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1.

図書
図書
1. Mental representation and processing of geographic knowledge : a computational approach
Thomas Barkowsky
出版情報: Berlin ; Tokyo : Springer, c2002  x, 174 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 2541 . Lecture notes in artificial intelligence
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Introduction / 1：
Mental Processing of Geographic Knowledge / 1.1：
Cognitive Maps / 1.1.1：
Mental Construction of Spatial Knowledge: An Example / 1.1.2：
Theses and Assumptions / 1.2：
Knowledge Construction and Human Memory / 1.2.1：
Characteristics of Geographic Knowledge / 1.2.2：
Spatial Knowledge Organization in Long-Term Memory / 1.2.3：
Visual Mental Images and Diagrammatic Reasoning / 1.2.4：
Research Questions and Goals / 1.3：
Research Questions / 1.3.1：
Goals / 1.3.2：
Approach: Experimental Computational Modeling / 1.4：
Computational Cognition / 1.4.1：
Building Computational Models / 1.4.2：
Modeling as Experimental Approach / 1.4.3：
Organization of this Thesis / 1.5：
State of the Art / 2：
Spatial Knowledge Conceptions: Cognitive Maps and Other Metaphors / 2.1：
Rubber Sheet Maps, Cognitive Atlases, Collages, and Geographic Information Systems / 2.1.1：
Spatial Mental Models / 2.1.3：
Other Conceptions / 2.1.4：
Human Memory / 2.2：
Working Memory / 2.2.1：
Long-Term Memory / 2.2.2：
Interacting Memory Systems in Mental Imagery / 2.2.3：
Mental Imagery / 2.3：
The Imagery Debate / 2.3.1：
Psychological and Neuroscientific Foundations / 2.3.2：
The Kosslyn Models / 2.3.3：
The 1980 Model / 2.3.3.1：
The 1994 Model / 2.3.3.2：
Spatial Reasoning / 2.4：
Topology / 2.4.1：
Orientation / 2.4.2：
Distance / 2.4.3：
Shape / 2.4.4：
Computational Geometry / 2.4.5：
Diagrammatic Reasoning / 2.5：
Propositional vs. Analogical Knowledge Representation / 2.5.1：
Types of Diagrammatic Reasoning Systems / 2.5.2：
Examples for Diagrammatic Reasoning Architectures / 2.5.3：
DEPIC-2D / 2.5.3.1：
WHISPER / 2.5.3.2：
Computational Imagery / 2.5.3.3：
Summary / 2.6：
MIRAGE - Developing the Model / 3：
Characteristics of the Model / 3.1：
Evaluating the Working Memory Representation / 3.1.1：
MIRAGE - Outline of the Model / 3.2：
Types of Entities and Spatial Relations in MIRAGE / 3.3：
Entities / 3.3.1：
Relations / 3.3.2：
Subsystems, Structures, and Processes / 3.4：
Long-Term Memory Activation / 3.4.1：
Spatial Knowledge Fragments / 3.4.1.1：
The Hierarchical Long-Term Memory Representation / 3.4.1.2：
The Access Process / 3.4.1.3：
The Activated Long-Term Memory Representation / 3.4.1.4：
The Construction Process / 3.4.1.5：
Visual Mental Image Construction / 3.4.2：
The Enriched Representation / 3.4.2.1：
The Conversion Process / 3.4.2.2：
The Visual Buffer / 3.4.2.3：
The Visualization Process / 3.4.2.4：
Image Inspection / 3.4.3：
The Inspection Result / 3.4.3.1：
The Inspection Process / 3.4.3.2：
Visual Mental Image Construction in Detail / 4：
A More Demanding Scenario / 4.1：
Diagrammatic Representations of Lean Knowledge / 4.2：
Consequences for Image Construction / 4.3：
Relaxation of Spatial Constraints / 4.3.1：
Completion of Qualitative Spatial Relations / 4.3.2：
Interpretation of Qualitative Spatial Relations / 4.3.3：
Image Revision Strategies in MIRAGE / 4.4：
Unstable Images / 4.4.1：
Omission of Facts / 4.4.2：
Revision of Relational Completion / 4.4.3：
Variation of Relational Completion / 4.4.3.1：
Relaxation of Relational Completion / 4.4.3.2：
Revision of Image Specification / 4.4.4：
Depicting Qualitative Spatial Relations / 4.4.4.1：
Depicting Unspecified Spatial Relations / 4.4.4.2：
MIRAGE Implementation / 4.5：
Computational Tools for Modeling: SIMSIS / 5.1：
The Idea of SIMSIS / 5.1.1：
The Aspect Map Model / 5.1.1.1：
Modeling Aspect Maps in SIMSIS / 5.1.1.2：
Depictions, Scenarios, and Interpretations / 5.1.2：
SIMSIS Pictures / 5.1.2.1：
SIMSIS Facts and Scenarios / 5.1.2.2：
SIMSIS Interpretations and Meaning Systems / 5.1.2.3：
Realization of the Model / 5.2：
MIRAGE Structures / 5.2.1：
Entities, Relations, and Spatial Knowledge Fragments / 5.2.1.1：
The Long-Term Memory Representations / 5.2.1.2：
MIRAGE Processes / 5.2.1.3：
The Long-Term Memory Activation Processes / 5.2.2.1：
The Image Construction Processes / 5.2.2.2：
Operation and Behavior of MIRAGE / 5.2.2.3：
Conclusion and Outlook / 6：
Results and Discussion / 6.1：
Reflecting the Theses / 6.2.1：
Spatial Knowledge Construction / 6.2.1.1：
Underdeterminacy in Long-Term Memory / 6.2.1.2：
Fragmentation and Hierarchical Organization / 6.2.1.3：
Visual Mental Imagery / 6.2.1.4：
The Parameters of the Model / 6.2.2：
Explicit Parameters / 6.2.2.1：
Implicit Parameters / 6.2.2.2：
Conclusions / 6.2.3：
Future Work / 6.3：
Extending MIRAGE / 6.3.1：
Geographic Entities and Spatial Relations / 6.3.1.1：
Partially Aggregated Knowledge Structures / 6.3.1.2：
Mental Imagery Functionality / 6.3.1.3：
Parameters of MIRAGE / 6.3.1.4：
Empirical Investigations / 6.3.2：
Use of Default Knowledge / 6.3.2.1：
Control of Image Construction / 6.3.2.2：
Processing Capacity for Mental Images / 6.3.2.3：
Use of Chunking Facilities / 6.3.2.4：
Combination of Propositional and Image-Based Reasoning / 6.3.2.5：
Application Perspectives / 6.3.3：
Adequate Presentation of Visual Information / 6.3.3.1：
External Support of Reasoning in Mental Images / 6.3.3.2：
Bibliography
Index
Introduction / 1：
Mental Processing of Geographic Knowledge / 1.1：
Cognitive Maps / 1.1.1：
2.

