Preface |
Upgrading of Biomass via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) / Charles A. Mullen1: |
Introduction / 1.1: |
Catalytic Pyrolysis Over Zeolites / 1.1.1: |
Catalytic Pyrolysis Over HZSM-5 / 1.1.1.1: |
Deactivation of HZSM-5 During CFP / 1.1.1.2: |
Modification of ZSM-5 with Metals / 1.1.1.3: |
Modifications of ZSM-5 Pore Structure / 1.1.1.4: |
CFP with Metal Oxide Catalysts / 1.1.2: |
CFP to Produce Fine Chemicals / 1.1.3: |
Outlook and Conclusions / 1.1.4: |
References |
The Upgrading of Bio-Oil via Hydrodeoxygenation / Adetoyese O. Oyedun and Madhumita Patel and Mayank Kumar and Amit Kumar2: |
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) / 2.1: |
Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol as a Model Compound / 2.2.1: |
HDO of Phenolic (Guaiacol) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.1: |
HDO of Phenolic (Anisole) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.2: |
HDO of Phenolic (Cresol) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.3: |
Hydrodeoxygenation of Aldehyde Model Compounds / 2.2.2: |
Hydrodeoxygenation of Carboxylic Acid Model Compounds / 2.2.3: |
Hydrodeoxygenation of Alcohol Model Compounds / 2.2.4: |
Hydrodeoxygenation of Carbohydrate Model Compounds / 2.2.5: |
Chemical Catalysts for the HDO Reaction / 2.3: |
Catalyst Promoters for HDO / 2.3.1: |
Catalyst Supports for HDO / 2.3.2: |
Catalyst Selectivity for HDO / 2.3.3: |
Catalyst Deactivation During HDO / 2.3.4: |
Research Gaps / 2.4: |
Conclusions / 2.5: |
Acknowledgments |
Upgrading of Bio-oil via Fluid Catalytic Cracking / Idoia Hita and Jose Maria Arandes and Javier Bilbao3: |
Bio-oil / 3.1: |
Bio-oil Production via Fast Pyrolysis / 3.2.1: |
General Characteristics, Composition, and Stabilization of Bio-oil / 3.2.2: |
Adjustment of Bio-oil Composition Through Pyrolytic Strategies / 3.2.2.1: |
Bio-oil Stabilization / 3.2.2.2: |
Valorization Routes for Bio-oil / 3.2.3: |
Hydroprocessing / 3.2.3.1: |
Steam Reforming / 3.2.3.2: |
Extraction of Valuable Components from Bio-oil / 3.2.3.3: |
Catalytic Cracking of Bio-oil: Fundamental Aspects / 3.3: |
The FCC Unit / 3.3.1: |
Cracking Reactions and Mechanisms / 3.3.2: |
Cracking of Oxygenated Compounds / 3.3.3: |
Cracking of Bio-oil / 3.3.4: |
Bio-oil Cracking in the FCC Unit / 3.4: |
Cracking of Model Oxygenates / 3.4.1: |
Coprocessing of Oxygenates and Their Mixtures with Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) / 3.4.2: |
Cracking of Bio-oil and Its Mixtures with VGO / 3.4.3: |
Conclusions and Critical Discussion / 3.5: |
Stabilization of Bio-oil via Esterification / Xun Hu4: |
Reactions of the Main Components of Bio-Oil Under Esterification Conditions / 4.1: |
Sugars / 4.2.1: |
Carboxylic Acids / 4.2.2: |
Furans / 4.2.3: |
Aldehydes and Ketones / 4.2.4: |
Phenolics / 4.2.5: |
Other Components / 4.2.6: |
Processes for Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3: |
Esterification of Bio-oil Under Subcritical or Supercritical Conditions / 4.3.1: |
Removal of the Water in Bio-oil to Enhance Conversion of Carboxylic Acids / 4.3.2: |
In-line Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3.3: |
Esterification Coupled with Oxidation / 4.3.4: |
Esterification Coupled with Hydrogenation / 4.3.5: |
Steric Hindrance in Bio-oil Esterification / 4.3.6: |
Coking in Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3.7: |
Effects of Bio-oil Esterification on the Subsequent Hydrotreatment / 4.3.8: |
Catalysts / 4.4: |
Summary and Outlook / 4.5: |
Catalytic Upgrading of Holocellulose-Derived C5 and C6 Sugars / Xingguang Zhang and Zhijun Tai and Amin Osatiashtiani and Lee Durndell and Adam F. Lee and Karen Wilson5: |
Catalytic Transformation of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.1: |
Isomerization Catalysts / 5.2.1: |
Zeolites / 5.2.1.1: |
Hydrotalcites / 5.2.1.2: |
Other Solid Catalysts / 5.2.1.3: |
Dehydration Catalysts / 5.2.2: |
Zeolitic and Mesoporous Brønsted Solid Acids / 5.2.2.1: |
Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Silicas / 5.2.2.2: |
Metal-Organic Frameworks / 5.2.2.3: |
Supported Ionic Liquids / 5.2.2.4: |
Catalysts for Tandem Isomerization and Dehydration of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.2.3: |
