About the Editors |
List of Contributors |
Preface |
Introduction / Section I: |
Introduction and Scope / John M. Chalmers ; Howell G.M. Edwards ; Michael D. Hargreaves1: |
Historical Prologue / 1.1: |
The Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science / 1.2: |
References |
Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques: Basics and Instrumentation / 2: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques / 2.1: |
The basics and some comparisons / 2.2.1: |
Wavelength/Wavenumber Ranges and Selection Rules / 2.2.1.1: |
Sampling Considerations / 2.2.1.2: |
Sensitivity, Surfaces and Signal Enhancement Techniques / 2.2.1.3: |
IR and Raman Bands / 2.2.1.4: |
Quantitative and classification analyses / 2.2.2: |
Multivariate Data Analyses / 2.2.2.1: |
Data Pre-Processing / 2.2.2.2: |
Reference databases and search libraries/algorithms / 2.2.3: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy: Instrumentation / 2.3: |
Spectrometers / 2.3.1: |
Sources / 2.3.1.1: |
Detectors / 2.3.1.2: |
Spectrometers and Interferometers / 2.3.1.3: |
Vibrational spectroscopy-microscopy systems / 2.3.2: |
Mapping and Imaging / 2.3.2.1: |
Fibre optics and fibre-optic probes / 2.3.3: |
Remote, portable, handheld, field-use, and stand-off vibrational spectroscopy instrumentation / 2.3.4: |
Closing Remarks / 2.4: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques / 3: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques / 3.1: |
Raman spectroscopy / 3.2.1: |
Raman Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques and Considerations / 3.2.1.1: |
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.2: |
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.3: |
Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.4: |
Transmission Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.5: |
Raman Microscopy/Microspectroscopy and Imaging / 3.2.1.6: |
Remote and Fibre-Optic Probe Raman Spectroscopy / 3.2.1.7: |
Mid-infrared spectroscopy / 3.2.2: |
Mid-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques / 3.2.2.1: |
Mid-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy Sampling Techniques / 3.2.2.2: |
Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy / 3.2.2.3: |
Mid-Infrared Microscopy/Microspectroscopy and Imaging / 3.2.2.4: |
Near-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques / 3.2.3: |
Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy / 3.2.3.1: |
Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy / 3.2.3.2: |
Near-Infrared Transflection Spectroscopy / 3.2.3.3: |
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Interactance and Fibre-Optic Probe Measurements / 3.2.3.4: |
Near-Infrared Microscopy and Imaging / 3.2.3.5: |
Terahertz/far-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques / 3.2.4: |
Acknowledgements / 3.3: |
Criminal Scene / Section II: |
Criminal Forensic Analysis / Edward G. Bartick4: |
Forensic Analysis / 4.1: |
General Use of IR and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis / 4.3: |
Progression of infrared spectroscopy development in forensic analysis / 4.3.1: |
Progression of Raman spectroscopy development in forensic analysis / 4.3.2: |
Sampling methods / 4.3.3: |
Microscopes / 4.3.3.1: |
Reflection Methods / 4.3.3.2: |
Gas Chromatography/IR / 4.3.3.3: |
Spectral Imaging / 4.3.3.4: |
Applications of Evidential Material Analysis / 4.4: |
Polymers / 4.4.1: |
General / 4.4.1.1: |
Copy Toners / 4.4.1.2: |
Fibres / 4.4.1.3: |
Paints / 4.4.1.4: |
Tapes / 4.4.1.5: |
Drugs / 4.4.2: |
Explosives / 4.4.3: |
Fingerprint analysis / 4.4.4: |