図書
図書
2. Concurrent reactive plans : anticipating and forestalling execution failures
Michael Beetz
出版情報: Berlin : Springer, 2000  xvi, 213 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 1772 . Lecture notes in artificial intelligence
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Abstract
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
Introduction / 1：
The Approach / 1.1：
Technical Challenges / 1.2：
Introductory Example / 1.3：
Motivation / 1.4：
Relevance for Autonomous Robot Control / 1.4.1：
Relevance for AI Planning / 1.4.2：
The Computational Problem and Its Solution / 1.5：
The Computational Problem / 1.5.1：
The Computational Model / 1.5.2：
Contributions / 1.6：
Outline of the Book / 1.7：
Reactivity / 2：
The DeliveryWorld / 2.1：
The World / 2.1.1：
Commands and Jobs / 2.1.2：
The Robot / 2.1.3：
Justification of the DeliveryWorld / 2.1.4：
The Implementation of Routine Activities / 2.2：
Plan Steps vs. Concurrent Control Processes / 2.2.1：
Interfacing Continuous Control Processes / 2.2.2：
Coordinating Control Processes / 2.2.3：
Synchronization of Concurrent Control Threads / 2.2.4：
Failure Recovery / 2.2.5：
Perception / 2.2.6：
State, Memory, and World Models / 2.2.7：
The Structure of Routine Activities / 2.2.8：
The Structured Reactive Controller / 2.3：
Behavior and Planning Modules / 2.3.1：
The Body of the Structured Reactive Controller / 2.3.2：
Global Fluents, Variables, and the Plan Library / 2.3.3：
The RPL Runtime System / 2.3.4：
Summary and Discussion / 2.4：
Planning / 3：
The Structured Reactive Plan / 3.1：
Plans as Syntactic Objects / 3.1.1：
RPL as a Plan Language / 3.1.2：
The Computational Structure / 3.2：
The "Criticize-Revise" Cycle / 3.2.1：
The "Criticize" Step / 3.2.2：
The "Revise" Step / 3.2.3：
The XFRM Planning Framework / 3.3：
Anticipation and Forestalling of Behavior Flaws / 3.4：
The Detection of Behavior Flaws / 3.4.1：
Behavior Flaws and Plan Revisions / 3.4.2：
The Diagnosis of Behavior Flaws / 3.4.3：
Transparent Reactive Plans / 3.5：
Declarative Statements / 4.1：
RPL Construct Descriptions / 4.1.1：
Achievement Goals / 4.1.2：
Perceptions / 4.1.3：
Beliefs / 4.1.4：
Other Declarative Statements / 4.1.5：
Using Declarative Statements / 4.1.6：
Routine Plans / 4.2：
The Plan Library / 4.3：
Behavior Modules / 4.3.1：
Low-level Plans / 4.3.2：
High-level Plans / 4.3.3：
Discussion / 4.4：
Representing Plan Revisions / 5：
Conceptualization / 5.1：
Making Inferences / 5.2：
Some Examples / 5.2.1：
Accessing Code Trees / 5.2.2：
Predicates on Plan Interpretations / 5.2.3：
Predicates on Timelines / 5.2.4：
Timelines and Plan Interpretation / 5.2.5：
Expressing Plan Revisions / 5.3：
XFRML - The Implementation / 5.4：
Forestalling Behavior Flaws / 5.5：
FAUST / 6.1：
The Behavior Critic / 6.1.1：
Detecting Behavior Flaws: Implementation / 6.1.2：
Diagnosing the Causes of Behavior Flaws: Implementation / 6.1.3：
The Bug Class "Behavior-Specification Violation" / 6.1.4：
The Elimination of Behavior Flaws / 6.1.5：
The Plan Revisions for the Example / 6.2：
Some Behavior Flaws and Their Revisions / 6.3：
Perceptual Confusion / 6.3.1：
Missed Deadlines / 6.3.2：
Planning Ongoing Activities / 6.4：
Extending RPL / 7.1：
The RUNTIME-PLAN Statement / 7.1.1：
Plan Swapping / 7.1.2：
Making Planning Assumptions / 7.1.3：
Deliberative Controllers / 7.2：
Improving Iterative Plans by Local Planning / 7.2.1：
Plan Execution a la Shakey / 7.2.2：
Execution Monitoring and Replanning / 7.2.3：
Recovering from Execution Failures / 7.2.4：
Some Robot Control Architectures / 7.2.5：
The Controller in the Experiment / 7.3：
Evaluation / 7.4：
Analysis of the Problem / 8.1：
Assessment of the Method / 8.2：
Description of the Method / 8.2.1：
Evaluation of the Method / 8.2.2：
Demonstration / 8.3：
Evaluating SRCs in Standard Situations / 8.3.1：
Comparing SRCs with the Appropriate Fixed Controller179 / 8.3.2：
Problems that Require SRCs / 8.3.3：
Related Work / 8.4：
Control Architectures for Competent Physical Agents / 8.4.1：
Control Languages for Reactive Control / 8.4.2：
Robot Planning / 8.4.3：
Conclusion / 9：
What Do Structured Reactive Controllers Do? / 9.1：
Why Do Structured Reactive Controllers Work? / 9.2：
Do Structured Reactive Controllers Work for Real Robots? / 9.3：
References
Abstract
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
3.

図書
図書
3. Least squares orthogonal distance fitting of curves and surfaces in space
Sung Joon Ahn
出版情報: Berlin : Springer, c2004  xx, 125 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 3151
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Introduction / 1：
Curves and Surfaces in Space / 1.1：
Mathematical Description / 1.1.1：
Rigid Body Motion of Model Features in Space / 1.1.2：
Model Hierarchy / 1.1.3：
Curve and Surface Fitting / 1.2：
Applications of Curve and Surface Fitting / 1.2.1：
Algebraic Fitting Vs. Geometric Fitting / 1.2.2：
State-of-the-Art Orthogonal Distance Fitting / 1.2.3：
ISO 10360-6 and Requirements of CMM Software Tools / 1.2.4：
Least-Squares Orthogonal Distance Fitting / 2：
Moment Method for Line and Plane Fitting / 2.1：
Line Fitting / 2.1.1：
Plane Fitting / 2.1.2：
Relationship Between Line and Plane Fitting / 2.1.3：
Generalized Orthogonal Distance Fitting / 2.2：
Problem Definition / 2.2.1：
Point-to-Point Matching / 2.2.2：
Template Matching / 2.2.3：
Orthogonal Distance Fitting Algorithms / 2.3：
Distance-Based Algorithm / 2.3.1：
Coordinate-Based Algorithm / 2.3.2：
Model Fitting with Parameter Constraints / 2.3.3：
Parameter Test / 2.3.4：
Application to Circle and Sphere Fitting / 2.3.5：
Orthogonal Distance Fitting of Implicit Curves and Surfaces / 3：
Minimum Distance Point / 3.1：
Generalized Newton Method / 3.1.1：
Method of Lagrangian Multipliers / 3.1.2：
Verification of the Minimum Distance Point / 3.1.3：
Acceleration of Finding the Minimum Distance Point / 3.1.4：
Orthogonal Distance Fitting / 3.2：
Comparison of the Two Algorithms / 3.2.1：
Fitting Examples / 3.3：
Superellipse Fitting / 3.3.1：
Cone Fitting / 3.3.2：
Torus Fitting / 3.3.3：
Superellipsoid Fitting / 3.3.4：
Orthogonal Distance Fitting of Parametric Curves and Surfaces / 4：
Newton Method / 4.1：
Levenberg-MarquardtAlgorithm / 4.1.2：
Initial Values / 4.1.3：
Algorithm I (ETH) / 4.1.4：
Algorithm II (NPL, FhG) / 4.2.2：
Algorithm III (FhG) / 4.2.3：
Comparison of the Three Algorithms / 4.2.4：
Helix Fitting / 4.3：
Ellipsoid Fitting / 4.3.2：
Object Reconstruction from Unordered Point Cloud / 5：
Applications of Object Reconstruction / 5.1：
Semi-automatic Object Recognition / 5.2：
Segmentation, Outlier Elimination, and Model Fitting / 5.2.1：
Domain Volume for Measurement Points / 5.2.2：
Experimental Results with Real 3-D Measurement Points / 5.3：
3-D Point Cloud from Stripe Projection Method / 5.3.1：
3-D Point Cloud from Laser Radar / 5.3.2：
Conclusions / 6：
Summary / 6.1：
Future Work / 6.2：
References
Index
Implementation Examples / A：
Implicit 2-D Ellipse (Chap.3) / A.1：
Parametric 3-D Ellipse (Chap.4) / A.2：
CMM Software Tools Fulfilling ISO 10360-6 / B：
Curves and Surfaces Defined in ISO 10360-6 / B.1：
Competent Parameterization / B.1.1：
Role of the Mass Center / B.1.2：
Rotation Matrix / B.1.3：
Parameter Range / B.1.4：
Minimum Distance Point and FHG/XHG Matrix / B.2：
2-D Line / B.2.1：
3-D Line / B.2.2：
Plane / B.2.3：
2-D Circle / B.2.4：
3-D Circle / B.2.5：
Sphere / B.2.6：
Cylinder / B.2.7：
Cone / B.2.8：
Torus / B.2.9：
FHG Matrix of Superellipse and Superellipsoid / C：
Superellipse / C.1：
Superellipsoid / C.2：
Introduction / 1：
Curves and Surfaces in Space / 1.1：
Mathematical Description / 1.1.1：
4.

