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電子ブック

ＥＢ

1. Atmospheric Multiphase Chemistry: Fundamentals of Secondary Aerosol Formation

Hajime Akimoto

出版情報:	Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Books , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020
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Preface

Historical Background of Atmospheric Secondary Aerosol Research / 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

Secondary Inorganic Aerosols / 1.2：

Sulfate / 1.2.1：

Nitrate / 1.2.2：

Secondary Organic Aerosols / 1.3：

Photochemical Smog / 1.3.1：

Blue Haze / 1.3.2：

References

Fundamentals of Multiphase Chemical Reactions / 2：

Gas-Liquid Phase Equilibrium and Equilibrium in Liquid Phase / 2.1：

Fundamentals of Thermodynamics / 2.2.1：

Internal Energy and Enthalpy / 2.2.1.1：

Entropy / 2.2.1.2：

Gibbs Energy / 2.2.1.3：

Chemical Potential / 2.2.1.4：

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant / 2.2.2：

Chemical Equilibrium / 2.2.2.1：

Equilibrium Constant of Gas-Phase Reaction / 2.2.2.2：

Equilibrium Constant of Liquid-Phase Reaction / 2.2.2.3：

A Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constant

Gas-Liquid Equilibrium and Henry's Law Constant / 2.2.3：

Hydration of Carbonyl Compounds and Effective Henry's Law Constant / 2.2.4：

pH and Equilibrium in the Aqueous Solution / 2.2.5：

Dissociation Equilibrium of Pure Water and pH / 2.2.5.1：

Ion Dissociation and Equilibrium in Aqueous Solution / 2.2.5.2：

Reactions in the Liquid Phase / 2.3：

Thermodynamics and Activity Coefficients of Nonideal Solutions / 2.3.1：

Salting-in, Salting-out / 2.3.1.1：

Chemical Kinetics of Aqueous-Phase Reaction / 2.3.2：

Diffusion Process and Chemical Reaction Kinetics / 2.3.2.1：

Transition State Theory of Solution Reaction and Thermodynamic Expression / 2.3.2.2：

Cage Effect and Aqueous-Phase Solvent Effect / 2.3.3：

Cage Effect / 2.3.3.1：

Solvent Effect in the Aqueous Phase / 2.3.3.2：

Uptake Coefficient and Resistance Model / 2.4：

Accommodation Coefficient and Uptake Coefficient / 2.4.1：

Resistance Model / 2.4.2：

Physical Chemistry of Interface Reaction / 2.5：

Langmuir-Hinshelwood Mechanism and Eley-Rideal Mechanism / 2.5.1：

Resistance Model Including Interface Reaction / 2.5.2：

Surface Tension of Air-Water Interface and Thermodynamics of Accommodation Coefficient / 2.5.3：

Surface Tension / 2.5.3.1：

Thermodynamics of Accommodation Coefficient at Air-Water Interface / 2.5.3.2：

Chemical Compositions and Physical Characters of Particles / 2.6：

Elemental and Molecular Composition of Particles / 2.6.1：

Inorganic Elements and Compounds / 2.6.1.1：

Organic Compounds / 2.6.1.2：

van Krevelen Diagram / 2.6.1.3：

Molecular Composition and Vapor Pressure / 2.6.2：

Gas-Particle Partitioning and Volatility Basis Set Model / 2.6.3：

Gas-Particle Partitioning and SOA Formation Yield / 2.6.3.1：

Volatility Basis Set Model / 2.6.3.2：

Gas-Aqueous Phase Partitioning of Hydrophilic Compounds / 2.6.3.3：

A Phase State of Particles and Mass Transfer

Gas-Phase Reactions Related to Secondary Organic Aerosols / 3：

Ozone Reactions / 3.1：

Properties and Reactions of Criegee Intermediates / 3.2.1：

Direct Detection of Criegee Intermediate and Molecular Structure / 3.2.1.1：

Formation of CH₂OO in Ozone-Ethene Reaction / 3.2.1.2：

Formation of syn- and anti-CH₃CHOO in Ozone-Alkene Reactions / 3.2.1.3：

Alkenes and Dialkenes / 3.2.2：

Ethene / 3.2.2.1：

>C₃ Alkenes / 3.2.2.2：

1,3-Butadiene / 3.2.2.3：

Isoprene / 3.2.3：

Cycloalkenes / 3.2.4：

Cyclohexene / 3.2.4.1：

1-Methylcyclohexene / 3.2.4.2：

Methylenecyclohexane / 3.2.4.3：

Monoterpenes / 3.2.5：

Â¿-Pinene / 3.2.5.1：

ÃŸ-Pinene / 3.2.5.2：

Limonene / 3.2.5.3：

Sesquiterpenes / 3.2.6：

OH Radical-Induced Oxidation Reactions / 3.3：

Alkanes / 3.3.1：

Reactions of Alkyl Peroxy Radicals / 3.3.1.1：

Reactions of Alkoxy Radicals / 3.3.1.2：

Alkynes / 3.3.2：

Alkenes, Dialkenes, and Cycloalkenes / 3.3.3：

Alkenes / 3.3.3.1：

Cycloalkenes and Methylene cyclohexane / 3.3.3.2：

Fundamental Processes of OH-Induced Oxidation Reaction / 3.3.4：

HO_x Radicals Regeneration Reaction / 3.3.4.2：

Formation of Isoprene Hydroxy Hydroperoxide (ISOPOOH) and Isoprene Epoxydiol (IEPOX) / 3.3.4.3：

