Brief Contents |
Contents |
Preface |
Organization of the Book |
Foundations |
Spatial Vision |
Visual Dynamics |
Tailoring the Book to Different Needs |
Acknowledgments |
An Introduction to Vision Science / Part I: |
Visual Perception / 1.1: |
Defining Visual Perception / 1.1.1: |
The Evolutionary Utility of Vision / 1.1.2: |
Perception as a Constructive Act / 1.1.3: |
Perception as Modeling the Environment / 1.1.4: |
Perception as Apprehension of Meaning / 1.1.5: |
Optical Information / 1.2: |
The Behavior of Light / 1.2.1: |
The Formation of Images / 1.2.2: |
Vision as an "Inverse" Problem / 1.2.3: |
Visual Systems / 1.3: |
The Human Eye / 1.3.1: |
The Retina / 1.3.2: |
Visual Cortex / 1.3.3: |
Theoretical Approaches / 2: |
Classical Theories of Vision / 2.1: |
Structuralism / 2.1.1: |
Gestaltism / 2.1.2: |
Ecological Optics / 2.1.3: |
Constructivism / 2.1.4: |
A Brief History of Information Processing / 2.2: |
Computer Vision / 2.2.1: |
Information Processing Psychology / 2.2.2: |
Biological Information Processing / 2.2.3: |
Information Processing Theory / 2.3: |
The Computer Metaphor / 2.3.1: |
Three Levels of Information Processing / 2.3.2: |
Three Assumptions of Information Processing / 2.3.3: |
Representation / 2.3.4: |
Processes / 2.3.5: |
Four Stages of Visual Perception / 2.4: |
The Retinal Image / 2.4.1: |
The Image-Based Stage / 2.4.2: |
The Surface-Based Stage / 2.4.3: |
The Object-Based Stage / 2.4.4: |
The Category-Based Stage / 2.4.5: |
Color Vision: A Microcosm of Vision Science / 3: |
The Computational Description of Color Perception / 3.1: |
The Physical Description of Light / 3.1.1: |
The Psychological Description of Color / 3.1.2: |
The Psychophysical Correspondence / 3.1.3: |
Image-Based Color Processing / 3.2: |
Basic Phenomena / 3.2.1: |
Theories of Color Vision / 3.2.2: |
Physiological Mechanisms / 3.2.3: |
Development of Color Vision / 3.2.4: |
Surface-Based Color Processing / 3.3: |
Lightness Constancy / 3.3.1: |
Chromatic Color Constancy / 3.3.2: |
Color Naming / 3.4: |
Focal Colors and Prototypes / 3.4.2: |
A Fuzzy-Logical Model of Color Naming / 3.4.3: |
Processing Image Structure / Part II: |
Retinal and Geniculate Cells / 4.1: |
Striate Cortex / 4.1.2: |
Striate Architecture / 4.1.3: |
Development of Receptive Fields / 4.1.4: |
Psychophysical Channels / 4.2: |
Spatial Frequency Theory / 4.2.1: |
Physiology of Spatial Frequency Channels / 4.2.2: |
Computational Approaches / 4.3: |
Marr's Primal Sketches / 4.3.1: |
Edge Detection / 4.3.2: |
Alternative Computational Theories / 4.3.3: |
A Theoretical Synthesis / 4.3.4: |
Visual Pathways / 4.4: |
Physiologlcal Evidence / 4.4.1: |
Perceptual Evidence / 4.4.2: |
Perceiving Surfaces Oriented in Depth / 5: |
The Problem of Depth Perception / 5.1: |
Heuristic Assumptions / 5.1.1: |
Marr's 2.5-D Sketch / 5.1.2: |
Ocular Information / 5.2: |
Accormmodation / 5.2.1: |
Convergence / 5.2.2: |
Stereoscopic Information / 5.3: |
Binocular Disparity / 5.3.1: |
The Correspondence Problem / 5.3.2: |
Computational Theories / 5.3.3: |
Vertical Disparity / 5.3.4: |
Da Vinci Stereopsis / 5.3.6: |
Dynamic Information / 5.4: |
Motion Parallax / 5.4.1: |
Optic Flow Caused by a Moving Observer / 5.4.2: |
Optic Flow Caused by Moving Objects / 5.4.3: |
Accretion/Deletion of Texture / 5.4.4: |
Pictorial Information / 5.5: |
Perspective Projection / 5.5.1: |
Convergence of Parallel Lines / 5.5.2: |