図書
図書
4. Computer networks : a systems approach. 2nd ed. (cloth ; paper)
Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie
出版情報: San Francisco, Calif. : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, c2000  xxvi, 748 p. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名: The Morgan Kaufmann series in networking
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Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface / Chapter 1：
Foundation
Direct Link Networks / 1：
Problem: Building a Network / Chapter 3：
Packet Switching
Internetworking / 1.1：
Applications
End-to-End Protocols / Chapter 5：
Requirements / Chapter 6：
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
End-to-end Data / 1.2.1：
Connectivity
Security / Chapter 8：
Cost-Effective Resource Sharing / Chapter 9：
Support for Common Services / 1.2.3：
Network Architecture / 1.3：
Layering and Protocols / 1.3.1：
OSI Architecture / 1.3.2：
Internet Architecture / 1.3.3：
Implementing Network Software / 1.4：
Application Programming Interface (Sockets) / 1.4.1：
Example Application / 1.4.2：
Protocol Implementation Issues / 1.4.3：
Performance / 1.5：
Bandwidth and Latency / 1.5.1：
Delay x Bandwidth Product / 1.5.2：
High-Speed Networks / 1.5.3：
Application Performance Needs / 1.5.4：
Summary / 1.6：
Open Issue: Ubiquitous Networking
Further Reading
Exercises
Problem: Physically Connecting Hosts / 2：
Hardware Building Blocks / 2.1：
Nodes / 2.1.1：
Links / 2.1.2：
Encoding (NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, 4B/5B) / 2.2：
Framing / 2.3：
Byte-Oriented Protocols (BISYNC, PPP, DDCMP) / 2.3.1：
Bit-Oriented Protocols (HDLC) / 2.3.2：
Clock-Based Framing (SONET) / 2.3.3：
Error Detection / 2.4：
Two-Dimensional Parity / 2.4.1：
Internet Checksum Algorithm / 2.4.2：
Cyclic Redundancy Check / 2.4.3：
Reliable Transmission / 2.5：
Stop-and-Wait / 2.5.1：
Sliding Window / 2.5.2：
Concurrent Logical Channels / 2.5.3：
Ethernet (802.3) / 2.6：
Physical Properties / 2.6.1：
Access Protocol / 2.6.2：
Experience with Ethernet / 2.6.3：
Token Rings (802.5, FDDI) / 2.7：
Token Ring Media Access Control / 2.7.1：
Token Ring Maintenance / 2.7.3：
Frame Format / 2.7.4：
FDDI / 2.7.5：
Wireless (802.11) / 2.8：
Collision Avoidance / 2.8.1：
Distribution System / 2.8.3：
Network Adaptors / 2.8.4：
Components / 2.9.1：
View from the Host / 2.9.2：
Memory Bottleneck / 2.9.3：
Open Issue: Does It Belong in Hardware? / 2.10：
Problem: Not All Networks Are Directly Connected / 3：
Switching and Forwarding / 3.1：
Datagrams / 3.1.1：
Virtual Circuit Switching / 3.1.2：
Source Routing / 3.1.3：
Bridges and LAN Switches / 3.2：
Learning Bridges / 3.2.1：
Spanning Tree Algorithm / 3.2.2：
Broadcast and Multicast / 3.2.3：
Limitations of Bridges / 3.2.4：
Cell Switching (ATM) / 3.3：
Cells / 3.3.1：
Segmentation and Reassembly / 3.3.2：
Virtual Paths / 3.3.3：
Physical Layers for ATM / 3.3.4：
ATM in the LAN / 3.3.5：
Implementation and Performance / 3.4：
Ports / 3.4.1：
Fabrics / 3.4.2：
Open Issue: The Future of ATM / 3.5：
Problem: There Is More Than One Network / 4：
Simple Internetworking (IP) / 4.1：
What Is an Internetwork? / 4.1.1：
Service Model / 4.1.2：
Global Addresses / 4.1.3：
Datagram Forwarding in IP / 4.1.4：
Address Translation (ARP) / 4.1.5：
Host Configuration (DHCP) / 4.1.6：
Error Reporting (ICMP) / 4.1.7：
Virtual Networks and Tunnels / 4.1.8：
Routing / 4.2：
Network as a Graph / 4.2.1：
Distance Vector (RIP) / 4.2.2：
Link State (OSPF) / 4.2.3：
Metrics / 4.2.4：
Routing for Mobile Hosts / 4.2.5：
Global Internet / 4.3：
Subnetting / 4.3.1：
Classless Routing (CIDR) / 4.3.2：
Interdomain Routing (BGP) / 4.3.3：
Routing Areas / 4.3.4：
IP Version 6 (IPv6) / 4.3.5：
Multicast / 4.4：
Link-State Multicast / 4.4.1：
Distance-Vector Multicast / 4.4.2：
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) / 4.4.3：
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) / 4.5：
Destination-Based Forwarding / 4.5.1：
Explicit Routing / 4.5.2：
Virtual Private Networks and Tunnels / 4.5.3：
Open Issue: Deployment of IPV6 / 4.6：
Problem: Getting Processess to Communicate / 5：
Simple Demultiplexer (UDP) / 5.1：
Reliable Byte Stream (TCP) / 5.2：
End-to-End Issues / 5.2.1：
Segment Format / 5.2.2：
Connection Establishment and Termination / 5.2.3：
Sliding Window Revisited / 5.2.4：
Triggering Transmission / 5.2.5：
Adaptive Retransmission / 5.2.6：
Record Boundaries / 5.2.7：
TCP Extensions / 5.2.8：
Alternative Design Choices / 5.2.9：
Remote Procedure Call / 5.3：
Bulk Transfer (BLAST) / 5.3.1：
Request/Reply (CHAN) / 5.3.2：
Dispatcher (SELECT) / 5.3.3：
Putting It All Together (SunRPC, DCE) / 5.3.4：
Open Issue: Application-Specific Protocols / 5.4：
Congestion Control and Resource Allocation / 6：
Problem: Allocating Resources
Issues in Resource Allocation / 6.1：
Network Model / 6.1.1：
Taxonomy / 6.1.2：
Evaluation Criteria / 6.1.3：
Queuing Disciplines / 6.2：
FIFO / 6.2.1：
Fair Queuing / 6.2.2：
TCP Congestion Control / 6.3：
Additive Increase/Multiplicative Decrease / 6.3.1：
Slow Start / 6.3.2：
Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery / 6.3.3：
Congestion-Avoidance Mechanisms / 6.4：
DECbit / 6.4.1：
Random Early Detection (RED) / 6.4.2：
Source-Based Congestion Avoidance / 6.4.3：
Quality of Service / 6.5：
Application Requirements / 6.5.1：
Integrated Services (RSVP) / 6.5.2：
Differentiated Services (EF, AF) / 6.5.3：
ATM Quality of Service / 6.5.4：
Equation-Based Congestion Control / 6.5.5：
Open Issue: Inside versus Outside the Network / 6.6：
End-to-End Data / 7：
Problem: What Do We Do with the Data?
Presentation Formatting / 7.1：
Examples (XDR, ASN. 1, NDR) / 7.1.1：
Markup Languages (XML) / 7.1.3：
Data Compression / 7.2：
Lossless Compression Algorithms / 7.2.1：
Image Compression (JPEG) / 7.2.2：
Video Compression (MPEG) / 7.2.3：
Transmitting MPEG over a Network / 7.2.4：
Audio Compression (MP3) / 7.2.5：
Open Issue: Computer Networks Meet Consumer Electronics / 7.3：
Network Security / 8：
Problem: Securing the Data
Cryptographic Algorithms / 8.1：
Secret Key Encryption (DES) / 8.1.1：
Public Key Encryption (RSA) / 8.1.3：
Message Digest Algorithms (MD5) / 8.1.4：
Security Mechanisms / 8.1.5：
Authentication Protocols / 8.2.1：
Message Integrity Protocols / 8.2.2：
Public Key Distribution (X.509) / 8.2.3：
Example Systems / 8.3：
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) / 8.3.1：
Secure Shell (SSH) / 8.3.2：
Transport Layer Security (TLS, SSL, HTTPS) / 8.3.3：
IP Security (IPSEC) / 8.3.4：
Firewalls / 8.4：
Filter-Based Firewalls / 8.4.1：
Proxy-Based Firewalls / 8.4.2：
Limitations / 8.4.3：
Open Issue: Denial-of-Service Attacks / 8.5：
Problem: Applications Need Their Own Protocols / 9：
Name Service (DNS) / 9.1：
Domain Hierarchy / 9.1.1：
Name Servers / 9.1.2：
Name Resolution / 9.1.3：
Traditional Applications / 9.2：
Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME, IMAP) / 9.2.1：
World Wide Web (HTTP) / 9.2.2：
Network Management (SNMP) / 9.2.3：
Multimedia Applications / 9.3：
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) / 9.3.1：
Session Control and Call Control (SDP, SIP, H.323) / 9.3.2：
Overlay Networks / 9.4：
Routing Overlays / 9.4.1：
Peer-to-Peer Networks / 9.4.2：
Content Distribution Networks / 9.4.3：
Open Issue: New Network Artichitecture / 9.5：
Glossary
Bibliography
Solutions to Selected Exercises
Index
About the Authors
Foreword
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface / Chapter 1：
5.

