3：

Coulomb Slater integrals / 10.2.4：

Breit integrals for closed shells / 10.2.5：

The DHFB Fock matrix / 10.2.6：

One-centre interaction integrals / 10.3：

Numerical examples / 10.4：

The DHFB method for closed shell molecules / 10.5：

G-spinor basis functions / 10.6：

The charge-current density / 10.7：

Two-centre overlaps / 10.8：

Relativistic expansion coefficients / 10.8.1：

Symmetry properties of E[subscript q] coefficients / 10.8.2：

Multi-centre interaction integrals / 10.9：

Auxiliary integrals involving HGTFs / 10.9.1：

Multi-centre one-electron integrals / 10.9.2：

Multi-centre two-electron integrals / 10.9.3：

Fock matrix in terms of G-spinors / 10.10：

The BERTHA integral package / 10.10.1：

Electromagnetic field energy / 10.11：

Interaction energy in terms of internal fields / 10.11.1：

The nonrelativistic Fock matrix / 10.11.2：

The relativistic Fock matrix / 10.11.3：

Implementation of the field formulation / 10.11.4：

Relativistic density functional calculations / 10.12：

Computational strategies / 10.13：

The Roothaan bound / 10.13.1：

Integral-direct Fock matrix evaluation / 10.13.2：

Symmetry properties of interaction matrix elements / 10.13.3：

Stepwise refinement / 10.13.4：

Level-shifting / 10.13.5：

Multiconfigurational Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory / 10.14：

Orbital optimization / 10.14.1：

Relativistic calculation of molecular properties / 11：

Molecular symmetry / 11.1：

Diatomic molecules / 11.1.1：

Polyatomic molecules / 11.1.2：

Relativistic effects in light molecules / 11.2：

Nonrelativistic Breit-Pauli model / 11.2.1：

DHF and DHFB calculations for water using BERTHA / 11.2.2：

Second-order many-body corrections / 11.2.3：

Relativistic study of the potential energy surface and vibration-rotation levels of water / 11.2.4：