Formation of Hydroxy Isoprene Nitrates / 3.3.4.4：

Reactions of Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein / 3.3.4.5：

Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / 3.3.5：

Benzene / 3.3.6.1：

Toluene / 3.3.6.2：

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / 3.3.7：

Naphthalene / 3.3.7.1：

Other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / 3.3.7.2：

Carbonyl Compounds: OH Radical Reactions and Photolysis / 3.3.8：

Glyoxal / 3.3.8.1：

Methylglyoxal / 3.3.8.2：

Glycolaldehyde / 3.3.8.3：

Hydroxyacetone / 3.3.8.4：

NO₃ Oxidation Reactions / 3.4：

Monocyclic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / 3.4.1：

Phenol, and Cresol / 3.4.3.1：

Aqueous-Phase Reactions Related to Secondary Organic Aerosols / 3.4.3.2：

OH Radical Reactions / 4.1：

UV Absorption Spectrum of OH Radicals in Aqueous Solution / 4.2.1：

Formation of OH Radicals in Cloud/Fog Droplets and Deliquescent Aerosols / 4.2.2：

Reaction Rate Constants of OH Radicals in the Aqueous Phase / 4.2.3：

Reactions of Formaldehyde and OH Radical Chain Reaction / 4.2.4：

OH Radical Reactions and Photolysis of ≥C₂ Carbonyl Compounds / 4.2.5：

Glyoxal and Glyoxylic Acid / 4.2.5.1：

Methylglyoxal, Pyruvic Acid, and Acetic Acid / 4.2.5.2：

Glycolaldehyde and Glycolic Acid / 4.2.5.3：

Methacrolein and Methyl Vinyl Ketone / 4.2.5.4：

Oligomer Formation Reactions from ≥C₂ Carbonyl Compounds / 4.2.6：

Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal / 4.2.6.1：

Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein / 4.2.6.2：

Nonradical Reactions / 4.3：

Diels-Alder Reaction / 4.3.1：

Hemiacetal and Acetal Formation Reactions / 4.3.2：

1,4-Hydroxycarbonyl Compounds / 4.3.2.1：

Aldol Reaction / 4.3.3：

Acetaldehyde / 4.3.3.1：

Esterification Reactions / 4.3.3.2：

Formation Reactions of Organic Sulfates / 4.4：

C₂ and C₃ Carbonyl Compounds / 4.4.1：

Formation Reactions of Organic Nitrogen Compounds / 4.4.2：

Organic Nitrates / 4.5.1：

Imidazoles / 4.5.2：

Heterogeneous Oxidation Reactions at Organic Aerosol Surfaces / 5：

Aging of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere / 5.1：

Reactions of Ozone / 5.3：

Oleic Acid and Unsaturated Long-Chain Carboxylic Acids / 5.3.1：

Squalene / 5.3.2：

Reactions of OH Radicals / 5.3.3：

Squalane and Long-Chain Alkanes / 5.4.1：

Levoglucosan, Erythritol, and Hopane / 5.4.2：

Saturated Dicarboxylic Acids / 5.4.3：

Squalene and Long-Chain Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids / 5.4.4：

Reactions of NO₃ Radicals / 5.4.5：

Levoglucosan, Squalane, Long-Chain Alkane, and Alkanoic Acid / 5.5.1：

Squalene and Oleic Acid / 5.5.2：

Reactions at the Air-Water and Air-Solid Particle Interface / 5.5.3：

Molecular Pictures and Reactions at the Air-Water Interface / 6.1：

Thermodynamics of Adsorption / 6.2.1：

OH, HO₂, and O₃ / 6.2.1.1：

Organic and Inorganic Compounds / 6.2.1.2：

Microscopic Picture of Molecules / 6.2.2：

Air-Pure Water Interface / 6.2.2.1：

Hydrophilic Organic Compounds / 6.2.2.2：

Amphophilic Organic Compounds (Surfactants) / 6.2.2.3：

Hydrophobic Organic Compounds / 6.2.2.4：

NH₃ and SO₂ / 6.2.2.5：

Reactions of O₃ and Organic Compounds / 6.2.3：

Oleic Acid / 6.2.3.1：

Sesquiterpene Criegee Intermediates / 6.2.3.2：

Reactions of OH Radicals and Organic Compounds / 6.2.3.3：

Carboxylic and Dicarboxylic Acids / 6.2.4.1：

Organic Sulfur Compounds / 6.2.4.2：

Air-Sea Salt Particle, Seawater, and Sulfate/Nitrate Aerosol Interface / 6.3：

Microscopic View of Interface of Air and Alkaline Halide Aqueous Solution / 6.3.1：

Reactions at the Interface of Sea Salt and Alkali Halide Aqueous Solution / 6.3.2：

Reaction with O₃ / 6.3.2.1：

Reaction with OH Radicals / 6.3.2.2：

Uptake of HO₂ Radicals / 6.3.2.3：

Reaction with N₂O₅ / 6.3.2.4：

Reaction with HNO₃ / 6.3.2.5：

Reactions of Organic Compounds at the Air-Seawater and Air-Sea Salt Interface / 6.3.3：

Microscopic View of the Interface of Air and Sulfate/Nitrate Aqueous Solution / 6.3.4：