図書
図書
5. Intelligent information integration for the semantic web
Ubbo Visser
出版情報: Berlin : Springer, c2004  xiv, 150 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 3159 . Lecture notes in artificial intelligence
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Introduction and Related Work / Part I：
Introduction / 1：
Semantic Web Vision / 1.1：
Research Topics / 1.2：
Search on the Web / 1.3：
Integration Tasks / 1.4：
Organization / 1.5：
Related Work / 2：
Approaches for Terminological Representation and Reasoning / 2.1：
The Role of Ontologies / 2.1.1：
Use of Mappings / 2.1.2：
Approaches for Spatial Representation and Reasoning / 2.2：
Spatial Representation / 2.2.1：
Spatial Reasoning / 2.2.2：
More Approaches / 2.2.3：
Approaches for Temporal Representation and Reasoning / 2.3：
Temporal Theories Based on Time Points / 2.3.1：
Temporal Theories Based on Intervals / 2.3.2：
Summary of Recent Approaches / 2.3.3：
Evaluation of Approaches / 2.4：
Terminological Approaches / 2.4.1：
Spatial Approaches / 2.4.2：
Temporal Approaches / 2.4.3：
The Buster Approach for Terminological, Spatial, and Temporal Representation and Reasoning / Part II：
General Approach of Buster / 3：
Requirements / 3.1：
Conceptual Architecture / 3.2：
Query Phase / 3.2.1：
Acquisition Phase / 3.2.2：
Comprehensive Source Description / 3.3：
The Dublin Core Elements / 3.3.1：
Additional Element Descriptions / 3.3.2：
Background Models / 3.3.3：
Example / 3.3.4：
Relevance / 3.4：
Terminological Representation and Reasoning, Semantic Translation / 4：
Representation / 4.1：
Reasoning / 4.1.2：
Integration/Translation on the Data Level / 4.1.3：
Representation and Reasoning Components / 4.2：
Ontologies / 4.2.1：
Description Logics / 4.2.2：
Reasoning Components / 4.2.3：
Semantic Translation / 4.3：
Context Transformation by Rules / 4.3.1：
Context Transformation by Re-classification / 4.3.2：
Example: Translation ATKIS-CORINE Land Cover / 4.4：
Spatial Representation and Reasoning / 5：
Intuitive Spatial Labeling / 5.1：
Place Names, Gazetteers and Footprints / 5.1.2：
Place Name Structures / 5.1.3：
Spatial Relevance / 5.1.4：
Polygonal Tessellation / 5.1.5：
Place Names / 5.2.2：
Spatial Relevance Reasoning / 5.2.3：
Temporal Representation and Reasoning / 5.4：
Intuitive Labeling / 6.1：
Time Interval Boundaries / 6.1.2：
Structures / 6.1.3：
Explicit Qualitative Relations / 6.1.4：
Period Names / 6.2：
Boundaries / 6.2.3：
Relations / 6.2.4：
Temporal Relevance / 6.3：
Distance Between Time Intervals / 6.3.1：
Overlapping of Time Periods / 6.3.2：
Relations Between Boundaries / 6.4：
Relations Between Two Time Periods / 6.4.2：
Relations Between More Than Two Time Periods / 6.4.3：
Qualitative Statements / 6.5：
Quantitative Statements / 6.5.2：
Inconsistencies (Quantitative/Qualitative) / 6.5.3：
Inconsistencies (Reasoner Implicit/Qualitative) / 6.5.4：
Inconsistencies (Qualitative/Quantitative) / 6.5.5：
Implementation, Conclusion, and Future Work / Part III：
Implementation Issues and System Demonstration / 7：
Architecture / 7.1：
Single Queries / 7.2：
Terminological Queries / 7.2.1：
Spatial Queries / 7.2.2：
Temporal Queries / 7.2.3：
Combined Queries / 7.3：
Spatio-terminological Queries / 7.3.1：
Temporal-Terminological Queries / 7.3.2：
Spatio-temporal-terminological Queries / 7.3.3：
Conclusion and Future Work / 8：
Conclusion / 8.1：
Semantic Web / 8.1.1：
BUSTER Approach and System / 8.1.2：
Future Work / 8.2：
Terminological Part / 8.2.1：
Spatial Part / 8.2.2：
Temporal Part / 8.2.3：
References
Introduction and Related Work / Part I：
Introduction / 1：
Semantic Web Vision / 1.1：
6.

図書
図書
6. Spatio-temporal databases : the CHOROCHRONOS approach
Manolis Koubarakis ... [et al.]
出版情報: Berlin ; Tokyo : Springer, c2003  xiv, 352 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 2520
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Introduction / Manolis Koubarakis ; Timos Sellis1：
Why Spatio-temporal Databases? / 1.1：
Chorochronos / 1.2：
Contributions / 1.3：
Organization of the Book / 1.4：
References
Ontology for Spatio-temporal Databases / Andrew U. Frank2：
Ontology to Drive Information System Design / 2.1：
Ontological Problems of Geographic Information Systems and Other Spatio-temporal Information Systems / 2.1.2：
Structure of the Chapter / 2.1.3：
The Notion of Ontology / 2.2：
Classical View / 2.2.1：
Social Reality / 2.2.2：
Application Domains / 2.3：
Table-Top Situation / 2.3.1：
Cityscape / 2.3.2：
Geographic Landscape / 2.3.3：
Model of Information Systems / 2.4：
Information Systems as Vehicles of Exchange between Multiple Agents / 2.4.1：
Correctness of Information System Related to Observations / 2.4.2：
Semantics for Terms in Information Systems / 2.4.3：
Grounding of Semantics in Physical Operations / 2.4.4：
The Five Tiers of the Ontology / 2.5：
Physical Reality Seen as an Ontology of a Four-Dimensional Field / 2.5.1：
Observation of Physical Reality / 2.5.2：
Operations and Ontology of Individuals / 2.5.3：
Social Ontology / 2.5.4：
Ontology of Cognitive Agents / 2.5.5：
The Language to Describe the Ontology / 2.6：
Tools to Implement Ontologies / 2.6.1：
Multi-agent Systems and Formalization of Database Ontologies / 2.6.2：
Ontological Tier 0: Ontology of the Physical Reality / 2.7：
Properties / 2.7.1：
Physical Space-Time Field / 2.7.2：
Ontological Tier 1: Our Limited Knowledge of the World through Observations of Reality / 2.8：
Observations / 2.8.1：
Measurement Units / 2.8.2：
Classification of Values / 2.8.3：
Special Observations: Points in Space and Time / 2.8.4：
Approximate Location / 2.8.5：
Discretization and Sampling / 2.8.6：
Virtual Datasets: Validity of Values / 2.8.7：
Ontological Tier 2: Representation - World of Individual Objects / 2.9：
Objects Are Defined by Uniform Properties / 2.9.1：
Geometry of Objects / 2.9.2：
Properties of Objects / 2.9.3：
Geographic Objects Are not Solid Bodies / 2.9.4：
Objects Endure in Time / 2.9.5：
Temporal, but A-Spatial Objects / 2.9.6：
Ontological Tier 3: Socially Constructed Reality / 2.10：
Social Reality Is Real within a Context / 2.10.1：
Names / 2.10.2：
Institutional Reality / 2.10.3：
Ontological Tier 4: Modeling Cognitive Agents / 2.11：
Logical Deduction / 2.11.1：
Two Time Perspectives / 2.11.2：
Sources of Knowledge / 2.11.3：
Ontological Commitments Necessary for a Spatio-temporal Database / 2.12：
Existence of a Single Reality / 2.12.1：
Values for Properties Can Be Observed / 2.12.2：
Assume Space and Time / 2.12.3：
Observations Are Necessarily Limited / 2.12.4：
Processes Determine Objects / 2.12.5：
Names of Objects / 2.12.6：
Social, Especially Institutionally Constructed Reality / 2.12.7：
Knowledge of an Agent Is Changing in Time / 2.12.8：
Conclusions / 2.13：
Conceptual Models for Spatio-temporal Applications / Nectaria Tryfona ; Rosanne Price ; Christian S. Jensen3：
Motivation / 3.1：
Spatio-temporal Foundations / 3.2：
Spatio-temporal Entity-Relationship Model / 3.3：
Extending the ER with Spatio-temporal Constructs / 3.3.1：
A Textual Notation for STER / 3.3.2：
Example of Usage of STER / 3.3.3：
Spatio-temporal Unified Modeling Language / 3.4：
Using UML Core Constructs for Spatio-temporal Data / 3.4.1：
Overview of Extended Spatio-temporal UML / 3.4.2：
Basic Constructs: Spatial, Temporal, Thematic / 3.4.3：
Additional Constructs: Specification Box, Existence Time, and Groups / 3.4.4：
Example of Usage / 3.4.5：
Related Work / 3.5：
Spatio-temporal Models and Languages: An Approach Based on Data Types / Ralf Hartmut Güting ; Michael H. Böhlen ; Martin Erwig ; Nikos Lorentzos ; Enrico Nardelli ; Markus Schneider ; Jose R.R. Viqueira3.6：
The Data Type Approach / 4.1：
Modeling / 4.2.1：
Some Example Queries / 4.2.3：
Some Basic Issues / 4.2.4：
An Abstract Model: A Foundation for Representing and Querying Moving Objects / 4.3：
Spatio-temporal Data Types / 4.3.1：
Language Embedding of Abstract Data Types / 4.3.2：
Overview of Data Type Operations / 4.3.3：
