Preface |
The scope of seismology / 1: |
Early history / 1.1: |
Developments from 1915 to 1960 / 1.2: |
The period since 1960 / 1.3: |
Seismology and nuclear explosions / 1.3.1: |
Standard global recording / 1.3.2: |
Computers and complexity / 1.3.3: |
Extra-terrestrial seismology / 1.3.4: |
The plan of this book / 1.4: |
Elasticity theory / 2: |
Analysis of stress / 2.1: |
The stress tensor / 2.1.1: |
Symmetry of the stress tensor / 2.1.2: |
Use of the Kronecker delta [delta][subscript ij] and alternating tensor [epsiv][subscript ijk] / 2.1.3: |
The stress quadric / 2.1.4: |
Elastodynamic equations of motion / 2.1.5: |
Infinitesimal strain / 2.2: |
The rotation tensor / 2.2.1: |
The strain tensor / 2.2.2: |
Cubical dilatation / 2.2.3: |
The equation of conservation / 2.2.4: |
Curvilinear coordinates / 2.3: |
Perfect elasticity / 2.4: |
Stress-strain relations for a perfectly elastic isotropic material / 2.4.1: |
Equations of motion in terms of displacement / 2.4.2: |
Some perfectly elastic substances / 2.4.3: |
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio / 2.4.4: |
Energy in a perfectly elastic body / 2.4.5: |
Theorems on elastic equilibrium / 2.4.6: |
Solving problems in elasticity / 2.4.7: |
Non-isotropic materials and transverse isotropy / 2.5: |
Departures from perfect elasticity due to time effects / 2.6: |
Fluid viscosity / 2.6.1: |
Kelvin-Voigt model / 2.6.2: |
Elastic afterworking / 2.6.3: |
Maxwell model / 2.6.4: |
Strength of a solid / 2.6.5: |
Solids and fluids / 2.6.6: |
Finite-strain theory / 2.7: |
Exercises / 2.8: |
Vibrations and waves / 3: |
Vibrations of systems with one degree of freedom / 3.1: |
Simple harmonic motion / 3.1.1: |
Damped vibrations / 3.1.2: |
Forced vibrations / 3.1.3: |
The delta function / 3.1.4: |
Green's function / 3.1.5: |
Vibrations of systems with more than one degree of freedom / 3.2: |
Eigen-vibrations of systems with finite freedom / 3.2.1: |
Rayleigh's principle / 3.2.2: |
Particles on an elastic string / 3.2.3: |
Vibrations of continuous systems / 3.2.4: |
Seismological considerations / 3.2.5: |
Plane waves / 3.3: |
Fourier's integral theorem and spectra / 3.3.1: |
Simple harmonic plane wave / 3.3.2: |
Vector waves. Polarisation / 3.3.3: |
Standing waves / 3.3.4: |
Dispersion of waves / 3.3.5: |
Energy in plane wave motion / 3.3.6: |
Propagation of plane waves in a general direction / 3.3.7: |
The wave equation / 3.4: |
Case of spherical symmetry / 3.4.1: |
General solution / 3.4.2: |
Ray theory / 3.4.3: |
Two-dimensional wave motion / 3.5: |
Scattering / 3.6: |
Diffraction / 3.7: |
Helmholtz and Sturm--Liouville equations / 3.8: |
Body elastic waves / 3.9: |
P and S waves / 4.1: |
Case of plane waves / 4.1.1: |
Poisson's relation / 4.1.2: |
Inclusion of the seismic source in infinite media / 4.2: |
Spherical source / 4.2.1: |
Green's function representation for point sources / 4.2.2: |
Reciprocity theorem / 4.2.3: |
Form of ground motion in an earthquake / 4.3: |
The effect of gravity fluctuations / 4.4: |
The effects of elastic imperfections / 4.5: |
Constitutive laws for anelasticity / 4.5.1: |
Linear models and the Jeffreys power law / 4.5.2: |
Damping of harmonic waves. The quality factor Q / 4.5.3: |
Thermodynamical conditions / 4.6: |
Finite-strain effects / 4.7: |
Case of spherical waves / 4.8: |
Surface elastic waves and eigen-vibrations of a sphere / 4.9: |
Waves guided along a plane boundary / 5.1: |
Rayleigh waves / 5.2: |
Stoneley waves / 5.3: |
Love waves / 5.4: |
Nodal planes / 5.4.1: |
Dispersion curves / 5.4.2: |