Sulfate Ion (SO₄^{2-) / 6.3.4.1：}

Nitrate Ion (NO₃^-) / 6.3.4.2：

Reactions on Snow/Ice Surface / 6.4：

Formation of NO_Â¿ in the Photochemical Reaction of NO₃^- / 6.4.1：

Formation of Inorganic Halogens on the Snow Ice and Sea Ice Surface / 6.4.2：

Reactions with N₂O₅ / 6.4.2.1：

Interface of Water and Mineral Dust, Quartz, and Metal Oxide Surface / 6.5：

Microscopic View of Adsorbed Water on Mineral Surface / 6.5.1：

HONO Formation Reaction from NO₂ on the Mineral Surface / 6.5.2：

Dark Reaction / 6.5.2.1：

Photochemical Reaction / 6.5.2.2：

Reaction of Organic Monolayer on Mineral Surface / 6.5.3：

Atmospheric New Particle Formation and Cloud Condensation Nuclei / 7：

Classical Homogeneous Nucleation Theory / 7.1：

Homogeneous Nucleation in One-Component Systems / 7.2.1：

Homogeneous Nucleation in Two-Component Systems / 7.2.2：

Atmospheric New Particle Formation / 7.3：

New Particle Formation Rate and Growth Rate / 7.3.1：

Sulfuric Acid in New Particle Formation / 7.3.2：

Basic Substances in New Particle Formation / 7.3.3：

Organic Species in New Particle Formation / 7.3.4：

Other Species in New Particle Formation / 7.3.5：

Iodine Oxides / 7.3.5.1：

Atmospheric Ions / 7.3.5.2：

Field Observation of Nanoclusters / 7.3.6：

Aerosol Hygroscopicity and Cloud Condensation Nuclei / 7.4：

Kohler Theory / 7.4.1：

Nonideality of Solution in a Droplet / 7.4.2：

Hygroscopicity Parameter, K / 7.4.3：

Field Observations of Secondary Organic Aerosols / 8：

Global Budget of Aerosols / 8.1：

Analysis Methods of Ambient Aerosol Compositions / 8.3：

Positive Matrix Factorization / 8.3.1：

Mass Spectrum Peak Intensity and Elemental Ratio / 8.3.2：

Elemental Composition / 8.3.3：

Marine Air / 8.4：

Forest Air / 8.5：

Amazon Tropical Forest / 8.5.1：

Finland Boreal Forest / 8.5.2：

Urban/Rural Air / 8.6：

Characterization of Ambient Aerosols / 8.6.1：

PMF Analysis / 8.6.1.1：

Mass Signal Intensity Ratio and Elemental Ratio / 8.6.1.2：

Particle Size Distribution / 8.6.1.3：

Molecular Composition / 8.6.1.4：

Dicarboxylic Acid / 8.6.2.1：

Plant Origin VOC Tracers / 8.6.2.2：

Anthropogenic VOC Tracer / 8.6.2.3：

Organic Sulfate / 8.6.2.4：

Organic Nitrates and Imidazoles / 8.6.2.5：

High-Molecular-Weight Compounds and Oligomers / 8.6.2.6：

Index

Preface

Historical Background of Atmospheric Secondary Aerosol Research / 1：

Introduction / 1.1：

電子ブック

ＥＢ

2. Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading

Crocker, Santillan-Jimenez Eduardo

出版情報:	Wiley Online Library - AutoHoldings Books , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020
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Preface

Upgrading of Biomass via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) / Charles A. Mullen1：

Introduction / 1.1：

Catalytic Pyrolysis Over Zeolites / 1.1.1：

Catalytic Pyrolysis Over HZSM-5 / 1.1.1.1：

Deactivation of HZSM-5 During CFP / 1.1.1.2：

Modification of ZSM-5 with Metals / 1.1.1.3：

Modifications of ZSM-5 Pore Structure / 1.1.1.4：

CFP with Metal Oxide Catalysts / 1.1.2：

CFP to Produce Fine Chemicals / 1.1.3：

Outlook and Conclusions / 1.1.4：

References

The Upgrading of Bio-Oil via Hydrodeoxygenation / Adetoyese O. Oyedun and Madhumita Patel and Mayank Kumar and Amit Kumar2：

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) / 2.1：

Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol as a Model Compound / 2.2.1：

HDO of Phenolic (Guaiacol) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.1：

HDO of Phenolic (Anisole) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.2：

HDO of Phenolic (Cresol) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.3：

Hydrodeoxygenation of Aldehyde Model Compounds / 2.2.2：

Hydrodeoxygenation of Carboxylic Acid Model Compounds / 2.2.3：

Hydrodeoxygenation of Alcohol Model Compounds / 2.2.4：

Hydrodeoxygenation of Carbohydrate Model Compounds / 2.2.5：

Chemical Catalysts for the HDO Reaction / 2.3：

Catalyst Promoters for HDO / 2.3.1：

Catalyst Supports for HDO / 2.3.2：

Catalyst Selectivity for HDO / 2.3.3：

Catalyst Deactivation During HDO / 2.3.4：

Research Gaps / 2.4：

Conclusions / 2.5：

Acknowledgments

Upgrading of Bio-oil via Fluid Catalytic Cracking / Idoia Hita and Jose Maria Arandes and Javier Bilbao3：