Operations on Non-temporal Types / 4.3.4：
Operations on Temporal Types / 4.3.5：
Application Example / 4.3.6：
Summary / 4.3.7：
A Discrete Model: Data Structures for Moving Objects Databases / 4.4：
Overview / 4.4.1：
Definition of Discrete Data Types / 4.4.2：
Outlook / 4.5：
Spatio-temporal Predicates and Developments / 4.5.1：
Spatio-temporal Partitions / 4.5.2：
On a Spatio-temporal Relational Model Based on Quanta / 4.5.3：
Spatio-temporal Statement Modifiers / 4.5.4：
Spatio-temporal Models and Languages: An Approach Based on Constraints / Stéphane Grumbach ; Philippe Rigaux ; Michel Scholl ; Spiros Skiadopoulos5：
Representing Spatio-temporal Information Using Constraints / 5.1：
An Algebra for Relations with Constraints / 5.2.1：
Indefinite Information in Spatio-temporal Databases / 5.3：
Querying Indefinite Information / 5.3.1：
Beyond Flat Constraint Relations: The dedale Approach / 5.4：
The dedale Algebra / 5.4.1：
The User Query Language of dedale / 5.5：
The Syntax / 5.5.1：
Example Queries / 5.5.2：
Access Methods and Query Processing Techniques / Adriano Di Pasquale ; Luca Forlizzi ; Yannis Manolopoulos ; Dieter Pfoser ; Guido Proietti ; Simonas èaltenis ; Yannis Theodoridis ; Theodoros Tzouramanis ; Michael Vassilakopoulos5.6：
R-Tree-Based Methods / 6.1：
Preliminary Approaches / 6.2.1：
The Spatio-bitemporal R Tree / 6.2.2：
The Time-Parameterized R Tree / 6.2.3：
Trajectory Bundle / 6.2.4：
Quadtree-Based Methods / 6.3：
The MOF Tree / 6.3.1：
The MOF+-Tree / 6.3.2：
Overlapping Linear Quadtrees / 6.3.3：
Multiversion Linear Quadtree / 6.3.4：
Data Structures and Algorithms for the Discrete Model / 6.4：
Data Structures / 6.4.1：
Two Example Algorithms / 6.4.2：
Benchmarking and Data Generation / 6.5：
Benchmarking / 6.5.1：
Data Generation / 6.5.2：
Distribution and Optimization Issues / 6.6：
Distributed Indexing Techniques / 6.6.1：
Query Optimization / 6.6.2：
Architectures and Implementations of Spatio-temporal Database Management Systems / Martin Breunig ; Can Türker ; Stefan Dieker ; Lukas Relly ; Hans-Jörg Schek ; Michel Scholl|p2636.7：
Architectural Aspects / 7.1：
The Layered Architecture / 7.2.1：
The Monolithic Architecture / 7.2.2：
The Extensible Architecture / 7.2.3：
Commercial Approaches to Spatial-temporal Extensions / 7.2.4：
The Concert Prototype System / 7.3：
Architecture / 7.3.1：
Spatio-temporal Extensions / 7.3.3：
Implementation Details / 7.3.4：
Case Studies / 7.3.5：
The Secondo Prototype System / 7.4：
Second-Order Signature / 7.4.1：
Implementing Spatio-temporal Algebra Modules / 7.4.3：
The Dedale Prototype System / 7.5：
Interpolation in the Constraint Model: Representation of Moving Objects / 7.5.1：
Example of Query Evaluation / 7.5.3：
The Tiger Prototype System / 7.6：
Tiger's Implementation / 7.6.1：
Processing Queries Using External Modules-Case Study / 7.6.5：
The GeoToolKit Prototype System / 7.7：
CaseStudies / 7.7.1：
Advanced Uses: Composing Interactive Spatio-temporal Documents / Isabelle Mirbel ; Barbara Pernici ; Babis Theodoulidis ; Alex Vakaloudis ; Michalis Vazirgiannis7.8：
Interactive Presentations and Spatio-temporal Databases / 8.1：
Modeling the Components of Spatio-temporal Interactive Documents / 8.3：
Particularities of 3D-Spatio-temporal Modeling for ScenarioComponents / 8.3.1：
Meta-modeling / 8.3.2：
Temporal Semantics / 8.3.3：
3D-Spatial Semantics / 8.3.4：
3D-Spatio-temporal Semantics / 8.3.5：
Modeling of Spatio-temporal Behavior / 8.4：
Modeling Interaction with Events / 8.4.1：
Database Support for Scenario Components / 8.5：
Querying and Accessing Stored Components / 8.5.1：
A Global Architecture / 8.5.2：
Examples of Applications / 8.6：
Spatio-temporal Databases in the Years Ahead / 8.7：
Mobile and Wireless Computing / 9.1：
Data Warehousing and Mining / 9.3：
The Semantic Web / 9.4：
List of Contributors / 9.5：
Introduction / Manolis Koubarakis ; Timos Sellis1：
Why Spatio-temporal Databases? / 1.1：
Chorochronos / 1.2：
7.

図書
図書
7. Modular specification and verification of object-oriented programs
Peter Müller
出版情報: Berlin : Springer, c2002  xiv, 292 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 2262
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Introduction / 1：
Motivation / 1.1：
Specification and Verification Technique / 1.2：
The Problem / 1.3：
Modular Correctness / 1.3.1：
The Frame Problem / 1.3.2：
Modular Verification of Type Invariants / 1.3.3：
The Extended State Problem / 1.3.4：
Alias Control / 1.3.5：
Modularity Aspects of Programs, Specifications, and Proofs / 1.4：
Modularity of Programs / 1.4.1：
Modularity of Universal Specifications / 1.4.2：
Modularity of Interface Specifications / 1.4.3：
Modularity of Correctness Proofs / 1.4.4：
Approach, Outline, and Contributions / 1.5：
Approach / 1.5.1：
Outline / 1.5.2：
Contributions / 1.5.3：
Related Work / 1.6：
Specification Techniques / 1.6.1：
Verification and Analysis Techniques / 1.6.2：
Mojave and the Universe Type System / 2：
Mojave: The Language / 2.1：
The Language Core / 2.1.1：
Modularity / 2.1.2：
Universes: A Type System for Flexible Alias Control / 2.2：
The Ownership Model / 2.2.1：
The Universe Programming Model / 2.2.2：
Programming with Universes / 2.2.3：
Examples / 2.2.4：
Formalization of the Universe Type System / 2.2.5：
Discussion / 2.2.6：
The Semantics of Mojave / 2.3：
Programming Logic / 3.1：
Formal Data and State Model / 3.1.1：
Axiomatic Semantics / 3.1.2：
Language Properties / 3.1.3：
Type Safety / 3.2.1：
Liveness Properties / 3.2.2：
Properties of Readonly Methods / 3.2.3：
Correctness / 3.3：
Correctness of Closed Programs / 3.3.1：
Correctness of Open Programs: Modular Correctness / 3.3.2：
Modular Soundness / 3.3.3：
Composition of Modular Correct Open Programs / 3.3.4：
Modular Specification and Verification of Functional Behavior / 3.4：
Foundations of Interface Specifications / 4.1：
Specification of Functional Behavior / 4.2：
Abstract Fields / 4.2.1：
Pre-post-specifications / 4.2.2：
Verification of Functional Behavior / 4.3：
Verification of Method Bodies / 4.3.1：
Proofs for Virtual Methods / 4.3.2：
Example / 4.3.3：
Modular Specification and Verification of Frame Properties / 4.4：
Meaning of Modifies-Clauses / 5.1：
Explicit Dependencies / 5.1.2：
Modularity Rules / 5.1.3：
Formalization of Explicit Dependencies / 5.2：
Declaration of Dependencies / 5.2.1：
Axiomatization of the Depends-Relation / 5.2.2：
Consistency with Representation / 5.2.3：
Formalization of the Modularity Rules / 5.2.4：
Axiomatization of the Notdepends-Relation / 5.2.5：
Formalization of Modifies-Clauses / 5.2.6：
Verification of Frame Properties / 5.4：
Local Update Property / 5.4.1：
Accessibility Properties / 5.4.3：
Modularity Theorem for Frame Properties / 5.4.4：
Leino's and Nelson's Work on Dependencies / 5.4.5：
Other Work on the Frame Problem / 5.5.2：
Modular Specification and Verification of Type Invariants / 6：
Motivation and Approach / 6.1：
Invariant Semantics for Nonmodular Programs / 6.1.1：
Problems for Modular Verification of Invariants / 6.1.2：
Specification of Type Invariants / 6.1.3：
Declaration of Type Invariants / 6.2.1：
Formal Meaning of Invariants / 6.2.2：
Verification of Type Invariants / 6.3：
Verification Methodology / 6.3.1：
Module Invariants / 6.3.2：
History Constraints / 6.4.2：
Conclusion / 6.5：
Summary and Contributions / 7.1：
The Lopex Project / 7.2：
Tool Support / 7.3：
Directions for Future Work / 7.4：
Formal Background and Notations / A：
Formal Background / A.1：
Notations / A.2：
Predefined Type Declarations / B：
Doubly Linked List / C：
Property Editor / C.2：
Auxiliary Lemmas, Proofs, and Models / D：
Auxiliary Lemmas and Proofs from Chapter 3 / D.1：
Auxiliary Lemmas and Proofs from Chapter 5 / D.2：
Auxiliary Lemmas and Proofs from Chapter 6 / D.3：
A Model for the Axiomatization of the Depends-Relation / D.4：
Bibliography
List of Figures
Index
Introduction / 1：
Motivation / 1.1：
Specification and Verification Technique / 1.2：
8.