The differential equation for continuously varying media / 5.4.3: |
Surface waves in the presence of multiple layers and sources / 5.5: |
Rayleigh waves for a single surface layer / 5.5.1: |
Matrix theory. Love and Rayleigh waves / 5.5.2: |
Lamb's problem / 5.5.3: |
Normal oscillations of an elastic sphere / 5.6: |
The basic equations / 5.6.1: |
Torsional (toroidal) modes / 5.6.2: |
Spheroidal and radial modes / 5.6.3: |
Geometrical description of the oscillations / 5.6.4: |
Effects of rotation and ellipticity. Terrestrial spectroscopy / 5.6.5: |
Duality with travelling waves / 5.6.6: |
Seismic waves in linear visco-elastic media / 5.7: |
Equation of motion. The correspondence principle / 5.7.1: |
Damped seismic waves / 5.7.2: |
Damped oscillations of a visco-elastic sphere / 5.7.3: |
Reflection and refraction of elastic waves / 5.8: |
Formulation / 6.1: |
Laws of reflection and refraction / 6.1.1: |
General equations for the two media / 6.1.2: |
Special cases / 6.2: |
Case of incident SH waves / 6.2.1: |
P wave incident against a free plane boundary / 6.2.2: |
SV wave incident against a free plane boundary / 6.2.3: |
Curved boundaries and head waves / 6.3: |
Refraction of dispersed waves / 6.4: |
Scattered seismic waves. Matrix theory / 6.5: |
Seismic rays in a spherically stratified Earth model / 6.6: |
The parameter p of a seismic ray / 7.1: |
Rays in inhomogeneous media. The eikonal equation / 7.1.1: |
Relations between p, [Delta], T for a given family of rays / 7.2: |
The relation p = dT/d[Delta] / 7.2.1: |
Some integral expressions for T, [Delta] / 7.2.2: |
The functions [zeta] and [zeta] / 7.2.3: |
Expressions for d[Delta]/dp and dT/dp / 7.2.4: |
Relations between [Delta] and T, corresponding to assigned variations of v with r / 7.3: |
Various cases / 7.3.1-7.3.9: |
Derivation of P and S velocity distributions from (T, [Delta]) relations / 7.4: |
Herglotz-Wiechert-Bateman inversion / 7.4.1: |
Bullen's method / 7.4.2: |
Linear inverse method / 7.4.3: |
Inversion for low velocity layers / 7.4.4: |
The tau ([tau]) method / 7.4.5: |
Special velocity distributions / 7.5: |
Curvature of a seismic ray / 7.5.1: |
Rays in a homogeneous medium / 7.5.2: |
Circular rays; the law v = a - br[superscript 2] / 7.5.3: |
Mohorovicic's law v = ar[superscript b] / 7.5.4: |
Theory of travel-times in near earthquakes / 7.6: |
Special form of the (T, [Delta]) relation for near earthquakes / 7.6.1: |
Application to a layered crustal structure / 7.6.2: |
Error, resolution and network design / 7.6.3: |
Determination of layer thicknesses / 7.6.4: |
Use of artificial sources. Seismic prospecting / 7.6.5: |
Amplitudes of the surface motion due to seismic waves in a spherically stratified Earth model / 7.7: |
Energy considerations / 8.1: |
Energy per unit area of wave front in an emerging wave / 8.1.1: |
Relation between energy and amplitude / 8.1.2: |
Movements of the surface due to an incident wave / 8.2: |
Amplitude as a function of [Delta] / 8.3: |
Loss of energy during transmission through the medium / 8.4: |
Gradual variation in properties / 8.4.1: |
Single discontinuity / 8.4.2: |
Waves which change type / 8.5: |
Amplitudes corresponding to cusps in (T, [Delta]) curves / 8.6: |
Amplitudes of surface seismic waves / 8.7: |
Reflectivity algorithms / 8.8: |
Seismometry / 8.9: |
The horizontal component seismograph / 9.1: |
Effect of tilt / 9.1.1: |
The vertical component seismograph / 9.2: |
The indicator equation / 9.3: |
Damping of seismographs / 9.4: |
Solution of the indicator equation / 9.5: |
Simple harmonic ground motion / 9.5.1: |