Bifunctional Zeolites and Mesoporous Solid Acids / 5.2.3.1: |
Metal Oxides, Sulfates, and Phosphates / 5.2.3.2: |
Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.2.3.3: |
Ni Catalysts / 5.2.4.1: |
Ru Catalysts / 5.2.4.2: |
Pt Catalysts / 5.2.4.3: |
Other Hydrogenation Catalysts / 5.2.4.4: |
Hydrogenolysis Catalysts / 5.2.5: |
Other Reactions / 5.2.6: |
Conclusions and Future Perspectives / 5.3: |
Chemistry of C-C Bond Formation Reactions Used in Biomass Upgrading: Reaction Mechanisms, Site Requirements, and Catalytic Materials / Tuong V. Bui and Nhung Duong and Felipe Anaya and Duong Ngo and Gap Warakunwit and Daniel E. Resasco6: |
Mechanisms and Site Requirements of C-C Coupling Reactions / 6.1: |
Aldol Condensation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.1: |
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation / 6.2.1.1: |
Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.1.2: |
Alkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.2: |
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation Mechanism / 6.2.2.1: |
Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation Mechanism / 6.2.2.2: |
Base-Catalyzed Alkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.2.3: |
Hydroxyalkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.3: |
Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Mechanism / 6.2.3.1: |
Site Requirement / 6.2.3.2: |
Acylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.4: |
Mechanistic Aspects of Acylation Reactions / 6.2.4.1: |
Role of Brønsted vs. Lewis Acid in Acylation Over Zeolites / 6.2.4.2: |
Ketonization: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.5: |
Mechanism of Surface Ketonization / 6.2.5.1: |
Optimization and Design of Catalytic Materials for C-C Bond Forming Reactions / 6.2.5.2: |
Oxides / 6.3.1: |
Magnesia (MgO) / 6.3.1.1: |
Zirconia (ZrO2) / 6.3.1.2: |
ZSM-5 / 6.3.2: |
HY / 6.3.2.2: |
HBEA / 6.3.2.3: |
Downstream Conversion of Biomass-Derived Oxygenates to Fine Chemicals / Michèle Besson and Stéphane Loridant and Noémie Perret and Catherine Pinel7: |
Selective Catalytic Oxidation / 7.1: |
Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol / 7.2.1: |
Glycerol to Glyceric Acid (GLYAC) / 7.2.2.1: |
Glycerol to Tartronic Acid (TARAC) / 7.2.2.2: |
Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) / 7.2.2.3: |
Glycerol to Mesoxalic Acid (MESAC) / 7.2.2.4: |
Glycerol to Glycolic Acid (GLYCAC) / 7.2.2.5: |
Glycerol to Lactic Acid (LAC) / 7.2.2.6: |
Oxidation of 5-HydroxymethylfurfuraI (HMF) / 7.2.3: |
HMF to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) / 7.2.3.1: |
HMF to 2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) / 7.2.3.2: |
HMF to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid (HMFCA) or 5-Formyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid (FFCA) / 7.2.3.3: |
Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis / 7.3: |
Hydrogenolysis of Polyols / 7.3.1: |
Hydrodeoxygenation of Polyols / 7.3.2.1: |
C-C Hydrogenolysis of Polyols / 7.3.2.2: |
Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids / 7.3.3: |
Levulinic Acid / 7.3.3.1: |
Succinic Acid / 7.3.3.2: |
Selective Hydrogenation of Furanic Compounds / 7.3.4: |
Reductive Amination of Acids and Furans / 7.3.5: |
Catalyst Design for the Dehydration of Biosourced Molecules / 7.4: |
Glycerol to Acrolein / 7.4.1: |
Lactic Acid to Acrylic Acid / 7.4.3: |
Sorbitol to Isosorbide / 7.4.4: |
Conclusions and Outlook / 7.5: |
Conversion of Lignin to Value-added Chemicals via Oxidative Depolymerization / Justin K. Mobley8: |
Cautionary Statements / 8.1: |
Catalytic Systems for the Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin / 8.2: |
Enzymes and Bio-mimetic Catalysts / 8.2.1: |
Cobalt Schiff Base Catalysts / 8.2.2: |
Vanadium Catalysts / 8.2.3: |
Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) Catalysts / 8.2.4: |
Commercial Products from Lignin / 8.3: |
Stepwise Depolymerization of ß-O-4 Linkages / 8.4: |
Benzylic Oxidation / 8.4.1: |
Secondary Depolymerization / 8.4.2: |
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Lignin Depolymerization / 8.5: |
Outlook / 8.6: |