図書
図書
8. Learning-based robot vision : principles and applications
Josef Pauli
出版情報: Berlin ; Tokyo : Springer, c2001  ix, 288 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 2048
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Introduction / 1：
Need for New-Generation Robot Systems / 1.1：
Paradigms of Computer Vision (CV) and Robot Vision (RV) / 1.2：
Characterization of Computer Vision / 1.2.1：
Ch aracterization of Robot Vision / 1.2.2：
Robot Systems versus Autonomous Robot Systems / 1.3：
Characterization of a Robot System / 1.3.1：
Characterization of an Autonomous Robot System / 1.3.2：
Autonomous Camera-Equipped Robot System / 1.3.3：
Important Role of Demonstration and Learning / 1.4：
Learning Feature Compatibilities under Real Imaging / 1.4.1：
Learning Feature Manifolds of Real World Situations / 1.4.2：
Learning Environment-Effector-Image Relationships / 1.4.3：
Compatibilities, Manifolds, and Relationships / 1.4.4：
Ch apter Overview of th e Work / 1.5：
Compatibilities for Object Boundary Detection / 2：
Introduction to th e Ch apter / 2.1：
General Context of th e Ch apter / 2.1.1：
Object Localization and Boundary Extraction / 2.1.2：
Detailed Review of Relevant Literature / 2.1.3：
Outline of th e Sections in th e Ch apter / 2.1.4：
Geometric/Photometric Compatibility Principles / 2.2：
HoughTransformation for Line Extraction / 2.2.1：
Orientation Compatibility between Lines and Edges / 2.2.2：
Junction Compatibility between Pencils and Corners / 2.2.3：
Compatibility-Based Structural Level Grouping / 2.3：
HoughPeaks for Approximate Parallel Lines / 2.3.1：
Phase Compatibility between Parallels and Ramps / 2.3.2：
Extraction of Regular Quadrangles / 2.3.3：
Extraction of Regular Polygons / 2.3.4：
Compatibility-Based Assembly Level Grouping / 2.4：
Focusing Image Processing on Polygonal Windows / 2.4.1：
Vanishing-Point Compatibility of Parallel Lines / 2.4.2：
Pencil Compatibility of Meeting Boundary Lines / 2.4.3：
Boundary Extraction for Approximate Polyhedra / 2.4.4：
Geometric Reasoning for Boundary Extraction / 2.4.5：
Visual Demonstrations for LearningDegrees ofCompatibility / 2.5：
LearningDegreeofLine/EdgeOrientationCompatibility / 2.5.1：
LearningDegreeofParallel/RampPhaseCompatibility / 2.5.2：
Learning Degree of Parallelism Compatibility / 2.5.3：
Summary and Discussion of th e Ch apter / 2.6：
Manifolds for Object and Situation Recognition / 3：
Approachfor Object and Situation Recognition / 3.1：
Learning Pattern Manifolds withGBFs and PCA / 3.1.3：
Compatibility and Discriminability for Recognition / 3.2.1：
Regularization Principles and GBF Networks / 3.2.2：
Canonical FrameswithPrincipalComponent Analysis.116 / 3.2.3：
GBF Networks for Approximation of Recognition Functions / 3.3：
Approachof GBF Network Learning for Recognition / 3.3.1：
Object Recognition under Arbitrary View Angle / 3.3.2：
Object Recognition for Arbitrary View Distance / 3.3.3：
Scoring of Grasping Situations / 3.3.4：
SophisticatedManifoldApproximationforRobustRecognition.133 / 3.4：
Making Manifold Approximation Tractable / 3.4.1：
Log-Polar Transformation for Manifold Simplification.137 / 3.4.2：
Space-Time Correlations for Manifold Refinement / 3.4.3：
Learning Strategy withPCA/GBF Mixtures / 3.4.4：
Learning-Based Achievement of RV Competences / 3.5：
Learning Beh avior-Based Systems / 4.1：
Integrating Deliberate Strategies and Visual Feedback / 4.1.3：
Dynamical Systems and Control Mechanisms / 4.2.1：
Generic Modules for System Development / 4.2.2：
Treatment of an Exemplary High-Level Task / 4.3：
Description of an Exemplary High-Level Task / 4.3.1：
Localization of a Target Object in the Image / 4.3.2：
Determining and Reconstructing Obstacle Objects / 4.3.3：
Approaching and Grasping Obstacle Objects / 4.3.4：
Clearing Away Obstacle Objects on a Parking Area / 4.3.5：
Inspection and/or Manipulation of a Target Object / 4.3.6：
Monitoring the Task-Solving Process / 4.3.7：
Overall Task-Specific Configuration of Modules / 4.3.8：
Basic Mechanisms for Camera-Robot Coordination / 4.4：
Camera-Manipulator Relation for One-Step Control / 4.4.1：
Camera-Manipulator Relation for Multi-step Control.245 / 4.4.2：
Hand Servoing for Determining the Optical Axis / 4.4.3：
Determining th e Field of Sh arp View / 4.4.4：
Summary and Discussion / 4.5：
Developing Camera-Equipped Robot Systems / 5.1：
Rationale for th e Contents of Th is Work / 5.2：
Proposals for Future Research Topics / 5.3：
Ellipsoidal Interpolation / Appendix 1：
Further Behavioral Modules / Appendix 2：
Symbols
Index
References
Introduction / 1：
Need for New-Generation Robot Systems / 1.1：
Paradigms of Computer Vision (CV) and Robot Vision (RV) / 1.2：
9.