Summary and Future Direction / 4.5: |
Forensic Analysis of Hair by Infrared Spectroscopy / Kathryn S. Kalasinsky |
Basic Forensic Hair Analysis / 4.1.1: |
Uniqueness of Hair to Chemical Analysis / 4.1.3: |
Mechanism for Chemical Substance Incorporation into Hair / 4.1.4: |
Applications / 4.1.5: |
Disease Diagnosis / 4.1.6: |
Summary / 4.1.7: |
Raman Spectroscopy for Forensic Analysis of Household and Automotive Paints / Steven E.J. Bell ; Samantha P. Stewart ; W.J. Armstrong |
Paint Composition / 4.2.1: |
Analysis of Resin Bases / 4.2.3: |
White Paint / 4.2.4: |
Coloured Household Paints / 4.2.5: |
Multi-Layer Paints / 4.2.6: |
Automotive Paint / 4.2.7: |
Conclusions / 4.2.8: |
Raman Spectroscopy for the Characterisation of Inks on Written Documents / A. Guedes ; A.C. Prieto |
Experimental |
Chemical Differences in the Composition of Writing Inks through Time, and Modern Inks: Major Groups |
Ink Discrimination / 4.3.4: |
Forensic Test / 4.3.5: |
Forensic Analysis of Fibres by Vibrational Spectroscopy / Peter M. Fredericks4.3.6: |
Forensic importance of fibres |
Types of fibres |
Dyes |
Why use vibrational spectroscopy? |
Infrared Spectroscopy |
Instrumentation and sample preparation / 4.4.2.1: |
Transmission mid-IR microspectroscopy / 4.4.2.2: |
ATR IR microspectroscopy / 4.4.2.3: |
IR synchrotron radiation / 4.4.2.4: |
Mid-IR imaging / 4.4.2.5: |
Raman Spectroscopy |
Application to fibres / 4.4.3.1: |
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering / 4.4.3.2: |
Raman spectroscopy of titania filler / 4.4.3.3: |
Data Analysis |
Acknowledgement / 4.4.5: |
In Situ Crime Scene Analysis |
Instrumentation / 4.5.1: |
Raman spectrometers / 4.5.2.1: |
Infrared spectrometers / 4.5.2.2: |
Conditions of analysis / 4.5.3: |
General chemical analysis / 4.5.3.2: |
Conclusion / 4.5.3.3: |
Raman spectroscopy gains currency / R. Withnall ; A. Reip ; J. Silver4.6: |
Banknotes / 4.6.1: |
Postage Stamps / 4.6.3: |
Potential Forensic Applications / 4.6.4: |
Counter Terrorism And Homeland Security / 4.6.5: |
Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security / Vincent Otieno-Alego ; Naomi Speers5: |
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Explosives Identification / 5.1: |
Level of chemical identification / 5.2.1: |
Capability to analyse a large range of explosives and related chemicals / 5.2.2: |
Other positive features of IR and Raman spectroscopy in explosive analysis / 5.2.3: |
Case Studies - Example 1 / 5.2.4: |
Portable IR and Raman Instruments / 5.3: |
Case Studies - Example 2 / 5.3.1: |
Post-Blast Examinations / 5.4: |
Detection of Explosives in Fingerprints / 5.5: |
Applications of SORS in explosive analysis / 5.6: |
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Explosives / 5.7: |
Sampling modes and sample preparation / 5.7.1: |
THz spectroscopy of explosives and explosive related materials / 5.7.2: |
Glossary / 5.8: |
Tracing Bioagents - a Vibrational Spectroscopic Approach for a Fast and Reliable Identification of Bioagents / P. R€osch ; U. M€unchberg ; S. St€ockel ; J. Popp |
Toxins / 5.1.1: |
Viruses / 5.1.3: |
Bacteria / 5.1.4: |
Bulk samples / 5.1.4.1: |
Single bacterium identification / 5.1.4.2: |
Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation / Mary L. Lewis ; Ian R. Lewis ; Peter R. Griffiths5.1.5: |
Background |
UV Excited Raman Studies of Explosives |
FT-Raman Studies of Explosives |
Neither FT-Raman nor Traditional Dispersive Raman / 5.2.5: |
Surface Enhanced Raman and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Studies of Explosives / 5.2.6: |
