Preface |
Acknowledgments |
Fundamentals and Approaches / Part I: |
An Overview of Corrosion in Oil and Gas Industry: Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream Sectors / Yahya T. Al-Janabi1: |
Introduction / 1.1: |
Corrosion in Upstream Production Operations / 1.2: |
Causes of Corrosion in Upstream Environments / 1.2.1: |
Oxygen / 1.2.1.1: |
Hydrogen Sulfide, Polysulfides, and Sulfur / 1.2.1.2: |
Carbon Dioxide / 1.2.1.3: |
Strong Acids / 1.2.1.4: |
Concentrated Brines / 1.2.1.5: |
Corrosion Types in Petroleum Production Operations / 1.2.2: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Production / 1.2.3: |
Oil and Gas Wells / 1.2.3.1: |
Inhibitor Selection / 1.2.3.2: |
Practical Challenges with Inhibition / 1.2.3.3: |
Inhibitor Application Methods / 1.2.3.4: |
Oxygen Removal / 1.2.3.5: |
Problems Encountered and Protective Measures / 1.2.4: |
Drilling Fluid Corrosion / 1.2.4.1: |
Primary Production / 1.2.4.2: |
Corrosion in Secondary Recovery Operations / 1.2.4.3: |
CO2 Injection / 1.2.5: |
Corrosion of Oil and Gas Offshore Production Platforms / 1.2.6: |
Corrosion of Gathering Systems and Tanks / 1.2.7: |
Sweet Gas Corrosion / 1.2.7.1: |
Sour Gas Corrosion / 1.2.7.2: |
Oil Wells Corrosion / 1.2.7.3: |
Corrosion in Midstream Sector / 1.3: |
Control of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Oil Pipeline Systems / 1.3.1: |
Control of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Gas Pipeline Systems / 1.3.2: |
Control of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Water Pipeline Systems / 1.3.3: |
Chemical Inhibition of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Pipeline Systems / 1.3.4: |
Corrosion in Downstream Sector / 1.4: |
Materials of Construction / 1.4.1: |
Corrosion in Refineries and Petrochemical Plants / 1.4.2: |
Corrosion Inhibitors in Refinery and Petrochemical Plants / 1.4.3: |
Corrosion Control of Water-Recirculating Systems / 1.4.4: |
Typical Corrosion Reactions in Water-Recirculating Systems / 1.4.4.1: |
Water Corrosivity / 1.4.4.2: |
Corrosion Control / 1.4.4.3: |
Conclusions and Outlook / 1.5: |
References |
Fundamentals of Corrosion and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Sectors / Anil Bhardwaj2: |
Material Degradation and Corrosion / 2.1: |
Electromotive Force (EMF) Series and Galvanic Series / 2.3: |
Forms of Corrosion / 2.4: |
Uniform Corrosion / 2.4.1: |
Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion / 2.4.2: |
Factors Affecting Galvanic Corrosion / 2.4.2.1: |
How to Reduce Galvanic Corrosion / 2.4.2.2: |
Benefits of Galvanic Effect / 2.4.2.3: |
Crevice Corrosion / 2.4.3: |
Pitting / 2.4.4: |
Intergranular Corrosion / 2.4.5: |
Erosion-Corrosion / 2.4.6: |
Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) / 2.4.7: |
Under-Deposit Corrosion (UDC) / 2.4.8: |
Acid Corrosion / 2.4.9: |
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion / 2.4.10: |
Factors Influencing Oilfield Corrosion / 2.5: |
Free Water and Water Composition / 2.5.1: |
Type of Oil / 2.5.2: |
Gas Composition / 2.5.3: |
Pressure Effect / 2.5.4: |
Temperature Effect / 2.5.5: |
Velocity Effect / 2.5.6: |
Material Selection / 2.6: |
Environment Control / 2.6.2: |
Proper Design / 2.6.3: |
Chemical Treatment / 2.6.4: |
Environmental Factors Affecting Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry / Mohamed A. Migahed2.7: |
Environmental Factors Affecting Corrosion Inhibition / 3.1: |
Influence of Temperature and Pressure / 3.2.1: |
Influence of Flow Parameters / 3.2.2: |
Effect of Natural Gases / 3.2.3: |
Effect of Sulfur Dioxide / 3.2.3.1: |