Electromagnetic properties of atoms and molecules / 11.3：

Gauge transformations in electromagnetic processes / 11.3.1：

B-spinors / 11.3.2：

The Zeeman effect / 11.4：

NMR shielding in small molecules / 11.5：

NMR shielding constants for [superscript 17]O in water / 11.6.1：

NMR shielding constants for [superscript 15]N in ammonia / 11.6.2：

Molecules with high-Z constituents / 11.7：

Electronic structure of TlF / 11.7.1：

Electronic structure of YbF / 11.7.2：

DHF+CI study of uranium hexafluoride / 11.7.3：

Frequently used formulae and data / A：

Relativistic notation / A.1：

Dirac matrices / A.2：

Special functions / A.3：

Spherical Bessel functions / A.3.1：

Confluent hypergeometric functions / A.3.2：

Generalized Laguerre polynomials / A.3.3：

Hermite polynomials / A.3.4：

Incomplete gamma functions / A.3.5：

Incomplete Beta functions / A.3.6：

Continued fraction evaluation / A.3.7：

Central field Dirac spinors and their interactions / A.4：

Central field Dirac spinors / A.4.1：

Matrix elements of simple ITOs / A.4.2：

Magnetic interactions / A.4.3：

Effective interaction strengths for two-body operators / A.4.4：

Open shells in jj-coupling / A.5：

Exponents for atomic and molecular G-spinors / A.6：

Software for relativistic molecular calculations / A.7：

BERTHA / A.7.1：

DIRAC / A.7.2：

MOLFDIR / A.7.3：

Supplementary mathematics / B：

Linear operators on Hilbert space / B.1：

Hilbert spaces / B.1.1：

Linear operators / B.1.2：

Spectrum and resolvent of linear operators / B.1.3：

Self-adjoint operators / B.1.4：

Observables and self-adjoint operators / B.1.5：

Commuting operators / B.1.6：

Unitary and anti-unitary operators / B.1.7：

Lie groups and Lie algebras / B.2：

Lie groups / B.2.1：

Lie algebras / B.2.2：

Representations of Lie groups and Lie algebras / B.2.3：

The Cartan-Weyl classification / B.2.4：

Casimir operators / B.2.5：

Kronecker products of group representations / B.2.6：

Tensor operators and the Wigner-Eckart theorem / B.2.7：

Quantum mechanical angular momentum theory / B.3：

The rotation group / B.3.1：

Abstract angular momentum / B.3.2：

Orbital angular momentum / B.3.3：

Representation functions / B.3.4：

Kronecker products of irreducible representations / B.3.5：

Coupling of three or more angular momenta / B.3.6：

The 3j-symbol / B.3.7：

The 6j-symbol / B.3.8：

The 9j-symbols / B.3.9：

Graphical treatment of angular momentum algebra / B.3.10：

Diagrammatic treatment of Clebsch-Gordan coefficients / B.3.11：

Diagrammatic treatment of 3jm-symbols / B.3.12：

Generalized angular momentum couphng schemes / B.3.13：

GCG and njm coefficients / B.3.14：

Manipulating angular momentum diagrams / B.3.15：

Composite tensor operators / B.3.16：

Diagrammatic representation of tensor operators / B.3.18：

Relativistic symmetry orbitals for double point groups / B.4：

Construction of symmetry orbitals / B.4.1：

Linear independence of molecular symmetry orbitals / B.4.2：

Reduction of operator matrices / B.4.3：

Time reversal / B.4.4：

The TSYM software package / B.4.5：

Basis sets in atomic and molecular physics / B.5：

The Coulomb Sturmian functions / B.5.1：

Completeness and linear independence of Coulomb Sturmians / B.5.2：

Basis sets of exponential-type functions / B.5.3：

Finite difference methods for Dirac equations / B.6：

An existence theorem / B.6.1：

Initial value methods / B.6.2：

Linear multistep methods / B.6.3：

The nodal structure of Dirac radial wavefunctions / B.6.4：

Discretization of two-point boundary value problems / B.6.5：

Two-point boundary value problems: the deferred correction method / B.6.6：

Construction of difference corrections / B.6.7：

Single stepping algorithms / B.6.8：

Stepping outwards from the origin / B.6.9：

Algorithm for the outer region / B.6.10：

The boundary condition at T = t[subscript N] / B.6.11：

Improving a trial solution / B.6.12：

Eigenfunction expansions for the radially reduced Dirac equation / B.7：

The fundamental lemma / B.7.1：

Boundary conditions: the two-point boundary value problem / B.7.2：

Boundary conditions at the nucleus / B.7.3：

Pauli approximation at R[subscript 2] / B.7.4：

The MIT bag model at R[subscript 2] / B.7.5：

The eigenvalue spectrum / B.7.6：

The inhomogeneous boundary value problem / B.7.7：

Eigenfunction expansions / B.7.8：

Iterative processes in nonlinear systems of equations / B.8：

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods / B.9：

Lagrange's equations / B.9.1：

Hamilton's equations / B.9.2：

Symmetries and conservation laws / B.9.3：

Construction of E coefficients / B.10：

E-coefficients through Cartesian intermediates / B.10.1：

Recurrence relations for E-coefficients / B.10.2：

Implementation issues / B.10.3：

Index

Relativity in atomic and molecular physics / Part I：

Elementary ideas / 1：

The one-electron atom / 1.2：

85.

図書

85. Biological adhesives

A.M. Smith, J.A. Callow (eds.)

出版情報:	Berlin ; New York : Springer, c2006 xvii, 284 p. ; 24 cm
子書誌情報:	loading…
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目次情報: 続きを見る

Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Exopolymeric Adhesives and their Commercial Development / Anthony P. Haag1：

Introduction / 1.1：

Adhesive Development / 1.2：

Mechanical Testing of Adhesive Bonds / 1.2.1：

Bacterial Exopolymer Adhesives / 1.2.2：

Related Polysaccharide-based Adhesives / 1.2.3：

Outlook / 1.3：

References

The Molecular Genetics of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Formation / Paolo Landini ; Gregory Jubelin ; Corinne Dorel-Flamant2：