Impulsive ground motion / 9.5.2: |
General ground motion response curves / 9.5.3: |
Computation of the ground motion from a seismogram / 9.6: |
Displacement and velocity meters and accelerometers / 9.7: |
Recording methods and timing / 9.7.1: |
The dynamic ranges of seismic ground motion / 9.8: |
Microseisms / 9.8.1: |
Frequency range / 9.8.2: |
Amplitude range / 9.8.3: |
Modern seismographs / 9.9: |
The electromagnetic type / 9.9.1: |
Signal enhancement. Digital processing / 9.9.2: |
Strong-motion accelerometers and arrays / 9.9.3: |
Strain, tilt and other measurements / 9.9.4: |
Portable seismographs and microprocessors. Telemetry / 9.9.5: |
Ocean-bottom seismographs / 9.9.6: |
Engineering response spectra / 9.10: |
Construction of travel-time tables / 9.11: |
Parameters of earthquake location / 10.1: |
Calculation of the epicentral distance and azimuth / 10.2: |
Features of seismograms / 10.3: |
Estimation of P travel-time tables / 10.4: |
Equations of condition between hypocentre and table parameters. Geiger's and Inglada's methods / 10.4.1: |
Application of least-squares theory and inverse theory / 10.4.2: |
Jeffreys' method of successive approximation. Summary values / 10.4.3: |
Uniform reduction and robust estimation / 10.4.4: |
Regional variations and focal depths / 10.4.5: |
Use of digital computers. Tomography / 10.5: |
Travel-time tables other than P / 10.6: |
Notation used for phases read on seismograms / 10.6.1: |
Relations between different travel-time tables / 10.6.2: |
Types of travel-time tables for body waves / 10.6.3: |
Effect of the Earth's ellipticity / 10.7: |
Travel-times of surface waves / 10.8: |
Numerical results / 10.9: |
The Jeffreys-Bullen seismological tables / 10.9.1: |
Tables for PKP / 10.9.2: |
Ellipticity tables / 10.9.3: |
Statistical treatment of velocity and travel-time table estimation / 10.9.4: |
The seismological observatory / 10.10: |
Inside the observatory / 11.1: |
Interpretation of seismograms / 11.1.1: |
Determination of hypocentres and earthquake size / 11.1.2: |
Group estimation of earthquake parameters / 11.1.3: |
Abnormal observations. The T-phase. Precursors / 11.1.4: |
International seismological organisations / 11.2: |
International seismological catalogues / 11.2.1: |
Global digital networks / 11.2.2: |
Seismic waves in anomalous structures / 11.3: |
Anisotropic media / 12.1: |
Equation of motion and determinantal conditions / 12.1.1: |
Surface waves in anisotropic media / 12.1.2: |
Heterogeneous media. WKBJ approximation / 12.2: |
Topographic and structural variations / 12.3: |
Finite difference methods / 12.3.1: |
Finite element methods / 12.3.2: |
Numerical results. A mountain and oceanic-continental transition / 12.3.3: |
Variational methods / 12.3.4: |
Laboratory model seismology / 12.4: |
Seismic waves and planetary interiors / 12.5: |
Major discontinuities within the Earth / 13.1: |
Existence of a crust. Oceanic and continental structures / 13.1.1: |
Existence of a central core / 13.1.2: |
Discontinuities in the mantle / 13.1.3: |
Discontinuities in the central core / 13.1.4: |
Division of the Earth's interior into shells / 13.1.5: |
P and S velocity distributions in the Earth and Moon / 13.2: |
The crust / 13.2.1: |
The lithosphere / 13.2.2: |
The deep interior. Recent solutions / 13.2.3: |
The lunar interior / 13.2.4: |
The states of the Earth's mantle and core / 13.3: |
Solidity and fluidity / 13.3.1: |
Anelastic properties / 13.3.2: |
The Earth's density variation / 13.4: |
Early models of density variation / 13.4.1: |