Position Relative to the Horizon of a Surface / 5.5.3: |
Relative Size / 5.5.4: |
Familiar Size / 5.5.5: |
Texture Gradients / 5.5.6: |
Edge Interpretation / 5.5.7: |
Shading Information / 5.5.8: |
Aerial Perspective / 5.5.9: |
Integrating Information Sources / 5.5.10: |
Development of Depth Perception / 5.6: |
Organizing Objects and Scenes / 5.6.1: |
Perceptual Grouping / 6.1: |
The Classical Principles of Grouping / 6.1.1: |
New Principles of Grouping / 6.1.2: |
Measuring Grouping Effects Quantitatively / 6.1.3: |
Is Grouping an Early or Late Process? / 6.1.4: |
Past Experience / 6.1.5: |
Region Analysis / 6.2: |
Uniform Connectedness / 6.2.1: |
Region Segmentation / 6.2.2: |
Texture Segregation / 6.2.3: |
Figure/Ground Organization / 6.3: |
Principles of Figure/Ground Organization / 6.3.1: |
Ecological Considerations / 6.3.2: |
Effects of Meaningfulness / 6.3.3: |
The Problem of Holes / 6.3.4: |
Visual Interpolation / 6.4: |
Visual Completion / 6.4.1: |
Illusory Contours / 6.4.2: |
Perceived Transparency / 6.4.3: |
Figural Scission / 6.4.4: |
The Principle of Nonaccidentalness / 6.4.5: |
Multistability / 6.5: |
Connectionist Network Models / 6.5.1: |
Neural Fatigue / 6.5.2: |
Eye Fixations / 6.5.3: |
The Role of Instructions / 6.5.4: |
Development of Perceptual Organization / 6.6: |
The Habituation Paradigm / 6.6.1: |
The Development of Grouping / 6.6.2: |
Perceiving Object Properties and Parts / 7: |
Size / 7.1: |
Size Constancy / 7.1.1: |
Size Illusions / 7.1.2: |
Shape / 7.2: |
Shape Constancy / 7.2.1: |
Shape Illusions / 7.2.2: |
Orientation / 7.3: |
Orientation Constancy / 7.3.1: |
Orientation Illusions / 7.3.2: |
Position / 7.4: |
Perception of Direction / 7.4.1: |
Position Constancy / 7.4.2: |
Position Illusions / 7.4.3: |
Perceptual Adaptation / 7.5: |
Parts / 7.6: |
Evidence for Perception of Parts / 7.6.1: |
Part Segmentation / 7.6.2: |
Global and Local Processing / 7.6.3: |
Representing Shape and Structure / 8: |
Shape Equivalence / 8.1: |
Defining Objective Shape / 8.1.1: |
Invariant Features / 8.1.2: |
Transformational Alignment / 8.1.3: |
Object-Centered Reference Frames / 8.1.4: |
Theories of Shape Representation / 8.2: |
Templates / 8.2.1: |
Fourier Spectra / 8.2.2: |
Features and Dimensions / 8.2.3: |
Structural Descriptions / 8.2.4: |
Figural Goodness and Pragnanz / 8.3: |
Theories of Figural Goodness / 8.3.1: |
Structural Information Theory / 8.3.2: |
Perceiving Function and Category / 9: |
The Perception of Function / 9.1: |
Direct Perception of Affordances / 9.1.1: |
Indirect Perception of Function by Categorization / 9.1.2: |
Phenomena of Perceptual Categorization / 9.2: |
Categorical Hierarchies / 9.2.1: |
Perspective Viewing Conditions / 9.2.2: |
Part Structure / 9.2.3: |
Contextual Effects / 9.2.4: |
Visual Agnosia / 9.2.5: |
Theories of Object Categorization / 9.3: |
Recognition by Components Theory / 9.3.1: |
Accounting for Empirical Phenomena / 9.3.2: |
Viewpoint-Specific Theories / 9.3.3: |
Identifying Letters and Words / 9.4: |
Identifying Letters / 9.4.1: |
Identifying Words and Letters Within Words / 9.4.2: |
The Interactive Activation Model / 9.4.3: |
Perceiving Motion and Events / Part III: |
Image Motion / 10.1: |
The Computational Problem of Motion / 10.1.1: |
Continuous Motion / 10.1.2: |
Apparent Motion / 10.1.3: |
Object Motion / 10.1.4: |
Perceiving Object Velocity / 10.2.1: |