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide / 3.2.3.2: |
Effect of Carbon Dioxide / 3.2.3.3: |
Effect of Cationic Species / 3.2.4: |
Effect of Anionic Species / 3.2.5: |
Effect of Microorganisms / 3.2.6: |
Effect of pH / 3.2.7: |
Effect of the Pre-corrosion / 3.2.8: |
Key Materials in Oil and Gas Production and the Choice of Inhibitors / Thiago J. Mesquita and Hervé Marchebois3.3: |
Materials in Oil and Gas Industry / 4.1: |
Carbon Steel or CRA? / 4.2.1: |
Non-metallic Materials / 4.2.2: |
The Choice of Corrosion Inhibitor for Oil and Gas Production / 4.3: |
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitor / 4.3.1: |
Laboratory Corrosion Inhibitor Selection / 4.3.2: |
Principles of CI Qualification Tests / 4.4: |
Bubble Test / 4.4.1: |
Partitioning Test / 4.4.2: |
Corrosivity of the Water Phase After Partitioning / 4.4.2.1: |
Titrability and Partitioning Coefficient / 4.4.2.2: |
Impact on the Process Test / 4.4.3: |
Emulsion Tendency / 4.4.3.1: |
Foaming Tendency / 4.4.3.2: |
Wheel Test / 4.4.4: |
HP Corrosion Test Loop / 4.4.5: |
HP Jet Impingement Test / 4.4.6: |
Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry: Economic Considerations / Anupama R. Prasad and Anupama Kunyankandy and Abraham Joseph4.5: |
Corrosion: Global Economic Loss / 5.1: |
Historical Summary of Corrosion Cost Studies / 5.2.1: |
NACE-IMPACT: Global Corrosion Cost / 5.2.2: |
Global Corrosion Management-IMPACT Estimate / 5.2.3: |
Depreciation in Oil and Gas Industries / 5.3: |
Corrosion Attacks / 5.3.1: |
Failures and Risk Factors / 5.3.2: |
Fiscal Impacts / 5.4: |
Corrosion Costs a Lot / 5.4.1: |
Inhibition: Monetary Measures / 5.5: |
Worthy Monitoring / 5.5.1: |
Protection in Proper Way / 5.5.2: |
Choice of Inhibitors / 5.6: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Acidizing Process in Oil and Gas Sectors / Kashif R. Ansari and Dheeraj Singh Chauhan and Ambrish Singh and Viswanathan S. Saji and Mumtaz A. Quraishi6: |
Acidizing Process / 6.1: |
Type of Oil Well Reservoirs / 6.2.1: |
Types of Acid Used / 6.2.2: |
Methods Used to Control Acidizing Process / 6.2.3: |
Retarded Acid Systems / 6.2.3.1: |
Gelled Acids / 6.2.3.2: |
Chemically Retarded Acids / 6.2.3.3: |
Emulsified Acids / 6.2.3.4: |
Acid Selection / 6.2.4: |
Rock-Dissolving Capacity of Acid / 6.2.4.1: |
Spending Time of Acid / 6.2.4.2: |
Solubility of Reaction Products / 6.2.4.3: |
Density and Viscosity / 6.2.4.4: |
Etching Pattern After Acidizing / 6.2.4.5: |
Types of Acidizing Process / 6.2.5: |
Application of Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidizing Processes / 6.3: |
Selected Acidizing Inhibitors / 6.4: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Sweet Oilfield Environment (CO2 Corrosion) / Ubong Eduok and Jerzy Szpunar6.5: |
Mechanism of CO2 Corrosion / 7.1: |
Factors Affecting Sweet Corrosion / 7.3: |
Effects of Hydrogen Concentration (pH) and Temperature / 7.3.1: |
Effects of Flow Rate and Partial Pressure / 7.3.2: |
Effects of Molecular Oxygen and Iron Ions (Fe2+) Concentration / 7.3.3: |
Toward Inhibition and Control of Sweet Corrosion / 7.4: |
Altering Corrosion Kinetics with Corrosion Inhibitors / 7.5: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Sweet Oilfield Environments / 7.6: |
Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Smaller Molecules / 7.6.1: |
Imidazoline Derivatives / 7.6.1.1: |
Cyclic Non-imidazoline Compounds / 7.6.1.2: |
Acyclic Non-imidazoline Compounds / 7.6.1.3: |
Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Macromolecules / 7.6.2: |