Equations for density gradient from seismology / 13.4.2: |
Extension to inhomogeneous layers. The index [eta] / 13.4.3: |
The inverse problem of density determination / 13.5: |
Bullen's procedure / 13.5.1: |
Bullen's compressibility-pressure hypothesis / 13.5.2: |
Linear inversion. Tradeoff curves / 13.5.3: |
Direct use of seismic waves / 13.5.4: |
Stratification of the shells / 13.6: |
The upper mantle / 13.6.1: |
The shell D" / 13.6.2: |
The outer core (shell E) / 13.6.3: |
The shell F / 13.6.4: |
The inner core (shell G) / 13.6.5: |
Ellipticities of surfaces of equal density within the Earth / 13.7: |
Long-period oscillations and the Earth's interior / 13.8: |
Historical background / 14.1: |
Numerical results for Earth models / 14.2: |
Torsional oscillations / 14.2.1: |
Spheroidal oscillations / 14.2.2: |
Modal splitting. The solotone effect / 14.2.3: |
Estimation of observed eigen-spectra / 14.3: |
Fourier analysis / 14.3.1: |
Complex demodulation / 14.3.2: |
Calculation of eigen-frequency, amplitude, phase and Q / 14.3.3: |
Observations / 14.3.4: |
Earthquake statistics and prediction / 15: |
Energy released in earthquakes / 15.1: |
Case of near earthquakes / 15.1.1: |
Assumption of spherical symmetry about the source / 15.1.2: |
Use of surface waves / 15.1.3: |
Earthquake magnitude / 15.2: |
Magnitude and energy / 15.2.1: |
Magnitude - frequency of occurrence relation / 15.2.2: |
Seismicity / 15.3: |
Geography of shallow earthquakes / 15.3.1: |
Distribution of deep-focus earthquakes / 15.3.2: |
Tectonic associations / 15.3.3: |
Reservoir-induced earthquakes / 15.3.4: |
Foreshocks and aftershocks / 15.4: |
Aftershocks / 15.4.1: |
Foreshocks / 15.4.2: |
Swarms / 15.4.3: |
Earthquake prediction / 15.5: |
Prediction theory / 15.5.1: |
Periodicities and correlations. Seismicity patterns / 15.5.2: |
Changes in seismic velocities / 15.5.3: |
Changes in strain / 15.5.4: |
Dilatancy model / 15.5.5: |
Other field parameters. Liquefaction / 15.5.6: |
The earthquake source / 15.6: |
Elastic rebound model / 16.1: |
Causes of earthquakes / 16.1.1: |
Strain energy before an earthquake / 16.1.2: |
Faults and fracture / 16.1.3: |
Double couple model / 16.1.4: |
Source mechanism estimation / 16.2: |
Method of fault-plane solutions / 16.2.1: |
Probability model for group fault-plane solutions / 16.2.2: |
Moving dislocation source / 16.3: |
Kinematics and dynamics. Near field and far field / 16.3.1: |
Radiation patterns and directivity / 16.3.2: |
Synthetic seismograms / 16.3.3: |
Seismic moment / 16.4: |
Moment tensor / 16.4.1: |
Estimation of seismic moments / 16.4.2: |
Strong-motion seismology / 16.5: |
Effects of earthquakes / 17.1: |
Macroseismic data / 17.2: |
Intensity of earthquake effects / 17.2.1: |
Isoseismal curves and acceleration / 17.2.2: |
Fault rupture correlations / 17.2.3: |
Near-field parameters / 17.3: |
Recorded strong ground motion / 17.4: |
Peak ground accelerations, velocity and displacement / 17.4.1: |
Duration of shaking / 17.4.2: |
Spectral characteristics / 17.4.3: |
Local effects. Soil layers and upthrow / 17.4.4: |
Attenuation / 17.4.5: |
Array analysis / 17.5: |
Seismic risk / 17.6: |
Statistical theory. Poisson and hazard distributions / 17.6.1: |
Probability of exceedence of ground motions / 17.6.2: |
Seismic expectancy maps / 17.6.3: |
Design of earthquake-resistant structures / 17.6.4: |
Tsunamis, seiches, and atmospheric oscillations / 17.7: |
Reference velocities and elastic parameters in two Earth models / 17.8: |
Selected bibliography |
References |
Unit conversion table |
Index |