Depth and Motion / 10.2.2: |
Long-Range Apparent Motion / 10.2.3: |
Dynamic Perceptual Organization / 10.2.4: |
Self-Motion and Optic Flow / 10.3: |
Induced Motion of the Self / 10.3.1: |
Perceiving Self-Motion / 10.3.2: |
Understanding Events / 10.4: |
Biological Motion / 10.4.1: |
Perceiving Causation / 10.4.2: |
Intuitive Physics / 10.4.3: |
Visual Selection: Eye Movements And Attention / 11: |
Eye Movements / 11.1: |
Types Of Eye Movements / 11.1.1: |
The Physiology Of The Oculomotor System / 11.1.2: |
Saccaadic Exploration Of The Visual Environment / 11.1.3: |
Visual Attention / 11.2: |
Early Versus Late Selection / 11.2.1: |
Costs and Benefits of Attention / 11.2.2: |
Theories of Spatial Attention / 11.2.3: |
Selective Attention to Properties / 11.2.4: |
Distributed versus Focused Attention / 11.2.5: |
Feature Integration Theory / 11.2.6: |
The Physiology of Attention / 11.2.7: |
Attention and Eye Movements / 11.2.8: |
Visual Memory and Imagery / 12: |
Visual Memory / 12.1: |
Three Memory Systems / 12.1.1: |
Iconic Memory / 12.1.2: |
Visual Short-Term Memory / 12.1.3: |
Visual Long-Term Memory / 12.1.4: |
Memory Dynamics / 12.1.5: |
Visual Imagery / 12.2: |
The Analog/Propositional Debate / 12.2.1: |
Mental Transformtions / 12.2.2: |
Image Inspection / 12.2.3: |
Kosslyn's Model of Imagery / 12.2.4: |
The Relation of Imagery to Perception / 12.2.5: |
Visual Awareness / 13: |
Philosophical Foundations / 13.1: |
The Mind-Body Problem / 13.1.1: |
The Problem of Other Minds / 13.1.2: |
Neuropsychology of Visual Awareness / 13.2: |
Split-Brain Patients / 13.2.1: |
Blindsight / 13.2.2: |
Unconscious Processing in Neglect and Balint's Syndrome / 13.2.3: |
Unconscious Face Recognition in Prosopagnosia / 13.2.4: |
Visual Awareness in Normal Observers / 13.3: |
Perceptual Defense / 13.3.1: |
Subliminal Perception / 13.3.2: |
Inattentional Blindsight / 13.3.3: |
Theories of Consciousness / 13.4: |
Functional Architecture Theories / 13.4.1: |
Biological Theories / 13.4.2: |
Consciousness and the Limits of Science / 13.4.3: |
Psychophysical Methods / Appendix A: |
Measuring Thresholds / A.1: |
Method of Adjustment / A.1.1: |
Method of Limits / A.1.2: |
Method of Constant Stimuli / A.1.3: |
The Theoretical Status of Thresholds / A.1.4: |
Signal Detection Theory / A.2: |
Response Bias / A.2.1: |
The Signal Detection Paradigm / A.2.2: |
The Theory of Signal Detectability / A.2.3: |
Difference Thresholds / A.3: |
Just Noticeable Differences / A.3.1: |
Weber's Law / A.3.2: |
Psychophysical Scaling / A.4: |
Fechner's Law / A.4.1: |
Stevens's Law / A.4.2: |
Suggestions for Futher Reading |
Connectionist Modeling / Appendix B: |
Network Behavior / B.1: |
Unit Behavior / B.1.1: |
System Architecture / B.1.2: |
Systemic Behavior / B.1.3: |
Connectionist Learning Algorithms / B.2: |
Back Propagation / B.2.1: |
Gradient Descent / B.2.2: |
Color Technology / Appendix C: |
Additive versus Subtractive Color Mixture / C.1: |
Adding versus Multiplying Spectra / C.1.1: |
Maxwell's Color Triangle / C.1.2: |
C.I.E. Color Space / C.1.3: |
Subtractive Color Mixture Space? / C.1.4: |
Color Television / C.2: |
Paints and Dyes / C.3: |
Subtractive Combination of Paints / C.3.1: |
Additive Combination of Paints / C.3.2: |
Color Photography / C.4: |
Color Printing / C.5: |
Suggestions for Further Reading |
Glossary |
References |
Name Index |
Subject Index |