Biofilm Formation and its Regulation / 2.1：

Environmental Factors Leading to Biofilm Formation / 2.1.1：

Quorum Sensing / 2.1.2：

Global Regulators / 2.1.3：

A Case of Complex Regulatory Control: The Curli Factors (Thin Aggregative Fimbriae) of Enterobacteria / 2.2：

Curli Fibers: A Major Determinant for Biofilm Formation in Enterobacteria / 2.2.1：

Conditions for the Expression of Curli / 2.2.2：

Regulation by Osmolarity / 2.2.3：

Regulation According to the Bacterial Growth Phase / 2.2.4：

Thermoregulation / 2.2.5：

Regulation as a Result of Oxygen Concentration / 2.2.6：

Other Regulatory Systems / 2.2.7：

GGDEF and EAL Regulatory Proteins: Regulation of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis at the Enzyme Level / 2.3：

The GGDEF-EAL Protein Family / 2.3.1：

Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes / Lynn Epstein ; Ralph L. Nicholson3：

Prevalence and Importance of Adhesion in Fungi and Oomycetes / 3.1：

Adhesion as Part of Many Stages of Morphogenesis in Many Fungi / 3.2.1：

Functions of Adhesion / 3.2.2：

Selected Examples / 3.2.3：

Challenges in Identifying Adhesives in Fungi / 3.3：

Genetic 'Knockout' and 'Knockin' Strategies / 3.3.1：

Biochemical Strategies / 3.3.2：

Fungal and Oomycete Glues / 3.4：

Features / 3.4.1：

Composition of Glues / 3.4.2：

Secretion and Crosslinking, with a Focus on Transglutaminase / 3.4.3：

Cell-surface Macromolecules with Apparent Adhesive Properties / 3.4.4：

Fungal Adhesins / 3.5：

Conclusions / 3.6：

The Ulva Spore Adhesive System / James A. Callow ; Maureen E. Callow4：

Cell Biological and Biochemical Aspects / 4.1：

The 'Adhesive Apparatus' / 4.2.1：

Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Identify the Contents of Adhesive Vesicles / 4.2.2：

Biochemical Characteristics of the Adhesive Antigens / 4.2.3：

Experiments on Cross-linking / 4.2.4：

Molecular Aspects / 4.2.5：

Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Adhesive / 4.3：

Imaging the Adhesive by ESEM / 4.3.1：

The Influence of Surface Properties on Adhesion and Adhesive Spreading / 4.3.2：

Nanomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Spore Adhesive / 4.3.3：

Adhesive Strength of the Whole Spore System / 4.3.4：

Conclusions and Further Perspectives / 4.4：

Diatom Adhesives: Molecular and Mechanical Properties / Anthony Chiovitti ; Tony M. Dugdale ; Richard Wetherbee5：

Diatoms and Adhesion / 5.1：

Diatom Morphology / 5.1.1：

Significance of Diatom Adhesion / 5.1.2：

Diatom Adhesion Strategies / 5.1.3：

General Composition of Diatom Mucilages / 5.1.4：

Adhesion and Gliding of Raphid Diatoms / 5.2：

Adhesion and Gliding Behaviour / 5.2.1：

Mechanism of Raphid Diatom Adhesion and Gliding / 5.2.2：

Fine Structure of Raphid Diatom Mucilages / 5.2.3：

Nanomechanical Properties Determined by AFM / 5.2.4：

Molecular Composition / 5.2.5：

Sessile Adhesion / 5.3：

Physical Properties of Adhesive Pads with AFM / 5.3.1：

Molecular Composition and Chemical Properties of Stalks: Achnanthes longipes / 5.3.2：

Concluding Remarks / 5.4：

Phenolic-based Adhesives of Marine Brown Algae / Philippe Potin ; Catherine Leblanc6：

Adhesion of Brown Algal Propagules / 6.1：

Settlement and Attachment of Brown Algal Spores / 6.2.1：

Adhesion of Fucoid Zygotes / 6.2.2：

Secretion of Brown Algal Phenolics and Adhesion / 6.3：

Curing Mechanisms Involving Brown Algal Vanadium Peroxidases / 6.4：

Brown Algal Vanadium-dependent Haloperoxidase / 6.4.1：

In vitro Investigations of Haloperoxidase-mediated Oxidative Cross-linking / 6.4.2：