Bio-oil / 3.1：

Bio-oil Production via Fast Pyrolysis / 3.2.1：

General Characteristics, Composition, and Stabilization of Bio-oil / 3.2.2：

Adjustment of Bio-oil Composition Through Pyrolytic Strategies / 3.2.2.1：

Bio-oil Stabilization / 3.2.2.2：

Valorization Routes for Bio-oil / 3.2.3：

Hydroprocessing / 3.2.3.1：

Steam Reforming / 3.2.3.2：

Extraction of Valuable Components from Bio-oil / 3.2.3.3：

Catalytic Cracking of Bio-oil: Fundamental Aspects / 3.3：

The FCC Unit / 3.3.1：

Cracking Reactions and Mechanisms / 3.3.2：

Cracking of Oxygenated Compounds / 3.3.3：

Cracking of Bio-oil / 3.3.4：

Bio-oil Cracking in the FCC Unit / 3.4：

Cracking of Model Oxygenates / 3.4.1：

Coprocessing of Oxygenates and Their Mixtures with Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) / 3.4.2：

Cracking of Bio-oil and Its Mixtures with VGO / 3.4.3：

Conclusions and Critical Discussion / 3.5：

Stabilization of Bio-oil via Esterification / Xun Hu4：

Reactions of the Main Components of Bio-Oil Under Esterification Conditions / 4.1：

Sugars / 4.2.1：

Carboxylic Acids / 4.2.2：

Furans / 4.2.3：

Aldehydes and Ketones / 4.2.4：

Phenolics / 4.2.5：

Other Components / 4.2.6：

Processes for Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3：

Esterification of Bio-oil Under Subcritical or Supercritical Conditions / 4.3.1：

Removal of the Water in Bio-oil to Enhance Conversion of Carboxylic Acids / 4.3.2：

In-line Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3.3：

Esterification Coupled with Oxidation / 4.3.4：

Esterification Coupled with Hydrogenation / 4.3.5：

Steric Hindrance in Bio-oil Esterification / 4.3.6：

Coking in Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3.7：

Effects of Bio-oil Esterification on the Subsequent Hydrotreatment / 4.3.8：

Catalysts / 4.4：

Summary and Outlook / 4.5：

Catalytic Upgrading of Holocellulose-Derived C₅ and C₆ Sugars / Xingguang Zhang and Zhijun Tai and Amin Osatiashtiani and Lee Durndell and Adam F. Lee and Karen Wilson5：

Catalytic Transformation of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.1：

Isomerization Catalysts / 5.2.1：

Zeolites / 5.2.1.1：

Hydrotalcites / 5.2.1.2：

Other Solid Catalysts / 5.2.1.3：

Dehydration Catalysts / 5.2.2：

Zeolitic and Mesoporous BrÃ¸nsted Solid Acids / 5.2.2.1：

Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Silicas / 5.2.2.2：

Metal-Organic Frameworks / 5.2.2.3：

Supported Ionic Liquids / 5.2.2.4：

Catalysts for Tandem Isomerization and Dehydration of C₅-C₆ Sugars / 5.2.3：

Bifunctional Zeolites and Mesoporous Solid Acids / 5.2.3.1：

Metal Oxides, Sulfates, and Phosphates / 5.2.3.2：

Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of C₅-C₆ Sugars / 5.2.3.3：

Ni Catalysts / 5.2.4.1：

Ru Catalysts / 5.2.4.2：

Pt Catalysts / 5.2.4.3：

Other Hydrogenation Catalysts / 5.2.4.4：

Hydrogenolysis Catalysts / 5.2.5：

Other Reactions / 5.2.6：

Conclusions and Future Perspectives / 5.3：

Chemistry of C-C Bond Formation Reactions Used in Biomass Upgrading: Reaction Mechanisms, Site Requirements, and Catalytic Materials / Tuong V. Bui and Nhung Duong and Felipe Anaya and Duong Ngo and Gap Warakunwit and Daniel E. Resasco6：

Mechanisms and Site Requirements of C-C Coupling Reactions / 6.1：

Aldol Condensation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.1：

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation / 6.2.1.1：

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.1.2：

Alkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.2：

Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation Mechanism / 6.2.2.1：

BrÃ¸nsted Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation Mechanism / 6.2.2.2：

Base-Catalyzed Alkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.2.3：

Hydroxyalkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.3：

BrÃ¸nsted Acid-Catalyzed Mechanism / 6.2.3.1：

Site Requirement / 6.2.3.2：

Acylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.4：

Mechanistic Aspects of Acylation Reactions / 6.2.4.1：

Role of BrÃ¸nsted vs. Lewis Acid in Acylation Over Zeolites / 6.2.4.2：

Ketonization: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.5：

Mechanism of Surface Ketonization / 6.2.5.1：

Optimization and Design of Catalytic Materials for C-C Bond Forming Reactions / 6.2.5.2：

Oxides / 6.3.1：

Magnesia (MgO) / 6.3.1.1：

Zirconia (ZrO₂) / 6.3.1.2：

ZSM-5 / 6.3.2：

HY / 6.3.2.2：

HBEA / 6.3.2.3：

Downstream Conversion of Biomass-Derived Oxygenates to Fine Chemicals / Michèle Besson and Stéphane Loridant and Noémie Perret and Catherine Pinel7：

Selective Catalytic Oxidation / 7.1：

Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol / 7.2.1：

Glycerol to Glyceric Acid (GLYAC) / 7.2.2.1：

Glycerol to Tartronic Acid (TARAC) / 7.2.2.2：

Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) / 7.2.2.3：

Glycerol to Mesoxalic Acid (MESAC) / 7.2.2.4：

Glycerol to Glycolic Acid (GLYCAC) / 7.2.2.5：

Glycerol to Lactic Acid (LAC) / 7.2.2.6：

Oxidation of 5-HydroxymethylfurfuraI (HMF) / 7.2.3：

HMF to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) / 7.2.3.1：

HMF to 2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) / 7.2.3.2：

HMF to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid (HMFCA) or 5-Formyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid (FFCA) / 7.2.3.3：

Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis / 7.3：

Hydrogenolysis of Polyols / 7.3.1：

Hydrodeoxygenation of Polyols / 7.3.2.1：

C-C Hydrogenolysis of Polyols / 7.3.2.2：

Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids / 7.3.3：

Levulinic Acid / 7.3.3.1：

Succinic Acid / 7.3.3.2：

Selective Hydrogenation of Furanic Compounds / 7.3.4：

Reductive Amination of Acids and Furans / 7.3.5：

Catalyst Design for the Dehydration of Biosourced Molecules / 7.4：

Glycerol to Acrolein / 7.4.1：

Lactic Acid to Acrylic Acid / 7.4.3：

Sorbitol to Isosorbide / 7.4.4：

Conclusions and Outlook / 7.5：

Conversion of Lignin to Value-added Chemicals via Oxidative Depolymerization / Justin K. Mobley8：

Cautionary Statements / 8.1：

Catalytic Systems for the Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin / 8.2：

Enzymes and Bio-mimetic Catalysts / 8.2.1：

Cobalt Schiff Base Catalysts / 8.2.2：

Vanadium Catalysts / 8.2.3：

Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) Catalysts / 8.2.4：

Commercial Products from Lignin / 8.3：

Stepwise Depolymerization of ÃŸ-O-4 Linkages / 8.4：

Benzylic Oxidation / 8.4.1：

Secondary Depolymerization / 8.4.2：

Heterogeneous Catalysts for Lignin Depolymerization / 8.5：

Outlook / 8.6：

Lignin Valorization via Reductive Depolymerization / Yang (Vanessa) Song9：

Late-stage Reductive Lignin Depolymerization / 9.1：

Mild Hydroprocessing / 9.2.1：

Harsh Hydroprocessing / 9.2.2：

Bifunctional Hydroprocessing / 9.2.3：

Liquid Phase Reforming / 9.2.4：

Reductive Lignin Depolymerization Using Hydrosilanes, Zinc, and Sodium / 9.2.5：

Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) / 9.3：

Reaction Conditions / 9.3.1：

Lignocellulose Source / 9.3.2：

Applied Catalyst / 9.3.3：

Acknowledgment / 9.4：

Conversion of Lipids to Biodiesel via Esterification and Transesterification / Amin Talebian-Kiakalaieh and Amin Nor Aishah Saidina10：

Different Feedstocks tor Biodiesel Production / 10.1：

Biodiesel Production / 10.3：

Algal Bio diesel Production / 10.3.1：

Nutrients for Microalgae Growth / 10.3.1.1：

Microalgae Cultivation System / 10.3.1.2：

Harvesting / 10.3.1.3：

Drying / 10.3.1.4：

Lipid Extraction / 10.3.1.5：

Catalytic Transesterification / 10.4：

Homogeneous Catalysts / 10.4.1：

Alkali Catalysts / 10.4.1.1：

Acid Catalysts / 10.4.1.2：

Two-step Esterification-Transesterification Reactions / 10.4.1.3：

Heterogeneous Catalysts / 10.4.2：

Solid Acid Catalysts / 10.4.2.1：

Solid Base Catalysts / 10.4.2.2：

Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification Reactions / 10.4.3：

Supercritical Transesterification Processes / 10.5：

Alternative Processes for Biodiesel Production / 10.6：

Ultrasonic Processes / 10.6.1：

Microwave-Assisted Processes / 10.6.2：

Summary / 10.7：

Upgrading of Lipids to Hydrocarbon Fuels via (Hydro)deoxygenation / David Kubicka11：

Feedstocks / 11.1：

Chemistry / 11.3：

Technologies / 11.4：

Sulfided Catalysts / 11.5：

Metallic Catalysts / 11.5.2：

Metal Carbide, Nitride, and Phosphide Catalysts / 11.5.3：

Upgrading of Lipids to Fuel-like Hydrocarbons and Terminal Olefins via Decarbonylation/Decarboxylation / Ryan Loe and Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez and Mark Crocker11.6：

Lipid Feeds / 12.1：

deCO_x Catalysts: Active Phases / 12.3：

deCO_x Catalysts: Support Materials / 12.4：

Reaction Mechanism / 12.5：

Catalyst Deactivation / 12.7：

Conversion of Terpenes to Chemicals and Related Products / Anne E. Harman-Ware12.8：

Terpene Biosynthesis and Structure / 13.1：

Sources of Terpenes / 13.3：

Conifers and Other Trees / 13.3.1：

Essential Oils and Other Extracts / 13.3.2：

Isolation of Terpenes / 13.4：

Tapping and Extraction / 13.4.1：

Terpenes as a By-product of Pulping Processes / 13.4.2：

Historical Uses of Raw Terpenes / 13.5：

Adhesives and Turpentine / 13.5.1：

Flavors, Fragrances, Therapeutics, and Pharmaceutical Applications / 13.5.2：

Catalytic Methods for Conversion of Terpenes to Fine Chemicals and Materials / 13.6：

Homogeneous Processes / 13.6.1：

Hydration and Oxidation Reactions / 13.6.1.1：

Homogeneous Catalysis for the Epoxidation of Monoterpenes / 13.6.1.2：

Isomerizations / 13.6.1.3：

Production of Terpene Carbonates from CO₂ and Epoxides / 13.6.1.4：

Polymers and Other Materials from Terpenes / 13.6.1.5：

"Click Chemistry" Routes for the Production of Materials and Medicinal Compounds from Terpenes / 13.6.1.6：