Lignin Valorization via Reductive Depolymerization / Yang (Vanessa) Song9: |
Late-stage Reductive Lignin Depolymerization / 9.1: |
Mild Hydroprocessing / 9.2.1: |
Harsh Hydroprocessing / 9.2.2: |
Bifunctional Hydroprocessing / 9.2.3: |
Liquid Phase Reforming / 9.2.4: |
Reductive Lignin Depolymerization Using Hydrosilanes, Zinc, and Sodium / 9.2.5: |
Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) / 9.3: |
Reaction Conditions / 9.3.1: |
Lignocellulose Source / 9.3.2: |
Applied Catalyst / 9.3.3: |
Acknowledgment / 9.4: |
Conversion of Lipids to Biodiesel via Esterification and Transesterification / Amin Talebian-Kiakalaieh and Amin Nor Aishah Saidina10: |
Different Feedstocks tor Biodiesel Production / 10.1: |
Biodiesel Production / 10.3: |
Algal Bio diesel Production / 10.3.1: |
Nutrients for Microalgae Growth / 10.3.1.1: |
Microalgae Cultivation System / 10.3.1.2: |
Harvesting / 10.3.1.3: |
Drying / 10.3.1.4: |
Lipid Extraction / 10.3.1.5: |
Catalytic Transesterification / 10.4: |
Homogeneous Catalysts / 10.4.1: |
Alkali Catalysts / 10.4.1.1: |
Acid Catalysts / 10.4.1.2: |
Two-step Esterification-Transesterification Reactions / 10.4.1.3: |
Heterogeneous Catalysts / 10.4.2: |
Solid Acid Catalysts / 10.4.2.1: |
Solid Base Catalysts / 10.4.2.2: |
Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification Reactions / 10.4.3: |
Supercritical Transesterification Processes / 10.5: |
Alternative Processes for Biodiesel Production / 10.6: |
Ultrasonic Processes / 10.6.1: |
Microwave-Assisted Processes / 10.6.2: |
Summary / 10.7: |
Upgrading of Lipids to Hydrocarbon Fuels via (Hydro)deoxygenation / David Kubicka11: |
Feedstocks / 11.1: |
Chemistry / 11.3: |
Technologies / 11.4: |
Sulfided Catalysts / 11.5: |
Metallic Catalysts / 11.5.2: |
Metal Carbide, Nitride, and Phosphide Catalysts / 11.5.3: |
Upgrading of Lipids to Fuel-like Hydrocarbons and Terminal Olefins via Decarbonylation/Decarboxylation / Ryan Loe and Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez and Mark Crocker11.6: |
Lipid Feeds / 12.1: |
deCOx Catalysts: Active Phases / 12.3: |
deCOx Catalysts: Support Materials / 12.4: |
Reaction Mechanism / 12.5: |
Catalyst Deactivation / 12.7: |
Conversion of Terpenes to Chemicals and Related Products / Anne E. Harman-Ware12.8: |
Terpene Biosynthesis and Structure / 13.1: |
Sources of Terpenes / 13.3: |
Conifers and Other Trees / 13.3.1: |
Essential Oils and Other Extracts / 13.3.2: |
Isolation of Terpenes / 13.4: |
Tapping and Extraction / 13.4.1: |
Terpenes as a By-product of Pulping Processes / 13.4.2: |
Historical Uses of Raw Terpenes / 13.5: |
Adhesives and Turpentine / 13.5.1: |
Flavors, Fragrances, Therapeutics, and Pharmaceutical Applications / 13.5.2: |
Catalytic Methods for Conversion of Terpenes to Fine Chemicals and Materials / 13.6: |
Homogeneous Processes / 13.6.1: |
Hydration and Oxidation Reactions / 13.6.1.1: |
Homogeneous Catalysis for the Epoxidation of Monoterpenes / 13.6.1.2: |
Isomerizations / 13.6.1.3: |
Production of Terpene Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides / 13.6.1.4: |
Polymers and Other Materials from Terpenes / 13.6.1.5: |
"Click Chemistry" Routes for the Production of Materials and Medicinal Compounds from Terpenes / 13.6.1.6: |
Heterogeneous Processes / 13.6.2: |
Isomerization and Hydration of ¿-Pinene / 13.6.2.1: |
Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Epoxidation of Monoterpenes / 13.6.2.2: |
Isomerization of ¿-Pinene Oxide / 13.6.2.3: |
Vitamins from Terpenes / 13.6.2.4: |
Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reactions of Terpenes / 13.6.2.5: |
Conversion of Terpenes to Fuels / 13.6.2.6: |
Conversion of Chitin to Nitrogen-containing Chemicals / Xi Chen and Ning Yan14: |
Waste Shell Biorefinery / 14.1: |
Production of Amines and Amides from Chitin Biomass / 14.2: |
Sugar Amines/Amides / 14.2.1: |
Furanic Amines/Amides / 14.2.2: |
Polyol Amines/Amides / 14.2.3: |
Production of N-heterocyclic Compounds from Chitin Biomass / 14.3: |
Production of Carbohydrates and Acetic Acid from Chitin Biomass / 14.4: |
Production of Advanced Products from Chitin Biomass / 14.5: |
Conclusion / 14.6: |
Index / Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez and Mark Crocker15: |