Polymers / 7.6.2.1: |
Plant Biomass Extracts / 7.6.2.2: |
Others / 7.6.2.3: |
Biocorrosion in Saturated CO2 Media / 7.7: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Sour Oilfield Environment (H2S Corrosion) / Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon and Viswanathan S. Saji7.8: |
Impact of Corrosion on Economy and Life / 8.1: |
Background on Sour Corrosion / 8.1.2: |
Factors Influencing Sour Corrosion / 8.1.3: |
Effect of H2S Concentration / 8.1.3.1: |
Effect of Temperature and Exposure Duration / 8.1.3.2: |
Effect of Flow Rate / 8.1.3.3: |
Effect of H2S Partial Pressure / 8.1.3.4: |
Effect of Fluid Chemistry / 8.1.3.5: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Sour Oilfield Environment / 8.2: |
Amine-Based Inhibitors / 8.2.1: |
Imidazoline-Based Inhibitors / 8.2.2: |
Gemini Surfactant-Based Inhibitors / 8.2.3: |
Polymer-Based Inhibitors / 8.2.4: |
Corrosion Inhibitors for Refinery Operations / 8.3: |
Areas/Units Where Inhibitors Are in Demand in Refineries / 9.1: |
Atmospheric and Vacuum Crude Oil Distillation Units / 9.2.1: |
Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Coker / 9.2.2: |
Hydroprocessing / 9.2.3: |
Catalytic Reforming / 9.2.4: |
Amine (Acid Gas Treatment) Plants / 9.2.5: |
Support Units / 9.2.6: |
Types of Aggressive Species Encountered in Refineries / 9.3: |
Air / 9.3.1: |
Water / 9.3.2: |
Hydrogen Sulfide / 9.3.3: |
Hydrogen Chloride / 9.3.4: |
Nitrogen Compounds / 9.3.5: |
Sour Water / 9.3.6: |
Common Types of Inhibitors Employed/Reported in Refinery Units / 9.4: |
Neutralizers / 9.4.1: |
Filming Inhibitors / 9.4.2: |
Inhibitors for High-Temperature Corrosion in Oil and Gas Fields / Vitalis I. Chukwuike and Rakesh C. Barik9.5: |
High-Temperature Corrosion in Oil and Gas Fields / 10.1: |
Mechanism of High-Temperature Corrosion in Oil and Gas Field / 10.3: |
High-Temperature Oxidation / 10.3.1: |
High-Temperature Sulfidation / 10.3.2: |
High-Temperature Carburization / 10.3.3: |
High-Temperature Chlorination / 10.3.4: |
High-Temperature Nitridation / 10.3.5: |
Sulfidation-Oxidation / 10.3.6: |
Corrosion Due to Formation of Ash, Deposits, and Molten Salts / 10.3.7: |
Categories and Choice of Inhibitors for Oil and Gas High-Temperature Corrosion / 10.4: |
Calcium Carbonate Scale and Ash Deposit Inhibitors / 10.4.1: |
High-Temperature Acidization Corrosion Inhibitors / 10.4.2: |
High-Temperature Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Inhibitors / 10.4.3: |
Other Inhibitors of High-Temperature Corrosion / 10.4.4: |
Experience in Using Chemicals to Mitigate Corrosion in Difficult Corrosive Environments in the Oil and Gas Industry / Sunder Ramachandran10.5: |
Corrosion Inhibition for Systems with High Amounts of H2S / 11.1: |
Corrosion Inhibition for CO2 Tertiary Flood Systems and CO2 Sequestration / 11.3: |
Corrosion Inhibition in Deepwater Systems / 11.4: |
Corrosion Inhibition at High Temperatures / 11.5: |
Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Industry / Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon11.6: |
Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors / 12.1: |
Polymeric Inhibitors for Chemical Cleaning / 12.2.1: |
Inhibitors for Acidization Process / 12.2.2: |
Inhibitors for Sweet and Sour Environments / 12.2.3: |
Inhibitors for High-Temperature Applications / 12.2.4: |
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry / Bhawna Chugh and Sanjeeve Thakur and Ashish Kumar Singh12.3: |
Biofilm Formation / 13.1: |
Microbial Communities Related to Corrosion / 13.3: |
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria / 13.3.1: |
Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria / 13.3.2: |
Acid-Producing Bacteria / 13.3.3: |
Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria / 13.3.4: |
Slime-Forming Bacteria / 13.3.5: |
Potential Prevention Strategies / 13.4: |
Periodic Pigging / 13.4.1: |
Cleanliness / 13.4.2: |
Cathodic Protection and Coatings / 13.4.3: |
Biocides/Inhibitors / 13.4.4: |
Biological Treatment / 13.4.5: |
Recent Developments of Chemical Inhibitors to Mitigate MIC / 13.5: |
Biological Inhibition of MIC / 13.6: |
Corrosion Inhibition by Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria / 13.6.1: |
Corrosion Inhibition by Regenerative Biofilms / 13.6.2: |
Corrosion Inhibition by Eviction of Corrosive Agents / 13.6.2.1: |
Corrosion Inhibition by Formation of Protective Barrier Layer / 13.6.2.2: |
Corrosion Inhibition via Antimicrobial Producing Biofilm / 13.6.2.3: |
Corrosion Possessing Biofilm Secreted Corrosion Inhibitor / 13.6.2.4: |
Corrosion Inhibition with Biofilm Secreted Bio Surfactant / 13.6.2.5: |
Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Field Applications / Benjamín Valdez-Salas and Michael Schorr-Wiener and Nelson Cheng13.7: |
Magna International VPCIs / 14.1: |
Corrosion and Its Control in OGI / 14.3: |
Fundamentals of Corrosion / 14.3.1: |
Oil and Gas Industries / 14.3.2: |
OGI Sectors / 14.3.3: |
Corrosiveness of Oil and Gas Products / 14.3.4: |
Metals and Alloys in OGI / 14.3.5: |
Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors / 14.4: |
Fundamentals / 14.4.1: |
VPCI Application in OGI / 14.4.2: |
Testing and Monitoring of VPCI / 14.4.3: |
Research and Development / 14.4.4: |
Mechanisms of Inhibitor Action: Passivation and Self-Healing / Ivana Jevremovic and Ying-Hsuan Chen and Abdulrahman Altin and Andreas Erbe14.5: |
Systematics and Phenomenology / 15.1: |
Surface Active Inhibitors / 15.3: |
Case Study (1): Imidazoline-Based Surfactant for Mitigation of Mild Steel Corrosion in the Presence of CO2 / 15.4: |
Case Study (2): The Interaction of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) with Copper / 15.5: |
Case Study (3): ¿-Cyclodextrin Facilitates Release of Inhibitors / 15.6: |
Interaction with Co-additives / 15.7: |
Antiscalants and Their Compatibility with Corrosion Inhibitors / Qiwei Wang and Tao Chen16: |
Scale Formation / 16.1: |
Scale Mitigation Strategy / 16.3: |
Flow Control / 16.3.1: |
Fluid Alteration / 16.3.2: |
Deposit Removal / 16.3.3: |
Chemical Inhibition / 16.3.4: |
Antiscalant Chemistry / 16.4: |
Antiscalant Function Mechanisms / 16.5: |
Nucleation Inhibition / 16.5.1: |
Crystal Growth Retardation / 16.5.2: |
Crystal Shape Modification / 16.5.3: |
Dispersion / 16.5.4: |
Antiscalant Treatment / 16.6: |
Compatibility with Corrosion Inhibitors / 16.7: |
Impact of Corrosion Inhibitor on Antiscalant Performance / 16.7.1: |
Impact of Antiscalant on Corrosion Inhibitor Performance / 16.7.2: |
Hydrate Inhibitors and Their Interferences in Corrosion Inhibition / Yutaek Seo16.8: |
Gas Hydrate Blockage Formation Process / 17.1: |
Hydrates Inhibition Strategies with Alcohols or Glycols / 17.3: |
Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors / 17.4: |
Interaction Between Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibitors / 17.5: |
Sulfide Scavengers and Their Interference in Corrosion Inhibition / Viswanathan S. Saji17.6: |
Sulfide Scavengers: Types and Properties / 18.1: |
Corrosion and Fouling Inhibiting/Inducing Properties of Scavengers and Their Compatibility with Co-additives / 18.3: |
Index / 18.4: |