Physical Chemistry of Cetyl Alcohol: Occurrence and Function of Liquid Crystals in O/W Creams / Shoji Fukushima ; Michihiro Yamaguchi1.: |
Introduction |
Cetyl Alcohol |
Description of Cetyl Alcohol / 1.1.: |
Short History of Cetyl Alcohol / 1.2.: |
Definitions in Official Books / 1.3.: |
Physical Properties of Cetyl Alcohols / 2.: |
Polymorphism of Higher Alcohols / 2.1.: |
Crystal Structure of Higher Alcohols / 2.2.: |
Melting Point and Transition Point of Higher Alcohols / 2.3.: |
Transition Point and Infrared Absorption / 2.4.: |
Specific Interaction between 1-Hexadecanol and 1-Octadecanol / 3.: |
Composition of Commercially Available Cetyl Alcohol / 3.1.: |
Transition Point of 1-Hexadecanol / 3.2.: |
Interaction between Higher Alcohols and Water / 4.: |
Experimental Facts / 4.1.: |
Formation of Hemihydrate / 4.2.: |
Structure of Hydrated Alcohols / 4.3.: |
Phase Diagram of the 1-Hexadecanol/1-Octadecanol/Water Ternary System / 4.4.: |
Studies on Higher Alcohol/Surfactant/Water Systems / 5.: |
The 1-Decanol/Sodium Caprylate/Water System / 5.1.: |
The 1-Hexadecanol/OTAC/Water System / 5.2.: |
Rheology of Ternary Systems Containing 1-Hexadecanol or a Homologous Alcohol / 5.3.: |
Influence of the Amount of 1-Hexadecanol / 5.3.1.: |
Influence of the Nature of Surfactant and of Higher Alcohol / 5.3.2.: |
Influence of Alkyl Chain Length of Surfactant / 5.3.3.: |
Conclusion / 5.3.4.: |
Nature of Ternary Systems Prepared with Hexaoctadecanols / 6.: |
Stability and Rheological Properties of Ternary Systems as a Function of Temperature / 6.1.: |
Variations in External Appearance / 6.1.1.: |
Variations in Viscosity / 6.1.2.: |
Microscopic Observation / 6.1.3.: |
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis / 6.1.4.: |
Low-Angle X-Ray Diffraction Analysis / 6.1.5.: |
Thermal Property / 6.1.6.: |
Polymorphism of Hexaoctadecanol (3:2) and Stability of a Ternary Cream / 6.2.: |
Liquid Crystalline Phases in Hexaoctadecanol (3:2)/Surfactant/Water Ternary Systems / 7.: |
Phase Diagram / 7.1.: |
D[subscript 2] Region / 7.2.: |
M Region / 7.3.: |
The Location and State of the D[subscript 2] Phase and M Particles in a Ternary Cream / 7.4.: |
Temperature and the Process Yielding the Liquid Crystalline Phase / 8.: |
Temperature of the Formation of the Liquid Crystalline Phase / 8.1.: |
Method of Phase Separation Experiments / 8.1.1.: |
Results of the Phase Separation Experiment / 8.1.2.: |
G Phase and S Phase / 8.2.: |
X-Ray Diffraction / 8.2.1.: |
Differential Scanning Calorimetry / 8.2.3.: |
Temperature at which the LC Phase is Formed / 8.2.4.: |
In situ Formation of G and M Phases / 8.3.: |
The Function of Liquid Crystalline Phases in O/W Creams / 9.: |
Studies on O/W Creams / 9.1.: |
The Difference in the Viscosity-Increasing Effects due to the Nature of Higher Alcohols / 9.2.: |
The Difference in the Viscosity-Increasing Effect due to the Nature of Surfactants / 9.3.: |
The Viscosity Change due to the Ratio of Cetostearyl Alcohol to Surfactant / 9.4.: |
The Effect of Mixing 1-Hexadecanol with 1-Octadecanol / 9.5.: |
Crystallization of Cetyl Alcohol in Cosmetic Creams / 9.6.: |
Internal Structure and Stability of O/W C Creams / 10.: |
Internal Structure of O/W Creams / 10.1.: |
A Novel Theory for the Stabilization of O/W Creams / 10.2.: |
Additional References on Cetyl and Homologous Alcohols / Appendix 1: |
Appendix 2 |
References |
Ionization Processes and Proton Binding in Polyprotic Systems: Small Molecules, Proteins, Interfaces, and Polyelectrolytes / Michael Borkovec ; Bo Jonsson ; Ger J. M. Koper |
Experimental Techniques |
Macroscopic Techniques |
Definition and Measurement of pH / 2.1.1.: |
Potentiometric Titration Techniques / 2.1.2.: |
Other Macroscopic Techniques / 2.1.3.: |
Spectroscopic Methods |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Techniques / 2.2.1.: |
Optical and Other Spectroscopic Methods / 2.2.2.: |
Modeling of Ionizable Systems |
General Considerations |
Computer Simulation Techniques |
Simple Electrolyte Solutions / 3.3.: |
Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) and Debye-Huckel (DH) Approximations / 3.3.1.: |
An Illustrative Example / 3.3.2.: |
Beyond the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) Approximation / 3.3.3.: |
Charged Molecules and Macromolecules in Water / 3.4.: |
Debye-Huckel (DH) and Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) Treatment / 3.4.1.: |
High-Salt versus Low-Salt Regime / 3.4.2.: |
Toward Detailed Molecular Models / 3.4.3.: |
Treatment of Ionization Equilibria / 3.5.: |
Single Ionizable Site / 3.5.1.: |
Localized versus Delocalized Binding / 3.5.2.: |
Macroscopic Description / 3.5.3.: |
Microscopic Description / 3.5.4.: |
Adding Internal Degrees of Freedom / 3.5.5.: |
Small Molecules |
Monoprotic Acids and Bases |
Equilibrium Constants / 4.1.1.: |
Titration Behavior / 4.1.2.: |
Experimental Data / 4.1.3.: |
Diprotic Acids and Bases |
Conformational Degrees of Freedom / 4.2.1.: |
Equivalent Sites / 4.2.4.: |
Oligoprotic Acids and Bases |
Microscopic Description for Triprotic Acids and Bases / 4.3.1.: |
Linear Molecules / 4.3.3.: |
Noninteracting Sites |
Microscopic versus Macroscopic Picture / 4.4.1.: |
Affinity Distributions / 4.4.2.: |
Interpretation and Prediction of Ionization Constants / 4.5.: |
Empirical Methods / 4.5.1.: |
Methods Based on First Principles / 4.5.2.: |
Proteins |
The Null Model |
The Smeared-Out Charge Model |
The Tanford-Kirkwood Model |
Solution Techniques of the Ionization Problem |
Shifts in Ionization Constants |
Recent Developments in Dielectric Continuum Models / 5.4.: |
General Methodology / 5.4.1.: |
Case Studies / 5.4.2.: |
Side Chain Flexibility / 5.4.3.: |
Beyond Dielectric Continuum Models / 5.5.: |
Protein Folding / 5.6.: |
Polyelectrolytes |
Mean-Field Models |
Nearest-Neighbor Chain Interaction Models |
Discrete Charge Model / 6.3.: |
Mean-Field and Smearing-Out Approximations / 6.3.1.: |
Chain Flexibility / 6.3.2.: |
Polyamines / 6.4.: |
Linear Polyamines / 6.4.1.: |
Branched Polyamines / 6.4.2.: |
Polycarboxylates / 6.5.: |
Weakly Charged Linear Polycarboxylates / 6.5.1.: |
Highly Charged Linear Polycarboxylates / 6.5.2.: |
Humic Acids / 6.6.: |
Ionizable Interfaces |
Diffuse Layer Model and Its Generalization |
Nernstian Surface / 7.1.1.: |
Basic Stern Model / 7.1.2.: |
Specific Counterion Binding / 7.1.3.: |
Smearing-Out Approximation / 7.2.1.: |
1-pK versus 2-pK Models / 7.2.2.: |
pK Shifts / 7.2.3.: |
Latex Particles |
Ionizable Monolayers |
Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Particles / 7.5.: |
Experimental Aspects / 7.5.1.: |
Data Interpretation / 7.5.2.: |
Goethite / 7.5.3.: |
Hematite / 7.5.4.: |
Rutile and Anatase / 7.5.5.: |
Gibbsite / 7.5.6.: |
Silica / 7.5.7.: |
Discussion |
Electrostatics of Point Charges / Appendix A.: |
Planar Interface / A.1.: |
Sphere / A.2.: |
Cylinder / A.3.: |
Further Tools in the Ising Model Analysis / Appendix B.: |
Cluster Expansion / B.1.: |
Other Choices of State Variables / B.2.: |
Mean-Field Cluster Expansions / B.3.: |
Mean-Field Treatment of Nonequivalent Sites / B.4.: |
Square Lattice with Nearest-Neighbor Interactions / B.5.: |
Affinity Distribution Approach / Appendix C.: |
Derivation from Simple Models / C.1.: |
Experimental Data Inversion / C.2.: |
Combined Application of Radiochemical and Electrochemical Methods for the Investigation of Solid/Liquid Interfaces / Kalman Varga ; Gabor Hirschberg ; Pal Baradlai ; Melinda Nagy |
On the Significance of Radiotracer Methods in Sorption Studies |
General Problems of Radioactive Contamination Studies |
An Overview of Radiotracer Methods |
Methods Used for the Investigation of Interfacial Phenomena |
Experimental Techniques: A Historical Survey |
Recent Progress |
Methods Used for the Investigation of Radioactive Contamination-Decontamination of Constructional Materials |
Selected Results |
Adsorption of Anions and Cations on Polycrystalline Gold |
Comparative Study of Specific Adsorption of Cl[superscript -], HSO[superscript - subscript 4]/SO[superscript 2- subscript 4] and HSO[superscript - subscript 3]/SO[superscript 2- subscript 3] Ions / 3.1.1.: |
Electrosorption of Ag and Co Species / 3.1.2.: |
Accumulation of [superscript 110m]Ag on an Austenitic Stainless Steel |
Sorption Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steels in HCl and H[subscript 2]SO[subscript 4] Solutions |
Time and Concentration Dependence of Cl[superscript -] and HSO[superscript - subscript 4]/SO[superscript 2- subscript 4] Accumulations |
Potential Dependence of Cl[superscript -] and HSO[superscript - subscript 4]/SO[superscript 2- subscript 4] Accumulations |
Conclusions |
Author Index |
Subject Index |
Magnetic Particles: Preparation, Properties and Applications / M. Ozaki1: |
Maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3): A Versatile Magnetic Colloidal Material / C.J. Serna ; M.P. Morales2: |
Dynamics of Adsorption and Oxidation of Organic Molecules on Illuminated Titanium Dioxide Particles Immersed in Water / M.A. Blesa ; R.J. Candal ; S.A. Bilmes3: |
Colloidal Aggregation in Two-Dimensions / A. Moncho-Jorda ; F. Martinez-L=pez ; M.A. Cabrerizo-V8lchez ; R. Hidalgo Alvarez ; M. Quesada-PMFrez4: |
Kinetics of Particle and Protein Adsorption / Z. Adamczyk5: |
Physical Chemistry of Cetyl Alcohol: Occurrence and Function of Liquid Crystals in O/W Creams / Shoji Fukushima ; Michihiro Yamaguchi1.: |
Introduction |
Cetyl Alcohol |