Heterogeneous Processes / 13.6.2：

Isomerization and Hydration of Â¿-Pinene / 13.6.2.1：

Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Epoxidation of Monoterpenes / 13.6.2.2：

Isomerization of Â¿-Pinene Oxide / 13.6.2.3：

Vitamins from Terpenes / 13.6.2.4：

Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reactions of Terpenes / 13.6.2.5：

Conversion of Terpenes to Fuels / 13.6.2.6：

Conversion of Chitin to Nitrogen-containing Chemicals / Xi Chen and Ning Yan14：

Waste Shell Biorefinery / 14.1：

Production of Amines and Amides from Chitin Biomass / 14.2：

Sugar Amines/Amides / 14.2.1：

Furanic Amines/Amides / 14.2.2：

Polyol Amines/Amides / 14.2.3：

Production of N-heterocyclic Compounds from Chitin Biomass / 14.3：

Production of Carbohydrates and Acetic Acid from Chitin Biomass / 14.4：

Production of Advanced Products from Chitin Biomass / 14.5：

Conclusion / 14.6：

Index / Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez and Mark Crocker15：

Preface

Upgrading of Biomass via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) / Charles A. Mullen1：

Introduction / 1.1：

図書

3. Introduction to heterogeneous catalysis. 2nd ed (: hardcover)

Roel Prins ... [et al]

出版情報:	Hackensack, New Jersey : World Scientific, c2022 xviii, 392 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名:	Advanced textbooks in chemistry
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目次情報: 続きを見る

Preface

About the Authors

Introduction / 1：

Catalysis and Catalysts / 1.1：

Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis / 1.2：

Production of Ammonia / 1.3：

Kinetics and Thermodynamics / 1.3.1：

Activity, Selectivity and Stability / 1.3.2：

H₂ Production / 1.3.3：

Ammonia Synthesis / 1.3.4：

Relevance of Catalysis / 1.4：

References

Questions

Catalyst Preparation and Characterisation / 2：

Supported Catalysts / 2.1：

Crystal Structures / 2.2：

Crystal Lattices / 2.2.1：

X-ray Diffraction / 2.2.2：

Aluminas / 2.3：

Aluminium Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides / 2.3.1：

Transition Aluminas / 2.3.2：

Â¿-Al₂O₃ / 2.3.3：

Surface of Â¿-Al₂O₃ / 2.3.4：

Lewis acid sites / 2.3.5.1：

BrÃ¸nsted acid sites / 2.3.5.2：

Surface reconstruction / 2.3.5.3：

Silica / 2.4：

Preparation of Supported Catalysts / 2.5：

Adsorption / 3：

Physisorption / 3.1：

Adsorption on Surfaces / 3.1.1：

Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm / 3.1.2：

Multilayer Adsorption, BET / 3.1.3：

Surface Diffusion / 3.2：

Chemisorption / 3.3：

Chemical Bonding / 3.3.1：

Dissociative Chemisorption / 3.3.2：

Kinetics / 4：

Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model / 4.1：

Monomolecular Reaction / 4.1.1：

Surface reaction is rate-determining / 4.1.1.1：

Adsorption of the reactant or product is rate-determining / 4.1.1.2：

Bimolecular Reaction / 4.1.2：

Influence of Diffusion / 4.2：

Bifunctional Catalysis / 4.3：

Metal Surfaces / 5：

Surface Structures / 5.1：

Surface Analysis / 5.2：

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy / 5.2.1：

Auger Electron Spectroscopy / 5.2.2：

Surface Sensitivity / 5.2.3：

Surface Enrichment / 5.3：

Metal Binding / 5.4：

Metal Catalysis / 6：

Dissociation of H₂ / 6.1：

Hydrogenation of Ethene / 6.2：

Synthesis of CO and H₂ / 6.3：

Hydrogenation of CO / 6.4：

CO Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbons / 6.4.1：

CO dissociation / 6.4.1.1：

Methanation / 6.4.1.2：

Fischer-Tropsch reaction / 6.4.1.3：

Hydrogenation of CO and CO₂ to Methanol / 6.4.2：

CO hydrogenation to methanol / 6.4.2.1：

CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol / 6.4.2.2：

Hydrogenation of N₂ to Ammonia / 6.5：

Fe Catalyst / 6.5.1：

Ru Catalyst / 6.5.2：

Volcano Curves / 6.6：

Catalysis by Solid Acids / 7：

Solid Acid Catalysts / 7.1：

Zeolites / 7.1.1：

Amorphous Silica-Alumina / 7.1.2：

Reactions of Hydrocarbons / 7.2：

Reactions of Alkenes and Alkanes / 7.2.1：

Isomerisation of Pentane, Hexane and Butene / 7.2.2：

Alcohols from Alkenes / 7.3：

Alkylation of Aromatics / 7.4：

Ethylation and Propylation of Benzene / 7.4.1：

Methylation of Toluene / 7.4.2：

Isomerisation, Disproportionation, Transalkylation / 7.4.3：

Gasoline Production / 7.5：

Fluid Catalytic Cracking and Hydrocracking / 7.5.1：

Methanol to Hydrocarbons / 7.5.2：

Reforming of Hydrocarbons by Bifunctional Catalysis / 7.5.3：

Cleaning of Fuels by Hydrotreating / 8：

Hydrotreating / 8.1：

Hydrotreating Catalysts / 8.2：

Metal Sulfides / 8.2.1：

Structure of sulfided Co-Mo/Al₂O₃ and Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ / 8.2.1.1：