Dispersive Raman Studies of Explosives / 5.2.7: |
Compact Dispersive Raman Spectrometers for the Study of Explosives / 5.2.8: |
Stand-Off Raman of Explosives / 5.2.9: |
Raman Microscopy and Imaging / 5.2.11: |
Vehicle-Mounted Raman Analysers / 5.2.12: |
Classification Schema for Explosives / 5.2.13: |
Handheld Raman and FT-IR Spectrometers / Robert L. Green ; Wayne Jalenak ; Christopher D. Brown ; Craig Gardner5.2.14: |
Handheld/Portable Raman and FT-IR Devices / 5.3.2: |
Tactical Considerations / 5.3.3: |
Sample Considerations / 5.3.5: |
Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy Explosive Identification Capabilities / 5.3.6: |
Performance Characterisation / 5.3.7: |
Disclaimer / 5.3.8: |
Non-Invasive Detection of Concealed Liquid and Powder Explosives using Spatially Offset Raman spectroscopy / Kevin Buckley ; Pavel Matousek |
Discussion and Examples / 5.4.1: |
Terahertz Frequency Spectroscopy and its Potential for Security Applications / A.D. Burnett ; A.G. Davies ; P. Dean ; J.E. Cunningham ; E.H. Linfield5.4.3: |
Terahertz Frequency Radiation / 5.5.1: |
Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy / 5.5.3: |
Examples of the Use of THz Spectroscopy to Detect Materials of Security Interest / 5.5.4: |
Drugs of abuse / 5.5.4.1: |
Terahertz frequency imaging / 5.5.4.3: |
Spectroscopy and imaging of concealed materials / 5.5.4.4: |
Conclusions and Future Outlook / 5.5.5: |
Drugs And Drugs Of Abuse / Section IV: |
Raman Spectroscopy of Drugs of Abuse / S.J. Speers6: |
Bulk Drugs / 6.1: |
General Introduction / 6.2.1: |
Experimental considerations / 6.2.2: |
Laboratory-based methods / 6.2.3: |
Screening and Identification / 6.2.3.1: |
Quantitative Analysis / 6.2.3.2: |
Composition Profiling / 6.2.3.3: |
Raman outside the laboratory / 6.2.4: |
Trace Detection / 6.3: |
Drug microparticles / 6.3.1: |
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy / 6.3.2: |
Drugs of Abuse - Application of Handheld FT-IR and Raman Spectrometers / 6.4: |
Advantages of Vibrational Spectroscopy / 6.1.1: |
General Drugs of Abuse - Introduction / 6.1.3: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy / 6.1.4: |
Analysis of Street Samples / 6.1.5: |
Considerations when analysing in situ / 6.1.5.1: |
Considerations when analysing in the laboratory / 6.1.5.2: |
New Narcotic Threats / 6.1.6: |
Identification of Drug Precursors / 6.1.7: |
Case Studies / 6.1.8: |
Case study I / 6.1.8.1: |
Case study II / 6.1.8.2: |
Non-Invasive Detection of Illicit Drugs Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy / 6.1.9: |
Application Examples |
Detection of Drugs of Abuse Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering / Karen Faulds ; W. Ewen Smith |
Substrates |
Direct Detection / 6.3.3: |
Indirect Detection / 6.3.4: |
Art / 6.3.5: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool for Tracing Art Forgeries / A. Deneckere ; P. Vandenabeele ; L. Moens7: |
How to Trace Art Forgeries with Vibrational Spectroscopy? / 7.1: |
Detection of anachronisms / 7.2.1: |
Examples / 7.2.1.1: |
Differentiation Between the Natural or Synthetic Form of a Pigment / 7.2.1.2: |
Comparing with the artist's palette / 7.2.2: |
Impurities / 7.2.3: |
The Mercatellis Manuscripts / 7.2.3.1: |
Spectroscopic Pigment Investigation of the Mayer van den Bergh Breviary / 7.2.3.2: |
Identification of Dyes and Pigments by Vibrational Spectroscopy / Juan Manuel Madariaga7.3: |
Review of the Scientific Literature / 7.1.1: |
Databases of Reference Materials / 7.1.3: |
Chemometric analysis of the spectral information / 7.1.3.1: |
FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopy Applications / 7.1.4: |
Identification of dyes, pigments and bulk materials / 7.1.4.1: |
Attribution, authentication and counterfeit detection / 7.1.4.2: |
Identification of degradation products and degradation mechanisms / 7.1.4.3: |
The Vinland Map: An Authentic Relic of Early Exploration or a Modern Forgery - Raman Spectroscopy in a Pivotal Role? |
The Scientific Analysis of the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation |
Raman Microspectroscopic Study |
Study of Manuscripts by Vibrational Spectroscopy / Lucia Burgio |
Why Raman Microscopy? / 7.3.1: |
Dating and Authentication / 7.3.3: |
Provenance and Trade Routes / 7.3.4: |
Archaeology And Mineralogy / 7.3.5: |
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Forensic Applications in Mineralogy / J. Jehlicka8: |
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy for Provenancing / 8.1: |
Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals / 8.3: |
Class 1: Elements / 8.3.1: |
Carbon / 8.3.1.1: |
Carbon and Graphitisation / 8.3.1.2: |
Minerals from other groups of the mineralogical classification system / 8.3.2: |
Class 2: Sulfides / 8.3.2.1: |
Class 3: Halogenides / 8.3.2.2: |
Class 4: Oxides and Hydroxides / 8.3.2.3: |
Class 5: Carbonates and Nitrates / 8.3.2.4: |
Class 6: Borates / 8.3.2.5: |
Class 7: Sulfates / 8.3.2.6: |
Class 8: Phosphates / 8.3.2.7: |
Class 9: Silicates / 8.3.2.8: |
Class 10: Organic Compounds / 8.3.2.9: |
Opals / 8.4: |
Natural Glass / 8.5: |
Meteorites / 8.6: |
Identification and Provenancing of Gemstones / 8.7: |
Synthetic gemstones / 8.7.1: |
Semi-precious minerals / 8.7.2: |
Garnets / 8.7.3: |
Common Minerals / 8.8: |
Clays / 8.8.1: |
Databases / 8.9: |
Identification of Inclusions in Minerals / 8.10: |
Raman Mapping Techniques / 8.11: |
Analyses Outdoors and On Site / 8.12: |
Applications of Raman Spectroscopy to the Provenancing of Rocks / 8.13: |
Identification of Ivory by Conventional Backscatter Raman and SORS / 8.14: |
Application of Raman Spectroscopy / 8.1.1: |
Preliminary screening method / 8.1.2.1: |
Fake sample analysis / 8.1.2.2: |
Concealed materials screening / 8.1.2.3: |
Applications to the Study of Gems and Jewellery / Lore Kiefert ; Marina Epelboym ; Hpone-Phyo Kan-Nyunt ; Susan Paralusz8.1.3: |
Case Study Example I: Mid-Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Diamonds / 8.2.1: |
Infrared spectroscopy of diamonds / 8.2.2.1: |
Photoluminescence spectroscopy / 8.2.2.4: |
Case Study Example II: Detection of Fissure Fillings in Emeralds / 8.2.2.5: |
Detection of emerald fissure fillings using FT-IR spectroscopy / 8.2.3.1: |
Detection of emerald fissure fillings using Raman spectroscopy / 8.2.3.3: |
Case Study Example III: The Raman Identification of Turquoise / 8.2.3.4: |
Advanced analysis of turquoise / 8.2.4.1: |
Raman Spectroscopy of Ceramics and Glasses / Paola Ricciardi ; Philippe Colomban8.2.5: |
The Raman spectroscopic signature of ceramics, glasses and enamels |
How to Discriminate Between Genuine Artifacts and Copies and Fakes |
On-Site Measurements and Procedures / 8.3.3: |
Tools for the identification of crystalline and amorphous phases in ceramics and glasses / 8.3.3.1: |
Alhambra vases (Granada, Spain, fourteenth century) / 8.3.4: |
Iznik fritware (Ottoman empire, fifteenth-seventeenth century) / 8.3.4.2: |
Celadons (Vi^et Nam, thirteenth-fifteenth century) / 8.3.4.3: |
Medici porcelain (Florence, sixteenth century) / 8.3.4.4: |
Glass cup with handles (Low Countries, sixteenth-seventeenth century) / 8.3.4.5: |