Requirement for an Efficient Oxidation Mechanism In Situ / 6.4.3：

Industrial Potential of Brown Algal Adhesives / 6.5：

Conclusions and Future Prospects / 6.6：

Chemical Subtleties of Mussel and Polychaete Holdfasts / Jason Sagert ; Chengjun Sun ; J. Herbert Waite7：

Protein Deamidation / 7.1：

Protein Phosphorylation / 7.3：

Dopa Chemistry / 7.4：

Gradients / 7.4.1：

Metal Binding / 7.4.2：

Cross-linking / 7.4.3：

Michael Additions: Amines / 7.4.4：

Michael Thiol Additions / 7.4.5：

Conclusion / 7.5：

Barnacle Underwater Attachment / Kei Kamino8：

Barnacle Attachment / 8.1：

A Unique Sessile Crustacean / 8.2.1：

Attachment in the Life Cycle / 8.2.2：

Biosynthesis and Secretion of Underwater Cement / 8.2.3：

Barnacle Underwater Cement / 8.3：

Cement Layer / 8.3.1：

Cement Sample / 8.3.2：

Cement Nature / 8.3.3：

Multi-functionality in Underwater Attachment / 8.3.4：

Cement Proteins and Possible Functions / 8.3.5：

Possible Molecular Model for Barnacle Underwater Attachment / 8.3.6：

Comparison with Other Holdfast Proteins / 8.4：

Applications to Material Science / 8.5：

The Biochemistry and Mechanics of Gastropod Adhesive Gels / Andrew M. Smith8.6：

Background / 9.1：

Adhesive Gels Used by Different Animals / 9.3：

Principles of Gel Mechanics / 9.4：

Adhesive Gel Structure / 9.5：

The Role of Different Proteins in Adhesion / 9.6：

Mechanisms of Crosslinking / 9.7：

Comparison of Gel Structure Among Gastropods / 9.8：

Adhesive Secretions in Echinoderms: An Overview / Patrick Flammang9.9：

Tube Feet / 10.1：

Larval Adhesive Organs / 10.3：

Cuvierian Tubules / 10.4：

Comparisons of Echinoderm Adhesives with Other Marine Bioadhesives / 10.5：

An Adhesive Secreted by Australian Frogs of the Genus Notaden / Lloyd D. Graham ; Veronica Glattauer ; Yong Y. Peng ; Paul R. Vaughan ; Jerome A. Werkmeister ; Michael J. Tyler ; John A.M. Ramshaw10.6：

Preliminary Field and Laboratory Data / 11.1：

Adhesive Collection / 11.3：

Solubilisation and Solidification / 11.4：

Mechanical Properties / 11.5：

Biocompatibility / 11.6：

Biochemical Studies / 11.7：

Colour / 11.7.1：

CD Spectra / 11.7.2：

Amino Acid Analysis / 11.7.3：

Protein Fractionation / 11.7.4：

Applications / 11.8：

Properties, Principles, and Parameters of the Gecko Adhesive System / Kellar Autumn11.9：

Adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae / 12.1：

Properties (1) Anisotropic Attachment and (2) High Adhesion Coefficient [mu prime] / 12.2.1：

Property (3) Low Detachment Force / 12.2.2：

Integration of Body and Leg Dynamics with Setal Attachment and Detachment / 12.2.3：

Molecular Mechanism of Gecko Adhesion / 12.2.4：

Property (4) Material Independent Adhesion / 12.2.5：

Anti-adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae / 12.3：

Properties (5) Self-cleaning and (6) Anti-self-adhesion / 12.3.1：

Property (7) Nonsticky Default State / 12.3.2：

Modeling Adhesive Nanostructures / 12.4：

Effective Modulus of a Setal Array / 12.4.1：

Rough Surface and Antimatting Conditions / 12.4.2：

Scaling / 12.5：

Scaling of Pad Area and Spatular Size / 12.5.1：

Scaling of Stress / 12.5.2：

Comparison of Conventional and Gecko Adhesives / 12.6：

Gecko-inspired Synthetic Adhesive Nanostructures / 12.7：

Future Directions in the Study of the Gecko Adhesive System / 12.8：

Biomimetic Adhesive Polymers Based on Mussel Adhesive Proteins / Bruce P. Lee ; Jeffrey L. Dalsin ; Phillip B. Messersmith13：