Active sites / 8.2.1.2：

Metal Phosphides / 8.2.2：

Reaction Mechanisms / 8.3：

Hydro desulfurisation / 8.3.1：

Hydrodenitrogenation / 8.3.2：

Hydrodeoxygenation / 8.3.3：

Hydrotreating of Mixtures / 8.3.4：

Hydrotreating Processes / 8.4：

Hydrodesulfurisation of Naphtha / 8.4.1：

Hydrotreating of Diesel / 8.4.2：

Residue Hydro conversion / 8.4.3：

Oxidation Catalysis / 9：

CO Oxidation / 9.1：

Mechanism / 9.1.1：

Three-way Catalysis / 9.1.2：

Production of Sulfuric and Nitric Acid / 9.2：

Sulfuric Acid / 9.2.1：

Nitric Acid / 9.2.2：

Selective Catalytic Reduction / 9.2.3：

Oxidation of Hydrocarbons / 9.3：

Oxidation by Oxygen / 9.3.1：

Oxidation by Hydroperoxide / 9.3.2：

Selective Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons / 9.3.3：

Oxidation of propene to acrylic acid and acrylonitrile / 9.3.3.1：

Oxidation of C4 and C6 molecules / 9.3.3.2：

Platform Chemicals / 9.4：

Electrocatalysis / 10：

Fundamental Aspects / 10.1：

Electrochemical Cells / 10.2.1：

Cell and Electrode Potentials / 10.2.2：

The Nernst Equation / 10.2.3：

Overpotential / 10.2.4：

Electrode Kinetics / 10.2.5：

Experimental Methods and Techniques / 10.3：

Three-Electrode Cell Configuration / 10.3.1：

Techniques for Electrocatalyst Evaluation / 10.3.2：

Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Cyclic Voltammetry / 10.3.3：

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy / 10.3.4：

Rotating Disc Electrode / 10.3.5：

The Electro chemically Active Surface Area / 10.3.6：

Electrocatalysis for the Production of Sustainable Fuels and Chemicals / 10.4：

Development of Electrocatalysts / 10.4.1：

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction / 10.4.2：

Oxygen Evolution Reaction / 10.4.3：

CO₂ Electroreduction / 10.4.4：

Other Electrochemical Processes / 10.4.5：

Answers

Index

Preface

About the Authors

Introduction / 1：

電子ブック

ＥＢ

4. Privacy and Identity Management : 17th IFIP WG 9. 2, 9. 6/11. 7, 11. 6/SIG 9. 2. 2 International Summer School, Privacy and Identity 2022, Virtual Event, August 30-September 2, 2022, Proceedings

Felix. Bieker

出版情報:	SpringerLink Books - AutoHoldings , Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2023
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図書

5. A student's guide to Python for physical modeling. 2nd ed (: pbk)

Jesse M. Kinder and Philip Nelson

出版情報:	Princeton : Princeton University Press, c2021 xiii, 223 p. ; 26 cm
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目次情報: 続きを見る