図書
図書
9. Reactions and synthesis. 4th ed (: hard ; : pbk)
Francis A. Carey and Richard J. Sundberg
出版情報: New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, c2001  xii, 965 p. ; 26 cm
シリーズ名: Advanced organic chemistry / Francis A. Carey and Richard J. Sundberg ; pt. B
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Alkylation of Nucleophilic Carbon Intermediates / Chapter 1.：
Generation of Carbanions by Deprotonation / 1.1.：
Regioselectivity and Stereoselectivity in Enolate Formation / 1.2.：
Other Means of Generating Enolates / 1.3.：
Alkylation of Enolates / 1.4.：
Generation and Alkylation of Dianions / 1.5.：
Medium Effects in the Alkylation of Enolates / 1.6.：
Oxygen versus Carbon as the Site of Alkylation / 1.7.：
Alkylation of Aldehydes, Esters, Amides, and Nitriles / 1.8.：
The Nitrogen Analogs of Enols and Enolates--Enamines and Imine Anions / 1.9.：
Alkylation of Carbon Nucleophiles by Conjugate Addition / 1.10.：
General References
Problems
Reaction of Carbon Nucleophiles with Carbonyl Groups / Chapter 2.：
Aldol Addition and Condensation Reactions / 2.1.：
The General Mechanism / 2.1.1.：
Mixed Aldol Condensations with Aromatic Aldehydes / 2.1.2.：
Control of Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry of Mixed Aldol Reactions of Aliphatic Aldehydes and Ketones / 2.1.3.：
Intramolecular Aldol Reactions and the Robinson Annulation / 2.1.4.：
Addition Reactions of Imines and Iminium Ions / 2.2.：
The Mannich Reaction / 2.2.1.：
Amine-Catalyzed Condensation Reactions / 2.2.2.：
Acylation of Carbanions / 2.3.：
The Wittig and Related Reactions of Phosphorus-Stabilized Carbon Nucleophiles / 2.4.：
Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with [alpha]-Trimethylsilylcarbanions / 2.5.：
Sulfur Ylides and Related Nucleophiles / 2.6.：
Nucleophilic Addition--Cyclization / 2.7.：
Functional Group Interconversion by Nucleophilic Substitution / Chapter 3.：
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkylating Agents / 3.1.：
Sulfonate Esters / 3.1.1.：
Halides / 3.1.2.：
Introduction of Functional Groups by Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon / 3.2.：
General Solvent Effects / 3.2.1.：
Nitriles / 3.2.2.：
Azides / 3.2.3.：
Oxygen Nucleophiles / 3.2.4.：
Nitrogen Nucleophiles / 3.2.5.：
Sulfur Nucleophiles / 3.2.6.：
Phosphorus Nucleophiles / 3.2.7.：
Summary of Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon / 3.2.8.：
Nucleophilic Cleavage of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds in Ethers and Esters / 3.3.：
Interconversion of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives / 3.4.：
Preparation of Reactive Reagents for Acylation / 3.4.1.：
Preparation of Esters / 3.4.2.：
Preparation of Amides / 3.4.3.：
Electrophilic Additions to Carbon--Carbon Multiple Bonds / Chapter 4.：
Addition of Hydrogen Halides / 4.1.：
Hydration and Other Acid-Catalyzed Additions of Oxygen Nucleophiles / 4.2.：
Oxymercuration / 4.3.：
Addition of Halogens to Alkenes / 4.4.：
Electrophilic Sulfur and Selenium Reagents / 4.5.：
Addition of Other Electrophilic Reagents / 4.6.：
Electrophilic Substitution Alpha to Carbonyl Groups / 4.7.：
Additions to Allenes and Alkynes / 4.8.：
Addition at Double Bonds via Organoborane Intermediates / 4.9.：
Hydroboration / 4.9.1.：
Reactions of Organoboranes / 4.9.2.：
Enantioselective Hydroboration / 4.9.3.：
Hydroboration of Alkynes / 4.9.4.：
Reduction of Carbonyl and Other Functional Groups / Chapter 5.：
Addition of Hydrogen / 5.1.：
Catalytic Hydrogenation / 5.1.1.：
Other Hydrogen-Transfer Reagents / 5.1.2.：
Group III Hydride-Donor Reagents / 5.2.：
Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds / 5.2.1.：
Stereoselectivity of Hydride Reduction / 5.2.2.：
Reduction of Other Functional Groups by Hydride Donors / 5.2.3.：
Group IV Hydride Donors / 5.3.：
Hydrogen-Atom Donors / 5.4.：
Dissolving-Metal Reductions / 5.5.：
Reductive Removal of Functional Groups / 5.5.1.：
Reductive Carbon--Carbon Bond Formation / 5.5.3.：
Reductive Deoxygenation of Carbonyl Groups / 5.6.：
Reductive Elimination and Fragmentation / 5.7.：
Cycloadditions, Unimolecular Rearrangements, and Thermal Eliminations / Chapter 6.：
Cycloaddition Reactions / 6.1.：
The Diels--Alder Reaction: General Features / 6.1.1.：
The Diels--Alder Reaction: Dienophiles / 6.1.2.：
The Diels--Alder Reaction: Dienes / 6.1.3.：
Asymmetric Diels--Alder Reactions / 6.1.4.：
Intramolecular Diels--Alder Reactions / 6.1.5.：
Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions / 6.2.：
[2 + 2] Cycloadditions and Other Reactions Leading to Cyclobutanes / 6.3.：
Photochemical Cycloaddition Reactions / 6.4.：
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangements / 6.5.：
Cope Rearrangements / 6.5.1.：
Claisen Rearrangements / 6.5.2.：
[2,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangements / 6.6.：
Ene Reactions / 6.7.：
Unimolecular Thermal Elimination Reactions / 6.8.：
Cheletropic Elimination / 6.8.1.：
Decomposition of Cyclic Azo Compounds / 6.8.2.：
[beta] Eliminations Involving Cyclic Transition States / 6.8.3.：
Organometallic Compounds of the Group I, II, and III Metals / Chapter 7.：
Preparation and Properties / 7.1.：
Reactions of Organomagnesium and Organolithium Compounds / 7.2.：
Reactions with Alkylating Agents / 7.2.1.：
Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds / 7.2.2.：
Organic Derivatives of Group IIB and Group IIIB Metals / 7.3.：
Organozinc Compounds / 7.3.1.：
Organocadmium Compounds / 7.3.2.：
Organomercury Compounds / 7.3.3.：
Organoindium Reagents / 7.3.4.：
Organolanthanide Reagents / 7.4.：
Reactions Involving the Transition Metals / Chapter 8.：
Organocopper Intermediates / 8.1.：
Preparation and Structure of Organocopper Reagents / 8.1.1.：
Reactions Involving Organocopper Reagents and Intermediates / 8.1.2.：
Reactions Involving Organopalladium Intermediates / 8.2.：
Palladium-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution and Alkylation / 8.2.1.：
The Heck Reaction / 8.2.2.：
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross Coupling / 8.2.3.：
Carbonylation Reactions / 8.2.4.：
Reactions Involving Organonickel Compounds / 8.3.：
Reactions Involving Rhodium and Cobalt / 8.4.：
Organometallic Compounds with [pi] Bonding / 8.5.：
Carbon--Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions of Compounds of Boron, Silicon, and Tin / Chapter 9.：
Organoboron Compounds / 9.1.：
Synthesis of Organoboranes / 9.1.1.：
Carbon--Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions of Organoboranes / 9.1.2.：
Organosilicon Compounds / 9.2.：
Synthesis of Organosilanes / 9.2.1.：
Carbon--Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions / 9.2.2.：
Organotin Compounds / 9.3.：
Synthesis of Organostannanes / 9.3.1.：
Reactions Involving Carbocations, Carbenes, and Radicals as Reactive Intermediates / 9.3.2.：
Reactions Involving Carbocation Intermediates / 10.1.：
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Involving Carbocations / 10.1.1.：
Rearrangement of Carbocations / 10.1.2.：
Related Rearrangements / 10.1.3.：
Fragmentation Reactions / 10.1.4.：
Reactions Involving Carbenes and Nitrenes / 10.2.：
Structure and Reactivity of Carbenes / 10.2.1.：
Generation of Carbenes / 10.2.2.：
Addition Reactions / 10.2.3.：
Insertion Reactions / 10.2.4.：
Generation and Reactions of Ylides by Carbenoid Decomposition / 10.2.5.：
Rearrangement Reactions / 10.2.6.：
Related Reactions / 10.2.7.：
Nitrenes and Related Intermediates / 10.2.8.：
Rearrangements to Electron-Deficient Nitrogen / 10.2.9.：
Reactions Involving Free-Radical Intermediates / 10.3.：
Sources of Radical Intermediates / 10.3.1.：
Introduction of Functionality by Radical Reactions / 10.3.2.：
Addition Reactions of Radicals to Substituted Alkenes / 10.3.3.：
Cyclization of Free-Radical Intermediates / 10.3.4.：
Fragmentation and Rearrangement Reactions / 10.3.5.：
Aromatic Substitution Reactions / Chapter 11.：
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution / 11.1.：
Nitration / 11.1.1.：
Halogenation / 11.1.2.：
Friedel-Crafts Alkylations and Acylations / 11.1.3.：
Electrophilic Metalation / 11.1.4.：
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution / 11.2.：
Aryl Diazonium Ions as Synthetic Intermediates / 11.2.1.：
Substitution by the Addition-Elimination Mechanism / 11.2.2.：
Substitution by the Elimination-Addition Mechanism / 11.2.3.：
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Substitution Reactions / 11.2.4.：
Aromatic Radical Substitution Reactions / 11.3.：
Substitution by the S[subscript RN]1 Mechanism / 11.4.：
Oxidations / Chapter 12.：
Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes, Ketones, or Carboxylic Acids / 12.1.：
Transition-Metal Oxidants / 12.1.1.：
Other Oxidants / 12.1.2.：
Addition of Oxygen at Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds / 12.2.：
Epoxides from Alkenes and Peroxidic Reagents / 12.2.1.：
Transformations of Epoxides / 12.2.3.：
Reaction of Alkenes with Singlet Oxygen / 12.2.4.：
Cleavage of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds / 12.3.：
Oxonolysis / 12.3.1.：
Selective Oxidative Cleavages at Other Functional Groups / 12.4.：
Cleavage of Glycols / 12.4.1.：
Oxidative Decarboxylation / 12.4.2.：
Oxidation of Ketones and Aldehydes / 12.5.：
Oxidation of Ketones and Aldehydes by Oxygen and Peroxidic Compounds / 12.5.1.：
Oxidation with Other Reagents / 12.5.3.：
Allylic Oxidation / 12.6.：
Oxidations at Unfunctionalized Carbon / 12.6.1.：
Planning and Execution of Multistep Syntheses / Chapter 13.：
Protective Groups / 13.1.：
Hydroxyl-Protecting Groups / 13.1.1.：
Amino-Protecting Groups / 13.1.2.：
Carbonyl-Protecting Groups / 13.1.3.：
Carboxylic Acid-Protecting Groups / 13.1.4.：
Synthetic Equivalent Groups / 13.2.：
Synthetic Analysis and Planning / 13.3.：
Control of Stereochemistry / 13.4.：
Illustrative Syntheses / 13.5.：
Juvabione / 13.5.1.：
Longifolene / 13.5.2.：
Prelog-Djerassi Lactone / 13.5.3.：
Taxol / 13.5.4.：
Epothilone A / 13.5.5.：
Solid-Phase Synthesis / 13.6.：
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Polypeptides / 13.6.1.：
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotides / 13.6.2.：
Combinatorial Synthesis / 13.7.：
References for Problems
Index
Alkylation of Nucleophilic Carbon Intermediates / Chapter 1.：
Generation of Carbanions by Deprotonation / 1.1.：
Regioselectivity and Stereoselectivity in Enolate Formation / 1.2.：
10.

図書
図書
10. Model generation for natural language interpretation and analysis
Karsten Konrad
出版情報: Berlin ; Tokyo : Springer, c2004  xiii, 166 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Lecture notes in computer science ; 2953 . Lecture notes in artificial intelligence
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Motivation / 1：
The Subject of This Volume / 1.1：
Interpretation, Analysis, Computation / 1.2：
Interpretation / 1.2.1：
Analysis / 1.2.2：
Computation / 1.2.3：
Acknowledgments / 1.3：
Logics / Part I：
Model Generation / 2：
Introduction / 2.1：
Preliminaries / 2.2：
Topics / 2.3：
Models and Decidability / 2.3.1：
Herbrand Models / 2.3.2：
Finite Models / 2.3.3：
Representations / 2.3.4：
Minimality / 2.3.5：
Subset Minimality / 2.3.6：
Domain Minimality / 2.3.7：
Predicate-Specific Minimality / 2.3.8：
Enumeration / 2.3.9：
Model Enumeration with Theorem Provers / 2.3.10：
Enumeration with Finite Model Generators / 2.3.11：
Methods / 2.4：
Analytical Tableaux / 2.4.1：
Ground Tableaux / 2.4.2：
Free Variable Tableaux / 2.4.3：
Positive Unit Hyper-resolution / 2.4.4：
A Method Complete for Finite Satisfiability / 2.4.5：
The Davis-Putnam Procedure / 2.4.6：
Calculus and Procedure / 2.4.7：
Branches as Models / 2.4.8：
Efficiency / 2.4.9：
Related Work / 2.5：
Higher-Order Model Generation / 3：
The A-Calculus in Linguistics / 3.1：
Composition of Meaning / 3.1.1：
Quantification in Natural Language / 3.1.2：
Quantifiers as Higher-Order Expressions / 3.1.3：
First-Order Limitations / 3.1.4：
A Motivation for a New Kind of Logic / 3.1.5：
Higher-Order Logic / 3.2：
Syntax / 3.2.1：
Types / 3.2.2：
Terms / 3.2.3：
Semantics / 3.2.4：
Functional Interpretations / 3.2.5：
Logical Constants / 3.2.6：
Defining a Logic / 3.2.7：
Standard Frames and Generalised Interpretations / 3.2.8：
Model Generation for Generalised Frames? / 3.2.9：
Equivalency for Higher-Order Atoms / 3.2.10：
Function Domains and Quantification / 3.2.11：
A Fragment of Higher-Order Logic / 3.3：
Constant Frames / 3.3.1：
Interpretations and Denotations / 3.3.4：
An <$>{\cal M}{\cal Q}{\cal L}<$> Logic / 3.3.5：
Connectives / 3.3.6：
Quantifiers / 3.3.7：
Definitions / 3.3.8：
Equality / 3.3.9：
Constructing Models / 3.4：
Determining Models Intelligently / 3.4.1：
Formulas as Constraints / 3.4.2：
Solving Constraints / 3.4.3：
Translating Formulas into Constraints / 3.4.4：
An Example / 3.4.5：
Properties of the Translation / 3.4.6：
Refutation Soundness / 3.4.7：
Completeness for <$>{\cal M}{\cal Q}{\cal L}<$> Satisfiability / 3.4.8：
Enumerating Models / 3.4.9：
Minimal Model Generation / 4：
Decidability of Local Minimality / 4.1：
Linguistics / Part II：
The Analysis of Definites / 5：
The Semantics of Definite Descriptions / 5.1：
Definites and Deduction / 5.1.2：
How Models Interpret Sentences / 5.1.3：
Discourse Models / 5.1.4：
Models for Definites / 5.1.5：
Uniqueness and Lots of Rabbits / 5.1.6：
Some Representations / 5.2：
Simple Cases / 5.2.1：
Donkeys, Context Sets, and Anaphoric Use / 5.2.2：
Quantifiers and Donkey Sentences / 5.2.3：
Context Set Restrictions / 5.2.4：
The Treatment of Names / 5.2.5：
Restrictions with Knowledge / 5.2.6：
Implicit Knowledge and Accommodation / 5.2.7：
Bridging / 5.2.8：
Simple Cases Revisited / 5.2.9：
Non-resolvable Anaphora in DRT / 5.2.10：
Definites Are Not Anaphora / 5.2.11：
Non-existence / 5.2.12：
What We Have Learned so Far / 5.3：
Reciprocity / 6：
Exploring the Meaning of Each Other / 6.1：
Reciprocals for Larger Groups / 6.2.1：
Classifying Reciprocal Meaning / 6.2.2：
Strong Reciprocity / 6.2.3：
One-Way Weak Reciprocity / 6.2.4：
Inclusive Alternative Ordering / 6.2.5：
Intermediate Reciprocity / 6.2.6：
Intermediate Alternative Reciprocity / 6.2.7：
Strong Alternative Reciprocity / 6.2.8：
Parameterisation / 6.2.9：
The Landscape of Reciprocity / 6.2.10：
Parameterised Definitions / 6.2.11：
Interpreting Reciprocals / 6.2.12：
The Strongest Meaning Hypothesis / 6.2.13：
A Counter-Example / 6.2.14：
The SMH Does Not Compute (Yet) / 6.2.15：
Inference to Best Reciprocal Meaning / 6.3：
To Strong Meaning through Minimality / 6.3.1：
Predicate Minimisation / 6.3.2：
A Logical Encoding of Less Is More / 6.3.3：
A First Attempt at Computation / 6.3.4：
First Method: Minimality by Proof / 6.3.5：
Second Method: Minimality by Bounded Search / 6.3.6：
Third Method: A Two-Stage Combination / 6.3.7：
Conservative Minimality / 6.3.8：
Experiments / 6.4：
Pitchers and Pearls / 6.4.1：
The Boston Pitchers / 6.4.2：
Pearls / 6.4.3：
Measles / 6.4.4：
Marriages / 6.4.5：
Loose Ends / 6.5：
How We Can Understand Each Other / 6.6：
Abduction / 7：
What Is Abduction? / 7.1：
A Formal Definition of Abduction / 7.1.1：
Models for Anaphora Resolution / 7.2：
Chasing the Criminal / 7.2.1：
Explaining Resolutions / 7.2.2：
Discussion / 7.2.3：
Incremental Inference instead of Generate-and-Test / 7.2.4：
An Alternative by Conservative Minimality / 7.2.5：
Weighted Abduction / 7.3：
Logic Programming and Abduction / 7.3.1：
Abductive Explanations / 7.3.2：
Weights and Costs / 7.3.3：
Applications / 7.3.4：
Definite Reference / 7.3.5：
Composite Noun Phrases / 7.3.6：
Resolving Ambiguity / 7.3.7：
Similarities / 7.3.8：
Differences and Comparison / 7.3.10：
Implementation / 8：
System Architecture / 8.1：
The Syntax / 8.3：
Formulas / 8.3.1：
Problem Specifications / 8.3.3：
A Small Example / 8.3.4：
The Semantics / 8.3.5：
Logic Definition Structures / 8.4.1：
Propagator Procedures / 8.4.2：
Monadic Quantifiers / 8.4.3：
Diadic Quantifiers / 8.4.5：
The Translation / 8.4.6：
Proof Engines and Controlling Search / 8.5：
Proof Engines / 8.5.1：
Search / 8.5.2：
System Performance / 8.6：
Identifying Single Solutions / 8.6.1：
Kimba as a Propositional Theorem Prover / 8.6.2：
Generating Minimal Models / 8.6.3：
Conclusion / 9：
Why Inference Is Worth the Effort / 9.1：
Contributions / 9.2：
Models as Meaning / 9.3：
Some Example Problems / A：
The Job Puzzle / A.1：
Reciprocals: The Boston Pitchers / A.2：
References
Index
Motivation / 1：
The Subject of This Volume / 1.1：
Interpretation, Analysis, Computation / 1.2：
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