Mussel Adhesive Proteins and DOPA / 13.1：

Medical Adhesives: Requirements and Existing Materials / 13.3：

MAP-Mimetic Adhesive Polymers / 13.4：

Extraction and Expression of MAPs / 13.4.1：

Chemical Synthesis of MAP Mimetic-Polymers / 13.4.2：

Antifouling MAP Mimetic Polymers / 13.5：

Subject Index / 13.6：

Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Exopolymeric Adhesives and their Commercial Development / Anthony P. Haag1：

Introduction / 1.1：

Adhesive Development / 1.2：

86.

図書

86. Underactuated robotic hands (: pbk)

Lionel Birglen, Thierry Laliberté, Clément Gosselin

出版情報:	Berlin : Springer, c2008 xv, 241 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Springer tracts in advanced robotics ; v. 40
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Introduction / 1：

Underactuation / 1.1：

Contributions of the Book / 1.2：

Overview of the Book / 1.3：

Grasping vs. Manipulating / 2：

Robotic Hands: Aims and Functions / 2.1：

Underactuation in Robotic Hands / 2.2：

Underactuation as a Solution to Grasping / 2.2.1：

Literature Review / 2.2.2：

Kinetostatic Analysis of Robotic Fingers / 3：

General Static Model / 3.1：

Computation of the Transmission Matrix / 3.3：

Expressions of the Contact Forces / 3.4：

Positive Definiteness of the Forces / 3.5：

Other Transmission Mechanisms / 3.6：

Double-Stage Mechanism / 3.6.1：

Tendon-Pulley Transmission / 3.6.2：

Gears / 3.6.3：

Da Vinci's Mechanism / 3.6.4：

Comparison / 3.6.5：

Less-than-n-phalanx Grasps / 3.7：

Conclusions / 3.8：

Grasp Stability of Underactuated Fingers / 4：

Grasp Stability of Two-Phalanx Underactuated Fingers / 4.1：

Grasp Stability for Single Point Contact / 4.2.1：

Contact Trajectories / 4.2.2：

Equation of the Equilibrium Point / 4.2.3：

Linear and Circular Contact / 4.2.4：

Application: Synthesis of an Optimally Unstable Finger / 4.2.5：

Application: Design Validation / 4.2.6：

On the Grasp-State Plane Necessity / 4.2.7：

Grasp Stability of Three-Phalanx Underactuated Fingers / 4.3：

Three-Phalanx Underactuated Fingers Ejection Theory / 4.3.1：

Loss of One Contact / 4.3.2：

Degeneracy Analysis / 4.3.3：

On the Validation Surfaces / 4.3.4：

Loss of Two Contacts / 4.3.5：

Optimal Design of Underactuated Fingers / 4.4：

Optimal Design of Two-Phalanx Underactuated Fingers / 5.1：

Force Properties and Ejection / 5.2.1：

Force Isotropic Design / 5.2.2：

Guidelines to Prevent Ejection / 5.2.3：

Optimal Design of Three-Phalanx Underactuated Fingers / 5.3：

Dimensional Analysis / 5.3.1：

Grasp-Stability Analysis / 5.3.3：

Underactuation between the Fingers / 5.4：

Design Solutions / 6.1：

Movable Pulley / 6.2.1：

Seesaw Mechanism / 6.2.2：

Fluidic T-Pipe / 6.2.3：

Planetary and Bevel Gear Differentials / 6.2.4：

Combining Multiple Stages / 6.3：

Transmission Tree Analysis / 6.3.1：

Performance Evaluation of the Transmission Tree / 6.3.2：

Exchanging Inputs and Outputs / 6.4：

Applications / 6.5：

Underactuated Gripper / 6.5.1：

Multiple Pulley Routing / 6.5.2：

Serial Routing / 6.5.3：

Symmetrical Routing / 6.5.4：

絞り込み条件: