List of figures |
List of tables |
Acknowledgments |
Introduction / 1: |
Of viruses and men / 1.1: |
Coronaviruses of humans / 1.1.1: |
Factors affecting zoonotic transmission of coronaviruses / 1.1.2: |
A brief introduction to viruses / 1.2: |
Characteristics of viruses / 1.2.1: |
Overview of mutations and recombination in viruses / 1.2.2: |
Viruses and their host receptors / 1.2.3: |
Baltimore class IV viruses / 1.2.4: |
Viruses, diseases, and pandemics-victories and failures / 1.2.5: |
Vaccination-then and now / 1.2.6: |
Comparison of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells / 1.2.7: |
A brief introduction to the immune system / 1.3: |
Introduction to the innate immune system / 1.3.1: |
The cells of the innate immune system / 1.3.2: |
Introduction to the adaptive immune system / 1.3.3: |
The cells of the adaptive immune system / 1.3.4: |
Cytokines and chemokines / 1.3.5: |
Antibodies / 1.3.6: |
Introduction to coronaviruses / 1.4: |
Coronavirus genomic and subgenomic RNA / 1.4.1: |
Increasing genetic diversity by mutation and recombination in coronaviruses / 1.4.2: |
Production of recombinant, chimeric coronaviruses / 1.4.3: |
Coronaviruses' structural proteins / 1.4.4: |
Coronaviruses' nonstructural proteins / 1.4.5: |
A brief summary of the coronavirus life cycle / 1.4.6: |
Viral transmission / 1.4.7: |
Coronaviruses and disease / 1.5: |
Coronaviruses and respiratory disease / 1.5.1: |
Coronaviruses and central nervous system disease / 1.5.2: |
Other coronavirus disease manifestations / 1.5.3: |
Categories of coronaviruses / 1.6: |
Coronavirus genera / 1.6.1: |
Coronaviruses of animals and zoonotic disease potential / 1.6.2: |
Treatment of coronavirus diseases / 1.7: |
Chloroquine / 1.7.1: |
Nucleic acid analogs / 1.7.2: |
Traditional medicinal compounds / 1.7.3: |
Prevention of coronavirus infection / 1.8: |
References |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) / 2: |
A brief overview of the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus outbreak / 2.1: |
Phases of the 2002-2003 outbreak / 2.1.2: |
"Wet Markets" and wild cats and dogs / 2.1.3: |
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus spike protein and its angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor / 2.1.4: |
The history of severe acute respiratory syndrome / 2.2: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-the disease / 2.3: |
An overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome / 2.3.1: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the respiratory system / 2.3.2: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the cardiovascular system / 2.3.3: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the skeletal system / 2.3.4: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the digestive system / 2.3.5: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the urinary system / 2.3.6: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and nervous system / 2.3.7: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the endocrine system / 2.3.8: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the reproductive system, and sex-related disease severity / 2.3.9: |
The causative virus / 2.4: |
An overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus / 2.4.1: |
Entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus into cells / 2.4.2: |
Viral polyproteins and proteases / 2.4.3: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and the ubiquitin-pathway / 2.4.4: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and the unfolded protein response / 2.4.5: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus open reading frame 8 / 2.4.6: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and small non-coding RNAs / 2.4.7: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and bats / 2.4.8: |
Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome between humans / 2.4.9: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in the external environment / 2.4.10: |
The immune response / 2.5: |
Introduction to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and the immune system / 2.5.1: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and the adaptive immune response / 2.5.2: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, cytokines, and chemokines / 2.5.3: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome and interferons / 2.5.4: |
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus ? protein and the immune response / 2.5.5: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and the innate immune response / 2.5.6: |
Animal models and the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome / 2.5.7: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and escape from the immune response / 2.5.8: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome immunopathology / 2.5.9: |
Treatment options / 2.6: |
Diagnosis / 2.7: |
Prevention / 2.8: |
Physical means of prevention / 2.8.1: |
Immunization / 2.8.2: |
Active immunization / 2.8.3: |
Surveillance / 2.9: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome / 3: |
Introduction to Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus / 3.1: |
A brief introduction to Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome / 3.1.1: |
A brief Introduction to Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus / 3.1.2: |
Transmission of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus to humans / 3.1.3: |
The history / 3.2: |
The disease / 3.3: |
Introduction to Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome in humans / 3.3.1: |
The mortally rate of Middle Eastern respiratory Syndrome / 3.3.2: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and the respiratory system / 3.3.3: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and the kidneys / 3.3.4: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and the cardiovascular system / 3.3.5: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and the nervous system / 3.3.6: |
Risk factors for Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome in humans / 3.3.7: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus classification / 3.4: |
Genetic variation in Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus / 3.4.2: |
DPP4 and the viral S protein in Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-like viruses of humans and animals / 3.4.3: |
Other molecules involved in Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus entry into its target cells / 3.4.4: |
Animal hosts of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus / 3.5: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and bats as reservoir hosts / 3.5.1: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and dromedary camels / 3.5.2: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and Bactrian camels / 3.5.3: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and other camelids / 3.5.4: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in other agricultural animals / 3.5.5: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and other animals / 3.5.6: |
Animal models of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome / 3.5.7: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and T lymphocytes / 3.6: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, B lymphocytes, and Antibodies / 3.6.2: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils / 3.6.3: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, cytokines, and chemokines / 3.6.4: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome and interferons / 3.6.5: |
Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome-coronavirus escape mechanisms / 3.6.6: |
Treatment / 3.7: |
Generalized, physical treatments / 3.8.1: |
Introduction to Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome drug treatment options / 3.8.2: |
Decontamination of environmental surfaces / 3.9: |
Vaccination / 3.10.2: |
COVID-19 / 4: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other human coronaviruses / 4.1: |
Number of cases, deaths, and vaccinations / 4.1.2: |
Spread of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 / 4.1.3: |
Factors affecting determination of COVID-19 cases / 4.1.4: |
Unprepared / 4.1.5: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and animal hosts / 4.1.6: |
History / 4.2: |
Introduction to COVID-19 / 4.3: |
COVID-19 and the respiratory system / 4.3.2: |
COVID-19, smoking, and nicotine use / 4.3.3: |
COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system / 4.3.4: |
COVID-19, endothelial dysfunction, complement, and coagulation / 4.3.5: |
COVID-19 and neurological disease / 4.3.6: |
COVID and psychiatric disease / 4.3.7: |
COVID-19 and special senses / 4.3.8: |
COVID-19 and the endocrine system / 4.3.9: |
COVID-19 and the urinary system / 4.3.10: |
COVID-19 and the digestive system / 4.3.11: |
COVID-19 and the integumentary system / 4.3.12: |
COVID-19 and biological sex / 4.3.13: |
COVID-19 case number and seventy in children and adults / 4.3.14: |
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children / 4.3.15: |
Long COVID syndrome (chronic or post-COVID-19 syndrome) / 4.3.16: |
The role of genetic factors in COVID-19 / 4.3.17: |
Introduction to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 / 4.4: |
The question of the reservoir and intermediate hosts of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 / 4.4.2: |
Comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 / 4.4.3: |
Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 / 4.4.4: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 mutations / 4.4.5: |
COVID-19 and the adaptive immune response / 4.5: |
COVID-19 immunopathology-IL-17 and the cytokine storm / 4.5.2: |
COVID-19 and the innate immune response / 4.5.3: |
COVID-19 and autoimmune disorders / 4.5.4: |
Diagnosis and surveillance / 4.6: |
RNA-based (genetic) tests / 4.6.1: |
Antibody-based (serological) tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection / 4.6.2: |
Viral neutralization tests / 4.6.3: |
Medications and monoclonal antibodies / 4.6.4: |
COVID-19, micronutrients, and vitamin D / 4.7.2: |
COVID-19 and zinc / 4.8.1: |
COVID-19 and copper / 4.8.2: |
COVID-19 and selenium / 4.8.3: |
COVID-19 and iron / 4.8.4: |
COVID-19 and vitamin D / 4.8.5: |
Rapid, mass scanning measures / 4.9: |
Personal protective equipment and social distancing / 4.9.2: |
Hand hygiene / 4.9.3: |
Decontamination of infected surfaces / 4.9.4: |
COVID-19, quarantine, and closure of businesses, schools, and recreational areas / 4.9.5: |
Natural immunity / 4.9.6: |
Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection / 4.9.7: |
Further reading |
Coronaviruses of wild and semidomesticated animals with the potential for zoonotic transmission / 5: |
Transmission of coronaviruses / 5.1: |
Genetic recombination between coronavirus animal hosts / 5.2.1: |
The viral spike protein and host coronavirus receptors / 5.2.2: |
Introduction to coronaviruses and intracellular signaling pathways / 5.2.3: |
Coronavirus vaccines / 5.2.4: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 and its animal hosts / 5.2.5: |
Coronaviruses of bats / 5.3: |
Introduction to bat coronaviruses / 5.3.1: |
WIV1, WIV16, SARS-CoV, and adaptation to different host species / 5.3.2: |
Chimeric bat coronaviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome virus / 5.3.3: |
The spike protein of bat and human coronaviruses and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 / 5.3.4: |
Bat Coronaviruses, MERS-CoV, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV / 5.3.5: |
Characteristics of coronavirus species of hats / 5.3.6: |
Prevention against bat coronavirus infection / 5.3.7: |
Coronaviruses of rodents / 5.4: |
Introduction to coronaviruses of rodents / 5.4.1: |
Mouse hepatitis virus / 5.4.2: |
Rat coronavirus / 5.5: |
Introduction to rat coronavirus / 5.5.1: |
Rat coronavirus and disease / 5.5.2: |
Rat coronavirus and the immune response / 5.5.3: |
Other coronaviruses of rodents / 5.5.4: |
Coronaviruses of nonhuman primates / 5.6: |
Introduction to coronaviruses of nonhuman primates / 5.6.1: |
Pathology of coronaviruses of nonhuman primates / 5.6.2: |
Coronaviruses of ferrets and minks / 5.7: |
Introduction to coronaviruses of ferrets and minks / 5.7.1: |
Ferret enteric coronavirus / 5.7.2: |
Ferret systemic coronavirus / 5.7.3: |
Treatment options and protection against ferret coronavirus-induced diseases / 5.7.4: |
Ferrets and feline infectious peritonitis virus of cats / 5.7.5: |
Coronaviruses of minks / 5.7.6: |
Coronaviruse of other musteloidea / 5.7.7: |
Coronaviruses of rabbits / 5.8: |
Rabbit enteric coronavirus / 5.8.1: |
Rabbit coronavirus / 5.8.2: |
Other rabbit coronaviruses / 5.8.3: |
Coronaviruses of other wild or semidomesticated mammals / 5.9: |
Coronaviruses of agricultural and companion animals with the potential for zoonotic transmission / 6: |
Coronavirus genera and species / 6.1: |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses-2, and domesticated animals / 6.1.2: |
MERS-CoV and domesticated animals / 6.1.3: |
Diagnosis of coronaviruses of domesticated animals / 6.1.4: |
Bovine coronavirus and its enteric and respiratory forms / 6.2: |
Introduction to bovine coronaviruses / 6.2.1: |
Pathology of bovine coronaviruses diseases and their underlying causes / 6.2.2: |
Bovine coronaviruses-the viruses / 6.2.3: |
Bovine enteric coronavirus / 6.2.4: |
Bovine respiratory coronavirus / 6.2.5: |
Bovine coronaviruses-like coronaviruses of other animals / 6.2.6: |
Coronaviruses of dromedaries, llamas, and alpacas / 6.3: |
Coronaviruses of dromedary camels / 6.3.1: |
Coronaviruses of alpacas and llamas / 6.3.2: |
Coronaviruses of swine / 6.4: |
Introduction to swine coronaviruses / 6.4.1: |
Pathology due to swine coronaviruses in general / 6.4.2: |
The immune response to swine coronaviruses in general / 6.4.3: |
Viral inhibition of the immune response to swine coronaviruses in general / 6.4.4: |
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus / 6.4.5: |
Porcine deltacoronavirus / 6.4.6: |
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus / 6.4.7: |
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus / 6.4.8: |
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus / 6.4.9: |
Coronavirus of horses / 6.5: |
Introduction to coronaviruses of horses / 6.5.1: |
Pathology due to coronavirus of horses / 6.5.2: |
Coronaviruses of horses-the virus / 6.5.3: |
Coronaviruses of sheep / 6.6: |
Coronaviruses of companion animals / 6.7: |
Coronaviruses of cats / 6.7.1: |
Canine coronaviruses / 6.7.2: |
Canine respiratory coronavirus / 6.7.3: |
Brief overview of domestic avian coronaviruses / 6.8: |
Pulling it all together: where do we go from here? / 7: |
Coronaviruses-friends and family / 7.1: |
Baltimore class IV viruses (coronaviruses' friends) / 7.1.1: |
Coronaviridae (coronaviruses family) / 7.1.2: |
Zoonotic transmission of coronaviruses / 7.2: |
Coronaviruses proposed reservoir and intermediate hosts / 7.2.1: |
Comparison between the hosts and geographical locations of severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus- and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-like' viruses / 7.2.2: |
Other animals as potential coronavirus reservoir hosts / 7.2.3: |
Possible ways to predict and prevent future epidemics and pandemics / 7.3: |
The One Health approach / 7.3.1: |
SpillOver / 7.3.2: |
Museums and emerging pathogens in the Americas (MEPA) / 7.3.3: |
Factors driving zoonotic transmission / 7.4: |
Viral factors driving zoonotic transmission / 7.4.1: |
Host-related factors driving zoonotic transmission / 7.4.2: |
Environmental factors driving zoonotic transmission / 7.4.3: |
The "human factor" and modeling / 7.4.4: |
The emergence and disease severity of severe acute respiratory system coronavirus-2 variants / 7.4.5: |
The continuing threat of emerging infectious diseases / 7.5: |
Changes in infectious disease patterns over the last ten years / 7.5.1: |
The next pandemics-thinking outside of the box / 7.5.2: |
Infectious diseases and the developing world / 7.6: |
Author's note (March 2022) / 7.7: |
Coronavirus disease overviews / Appendix I: |
Glossary / Appendix II: |
Index |