Meissen porcelains (Saxony, eighteenth century) / 8.3.4.6: |
Enamels on metal: Chinese cloisonnes and Limoges painted enamels (fifteenth-nineteenth century) / 8.3.4.7: |
Raman Spectroscopy at Longer Excitation Wavelengths Applied to the Forensic Analysis of Archaeological Specimens: A Novel Aspect of Forensic Geoscience / 8.3.5: |
Results and Discussion / 8.4.1: |
Resins / 8.4.3.1: |
Ivories / 8.4.3.2: |
Buried skeletal remains / 8.4.3.3: |
Human Tissues and Skeletal Remains / 8.4.4: |
Nail / 8.4.4.1: |
Skin / 8.4.4.2: |
Calcified tissues / 8.4.4.3: |
Teeth / 8.4.4.4: |
Bone / 8.4.4.5: |
Counterfeit Consumer Products / 8.4.5: |
Anti-Counterfeiting Organisations / Andrew J. O'Neil9: |
Definition of a Counterfeit Product / 9.3: |
Counterfeit Product Spectroscopic Analysis / 9.4: |
Counterfeit alcoholic beverages and whisky / 9.4.1: |
Counterfeit stamps / 9.4.2: |
Counterfeit currency / 9.4.3: |
Counterfeit medicines / 9.4.4: |
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Microscopy / 9.4.4.1: |
Attenuated Total Reflection Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Microscopy / 9.4.4.2: |
Raman Spectroscopy, Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy and Mapping Microscopy / 9.4.4.3: |
Use of Portable Spectrometers for Medicines Authentication / 9.4.4.4: |
Combined Uses of Molecular Spectroscopic Techniques for Medicines Authentication / 9.4.4.5: |
Case Studies Using Mid-infrared, Raman and Near-infrared Spectroscopies and NIR Multispectral Imaging / 9.5: |
Case Study I: Counterfeit Clothing / 9.6: |
Case study Ia: counterfeit Burberry Classic Check Scarf / 9.6.1: |
Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis / 9.6.1.1: |
ATR/FT-IR Analysis / 9.6.1.2: |
Case study Ib: counterfeit New Era 59fifty baseball caps / 9.6.2: |
Case Study II: Counterfeit Aftershave / 9.6.2.1: |
Case Study III: Counterfeit Medicines / 9.8: |
Near-infrared spectrometry / 9.8.1: |
Raman spectrometry / 9.8.2: |
NIR Multispectral Imaging / 9.8.3: |
Case Study IV: Counterfeit Product Packaging / 9.9: |
ATR/FT-IR Spectroscopy / 9.9.1: |
Tablet Blister-Strip Polymer / 9.9.1.1: |
Tablet Carton / 9.9.1.2: |
Case Study V: Counterfeit Royal Mail First Class Stamps / 9.10: |
Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis / 9.10.1: |
Near-infrared multispectral imaging / 9.10.2: |
Case Study VI: Counterfeit Bank of England Banknotes / 9.11: |
ATR/FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis / 9.11.1: |
Raman Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Counterfeit Tablets / Kaho Kwok ; Lynne S. Taylor9.11.2: |
The Pharmaceutical Counterfeiting Problem / 9.1.1: |
Analytical Techniques to Detect Counterfeit Products / 9.1.2: |
Using Raman Spectroscopy to Characterise Genuine and Counterfeit Tablets-A Case Study / 9.1.3: |
Examination of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Labels / Mark R. Witkowski ; Mary W. Carrabba9.1.4: |
Counterfeit Packaging Analysis / 9.2.1: |
Case Study I: Counterfeit LipitorLabels / 9.2.3: |
Case Study II: Counterfeit ZyprexaLabels / 9.2.4: |
Vibrational Spectroscopy for "Food Forensics" / Victoria L. Brewster ; Royston Goodacre9.2.5: |
Adulteration / 9.3.1: |
Provenance / 9.3.3: |
Food Spoilage / 9.3.4: |
Micro-Organism Identification / 9.3.5: |
Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Adulteration in Foods / Banu Özen ; Figen Tokatli9.3.6: |
Adulteration of Food Products and Application of IR Spectroscopy in the Detection of Adulteration |
Case Study: Adulteration of Extra Virgin Olive Oils with Refined Hazelnut Oil |
Index |