Let's Go

Getting Started with Python / 1：

Algorithms and algorithmic thinking / 1.1：

Algorithmic thinking / 1.1.1：

States / 1.1.2：

What does a = a + 1 mean? / 1.1.3：

Symbolic versus numerical / 1.1.4：

Launch Python / 1.2：

IPython console / 1.2.1：

Error messages / 1.2.2：

Sources of help / 1.2.3：

Good practice: Keep a log / 1.2.4：

Python modules / 1.3：

Import / 1.3.1：

From … import / 1.3.2：

NumPy and PyPlot / 1.3.3：

Python expressions / 1.4：

Numbers / 1.4.1：

Arithmetic operations and predefined functions / 1.4.2：

Good practice: Variable names / 1.4.3：

More about functions / 1.4.4：

Organizing Data / 2：

Objects and their methods / 2.1：

Lists, tuples, and arrays / 2.2：

Creating a list or tuple / 2.2.1：

NumPy arrays / 2.2.2：

Filling an array with values / 2.2.3：

Concatenation of arrays / 2.2.4：

Accessing array elements / 2.2.5：

Arrays and assignments / 2.2.6：

Slicing / 2.2.7：

Flattening an array / 2.2.8：

Reshaping an array / 2.2.9：

T₂ Lists and arrays as indices / 2.2.10：

Strings / 2.3：

Raw strings / 2.3.1：

Formatting strings with the format () method / 2.3.2：

T₂ Formatting strings with % / 2.3.3：

Structure and Control / 3：

Loops / 3.1：

For loops / 3.1.1：

While loops / 3.1.2：

Very long loops / 3.1.3：

Infinite loops / 3.1.4：

Array operations / 3.2：

Vectorizing math / 3.2.1：

Matrix math / 3.2.2：

Reducing an array / 3.2.3：

Scripts / 3.3：

The Editor / 3.3.1：

T₂ Other editors / 3.3.2：

First steps to debugging / 3.3.3：

Good practice: Commenting / 3.3.4：

Good practice: Using named parameters / 3.3.5：

Good practice: Units / 3.3.6：

Contingent behavior: Branching / 3.4：

The if statement / 3.4.1：

Testing equality of floats / 3.4.2：

Nesting / 3.5：

Data In, Results Out / 4：

Importing data / 4.1：

Obtaining data / 4.1.1：

Bringing data into Python / 4.1.2：

Exporting data / 4.2：

Data files / 4.2.1：

Visualizing data / 4.3：

The plot command and its relatives / 4.3.1：

Log axes / 4.3.2：

Manipulate and embellish / 4.3.3：

Replacing curves / 4.3.4：

T₂ More about figures and their axes / 4.3.5：

T₂ Error bars / 4.3.6：

3D graphs / 4.3.7：

Multiple plots / 4.3.8：

Subplots / 4.3.9：

Saving figures / 4.3.10：

T₂ Using figures in other applications / 4.3.11：

First Computer Lab / 5：

HIV example / 5.1：

Explore the model / 5.1.1：

Fit experimental data / 5.1.2：

Bacterial example / 5.2：

Random Number Generation and Numerical Methods / 5.2.1：

Writing your own functions / 6.1：

Defining functions in Python / 6.1.1：

Updating functions / 6.1.2：

Arguments, keywords, and defaults / 6.1.3：

Return values / 6.1.4：

Functional programming / 6.1.5：

Random numbers and simulation / 6.2：

Simulating coin flips / 6.2.1：

Generating trajectories / 6.2.2：

Histograms and bar graphs / 6.3：

Creating histograms / 6.3.1：

Finer control / 6.3.2：

Contour plots, surface plots, and heat maps / 6.4：

Generating a grid of points / 6.4.1：

Contour plots / 6.4.2：

Surface plots / 6.4.3：

Heat maps / 6.4.4：

Numerical solution of nonlinear equations / 6.5：

General real functions / 6.5.1：

Complex roots of polynomials / 6.5.2：

Solving systems of linear equations / 6.6：

Numerical integration / 6.7：

Integrating a predefined function / 6.7.1：

Integrating your own function / 6.7.2：

Oscillatory integrands / 6.7.3：

T₂ Parameter dependence / 6.7.4：

Numerical solution of differential equations / 6.8：

Reformulating the problem / 6.8.1：

Solving an ODE / 6.8.2：

Other ODE solvers / 6.8.3：

Vector fields and streamlines / 6.9：

Vector fields / 6.9.1：

Streamlines / 6.9.2：

Second Computer Lab / 7：

Generating and plotting trajectories / 7.1：

Plotting the displacement distribution / 7.2：

Rare events / 7.3：

The Poisson distribution / 7.3.1：

Waiting times / 7.3.2：

Images and Animation / 8：

Image processing / 8.1：

Images as NumPy arrays / 8.1.1：

Saving and displaying images / 8.1.2：

Manipulating images / 8.1.3：

Displaying data as an image / 8.2：

Animation / 8.3：

Creating animations / 8.3.1：

Saving animations / 8.3.2：

HTML movies

T₂ Using an encoder

Conclusion / 8.3.3：

Third Computer Lab / 9：

Convolution / 9.1：

Python tools for image processing / 9.1.1：

Averaging / 9.1.2：

Smoothing with a Gaussian / 9.1.3：

Denoising an image / 9.2：

Emphasizing features / 9.3：

T₂ Image files and arrays / 9.4：

Advanced Techniques / 10：

Dictionaries and generators / 10.1：

Dictionaries / 10.1.1：

Special function arguments / 10.1.2：

List comprehensions and generators / 10.1.3：

Tools for data science / 10.2：

Series and data frames with pandas / 10.2.1：

Machine learning with scikit-learn / 10.2.2：

Next steps / 10.2.3：

Symbolic computing / 10.3：

Wolfram Alpha / 10.3.1：

The SymPy library / 10.3.2：

Other alternatives / 10.3.3：

First passage revisited / 10.3.4：

Writing your own classes / 10.4：

A random walk class / 10.4.1：

When to use classes / 10.4.2：

Get Going

Installing Python / A：

Install Python and Spyder / A.1：

Graphical installation / A.1.1：

Command line installation / A.1.2：

Setting up Spyder / A.2：

Working directory / A.2.1：

Interactive graphics / A.2.2：

Script template / A.2.3：

Restart / A.2.4：

Keeping up to date / A.3：

Installing FFmpeg / A.4：

Installing ImageMagick / A.5：

Command Line Tools / B：

The command line / B.1：

Navigating your file system / B.1.1：

Creating, renaming, moving, and removing files / B.1.2：

Creating and removing directories / B.1.3：

Python and Conda / B.1.4：

Text editors / B.2：

Version control / B.3：

How Git works / B.3.1：

Installing and using Git / B.3.2：

Tracking changes and synchronizing repositories / B.3.3：

Summary of useful workflows / B.3.4：

Troubleshooting / B.3.5：

Jupyter Notebooks / B.4：

Getting started / C.1：

Launch Jupyter Notebooks / C.1.1：

Open a notebook / C.1.2：

Multiple notebooks / C.1.3：

Quitting Jupyter / C.1.4：

T₂ Setting the default directory / C.1.5：

Cells / C.2：

Code cells / C.2.1：

Graphics / C.2.2：

Markdown cells / C.2.3：

Edit mode and command mode / C.2.4：

Sharing / C.3：

More details / C.4：

Pros and cons / C.5：

Errors and Error Messages / D：

Python errors in general / D.1：

Some common errors / D.2：

Python 2 versus Python 3 / E：

Division / E.1：

Print command / E.2：

User input / E.3：

More assistance / E.4：

Under the Hood / F：

Assignment statements / F.1：

Memory management / F.2：

Functions / F.3：

Scope / F.4：

Name collisions / F.4.1：

Variables passed as arguments / F.4.2：

Summary / F.5：

Answers to "Your Turn" Questions / G：

Acknowledgments

絞り込み条件: