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1.

図書

図書
American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process Safety
出版情報: New York : Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, c1995  xxvii, 210 p. ; 24 cm
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List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
Acknowledgments
Glossary
List of Symbols
Introduction / Chapter 1:
General / 1.1:
Chemical Reactivity / 1.2:
Detonations, Deflagrations, and Runaways / 1.3:
Assessment and Testing Strategies / 1.4:
Identification of Hazardous Chemical Reactivity / Chapter 2:
Summary/Strategy / 2.1:
Hazard Identification Strategy / 2.1.1:
Exothermic Reactions / 2.1.3:
Experimental Thermal and Reactivity Measurements / 2.1.4:
Test Strategies / 2.1.5:
Overview of Thermal Stability Test methods / 2.1.6:
Examples of Interpretation and Application of Test Data / 2.1.7:
Technical Section / 2.2:
Identification of High Energy Substances / 2.2.2:
Hazard Prediction by Thermodynamic Calculations / 2.2.3:
Oxygen Balance / 2.2.3.1:
Calculation of the Reaction Enthalpy / 2.2.3.2:
Application of Computer Programs / 2.2.3.3:
Instability/Incompatibility Factors / 2.2.4:
Factors Influencing Stability / 2.2.4.1:
Redox Systems / 2.2.4.2:
Reactions with Water / 2.2.4.3:
Reactions between Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Metals / 2.2.4.4:
Practical Testing / 2.3:
Screening Tests / 2.3.1:
Thermal Analysis / 2.3.1.1:
Isoperibolic Calorimetry / 2.3.1.2:
Thermal Stability and Runaway Testing / 2.3.2:
Isothermal Storage Tests / 2.3.2.1:
Dewar Flask Testing and Adiabatic Storage Tests / 2.3.2.2:
Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) / 2.3.2.3:
Stability Tests for Powders / 2.3.2.4:
Explosibility Testing / 2.3.3:
.Detonation Testing / 2.3.3.1:
Deflagration Testing and Autoclave Testing / 2.3.3.2:
Mechanical Sensitivity Testing / 2.3.3.3:
Sensitivity to heating Under Confinement / 2.3.3.4:
Reactivity Testing / 2.3.4:
Pyrophoric Properties / 2.3.4.1:
Reactivity with Water / 2.3.4.2:
Oxidizing Properties / 2.3.4.3:
Flammability Testing / 2.3.5:
Chemical Reactivity Considerations in Process/Reactor Design and Operation / Chapter 3:
Thermal Hazards: Identification and Analysis / 3.1:
Cause, Definition, and Prevention of a Runaway / 3.1.1.1:
Some Simple Rules for Inherent Safety / 3.1.1.2:
Strategy for Inherent Safety in Design and Operation / 3.1.1.3:
Equipment to be Used for the Analysis of Hazards / 3.1.1.4:
Reactor, Heat and Mass Balance Considerations / 3.2:
Heat and Mass Balances, Kinetics, and Reaction Stability / 3.2.1:
Adiabatic Temperature Rise / 3.2.1.1:
The Reaction / 3.2.1.2:
Reaction Rate / 3.2.1.3:
Reaction Rate Constant / 3.2.1.4:
Concentration of Reactants / 3.2.1.5:
Effect of Surrounding Temperature on Stability / 3.2.1.6:
Effect of Agitation and Surface Fouling on Stability / 3.2.1.7:
Mass Balance / 3.2.1.8:
Choice of Reactor / 3.2.2:
Heat Transfer / 3.2.3:
Heat Transfer in Nonagitated Vessels / 3.2.3.1:
Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels / 3.2.3.2:
Acquisition and Use of Process Design data / 3.3:
Bench-Scale Equipment for Batch/Tank Reactors / 3.3.1:
Reaction Calorimeter (RC1) / 3.3.2.1:
Contalab / 3.3.2.2:
CPA ThermoMetric Instruments / 3.3.2.3:
Quantitative Reaction Calorimeter / 3.3.2.4:
Specialized Rectors / 3.3.2.5:
Vent Size Package (VSP) / 3.3.2.6:
Reactive System Screening Tool (RSST) / 3.3.2.7:
Process Safety for Reactive Systems / 3.3.3:
Test Plan / 3.3.3.1:
System Under Investigation / 3.3.3.2:
Test Results / 3.3.3.3:
Malfunction and Process Deviation Testing / 3.3.3.4:
Pressure Effect / 3.3.3.5:
Results from the ARC, RSST, and VSP / 3.3.3.6:
Scale-up and Pilot Plants / 3.3.4:
General Remarks / 3.3.4.1:
Chemical Kinetics. 3 / 3.3.4.2:
List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
2.

図書

図書
Ulrich Schubert, Nicola Hüsing
出版情報: Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, c2019  xviii, 404 p. ; 25 cm
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Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction / 1:
Solid-State Reactions / 2:
Reactions Between Solid Compounds / 2.1:
Ceramic Method / 2.1.1:
General Aspects of Solid-State Reactions / 2.1.1.1:
Facilitating Solid-State Reactions / 2.1.1.2:
Mechanochemical Synthesis / 2.1.2:
Carbothermal Reduction / 2.1.3:
Combustion Synthesis / 2.1.4:
Solution Combustion Synthesis / 2.1.4.1:
Solid-Gas Reactions / 2.2:
Ceramics Processing / 2.3:
Sintering / 2.3.1:
Intercalation Reactions / 2.4:
Mechanistic Aspects / 2.4.1:
Preparative Methods / 2.4.2:
Intercalation of Polymers in Layered Systems / 2.4.3:
Pillaring of Layered Compounds / 2.4.4:
Further Reading
Formation of Solids from the Gas Phase / 3:
Chemical Vapour Transport / 3.1:
Halogen Lamps / 3.1.1:
Transport Reactions / 3.1.2:
Chemical Vapour Deposition / 3.2:
General Aspects / 3.2.1:
Techniques / 3.2.2:
Metal CVD / 3.2.3:
Silicon and Aluminium / 3.2.3.1:
Tungsten / 3.2.3.2:
Copper / 3.2.3.3:
CVD of Carbon / 3.2.4:
CVD of Binary and Multinary Compounds / 3.2.5:
Metal Oxides / 3.2.5.1:
Metal Nitrides / 3.2.5.2:
Metal Chalcogenides and Pnictides / 3.2.5.3:
Aerosol-Assisted CVD / 3.2.6:
Chemical Vapour Infiltration / 3.2.7:
Gas-Phase Powder Syntheses / 3.3:
Formation of Solids from Solutions and Melts / 4:
Glass / 4.1:
The Structural Theory of Glass Formation / 4.1.1:
Crystallization Versus Glass Formation / 4.1.2:
Glass Melting / 4.1.3:
Phase Separation / 4.1.4:
Metallic Glasses / 4.1.5:
Crystallization from Solution / 4.2:
Monodispersity / 4.2.1:
Shape Control of Crystals / 4.2.2:
Non-classical Crystallization / 4.2.3:
Biomineralization / 4.2.4:
Biogenic Materials / 4.2.4.1:
Bioinspired Materials Chemistry / 4.2.4.2:
Electrodeposition / 4.3:
Colloids / 4.3.1:
Electrodeposition of Ceramics / 4.3.2:
Solvothermal Processes / 4.4:
Fundamentals / 4.4.1:
Growing Single Crystals / 4.4.2:
Solvothermal Synthesis / 4.4.3:
Synthetic Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials / 4.4.3.1:
Zeolites / 4.4.3.3:
Sol-Gel Processes / 4.5:
The Chemistry of Alkoxide Precursors / 4.5.1:
Hydrolysis and Condensation / 4.5.2:
Silica-Based Materials / 4.5.2.1:
Metal Oxide-Based Materials / 4.5.2.2:
The Sol-Gel Transition (Gelation) / 4.5.3:
Aging and Drying / 4.5.4:
Nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel Processes / 4.5.5:
Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials / 4.5.6:
Aerogels / 4.5.7:
Preparation and Modification of Inorganic Polymers / 5:
Synthesis and Crosslinking / 5.1:
Copolymers / 5.1.2:
Polysiloxanes (Silicones) / 5.2:
Properties and Applications / 5.2.1:
Structure / 5.2.2:
Preparation / 5.2.3:
Curing ('Vulcanizing') / 5.2.4:
Polyphosphazenes / 5.3:
Preparation and Modification / 5.3.1:
Polysilanes / 5.4:
Polycarbosilanes / 5.4.1:
Polysilazanes and Related Polymers / 5.6:
Polymers with B-N Backbones / 5.7:
Other Inorganic Polymers / 5.8:
Other Phosphorus-Containing Polymers / 5.8.1:
Polymers with S-N Backbones / 5.8.2:
Metallopolymers / 5.8.3:
Polymer-to-Ceramic Transformation / 5.9:
Self-Assembly / 6:
Self-Assembled Monolayers / 6.1:
Metal-Organic Frameworks / 6.2:
Modularity of the Structures / 6.2.1:
Synthesis and Modification / 6.2.2:
Supramolecular Arrangements of Surfactants and Block Copolymers / 6.3:
Layer-by-Layer Assembly / 6.4:
Templating / 7:
Introduction to Porosity and High Surface Area Materials / 7.1:
Infiltration and Coating of Templates / 7.2:
Replica Technique / 7.2.1:
Sacrificial Templates / 7.2.2:
Colloidal Crystals / 7.2.2.1:
Hollow Particles / 7.2.2.2:
Direct Foaming / 7.2.3:
Nanocasting / 7.2.4:
In Situ Formation of Templates / 7.3:
Breath Figures / 7.3.1:
Freeze Casting / 7.3.2:
Supramolecular Assemblies of Amphiphiles / 7.3.3:
Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous Silicas / 7.3.3.1:
Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly / 7.3.3.2:
Incorporation of Organic Groups / 7.3.3.3:
Reorganization and Transformation Processes / 7.4:
Pseudomorphic Transformation / 7.4.1:
Kirkendall Effect / 7.4.2:
Galvanic Replacement / 7.4.3:
Phase Separation and Leaching / 7.4.4:
Nanomaterials / 8:
Properties of Nanomaterials / 8.1:
Properties Due to Surface Effects / 8.1.1:
Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials / 8.1.2:
Catalytic Properties / 8.1.3:
Optical Properties / 8.1.4:
Electrical Properties / 8.1.5:
Magnetic Properties / 8.1.6:
Syntheses of Nanoparticles / 8.2:
Severe Plastic Deformation / 8.2.1:
Formation from Vapours / 8.2.2:
Formation from Solution / 8.2.3:
Surface Modification with Organic Groups / 8.2.4:
One-Dimensional Nanostructures / 8.3:
Nanowires and Nanorods / 8.3.1:
Nanotubes / 8.3.2:
Carbon Nanotubes / 8.3.2.1:
Titania Nanotubes / 8.3.2.2:
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials / 8.4:
Graphene / 8.4.1:
Other 2D Nanomaterials / 8.4.2:
Heterostructures and Composites / 8.5:
Core-Shell Nanoparticles / 8.5.1:
Vertical 2D Heterostructures / 8.5.2:
Polymer-Matrix Nanocomposites / 8.5.3:
Supported Metal Nanoparticles / 8.5.4:
Glossary
Index
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
3.

図書

図書
Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
出版情報: Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, c2000  545 p. ; 27 cm
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Introduction / Chapter 1:
Importance of Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion / 1.1:
Energy Consumption / 1.1.1:
Research Needs / 1.1.2:
Literature Discussion / 1.2:
Heat Transfer / 1.2.1:
Combustion / 1.2.2:
Heat Transfer and Combustion / 1.2.3:
Combustion System Components / 1.3:
Burners / 1.3.1:
Competing Priorities / 1.3.1.1:
Design Factors / 1.3.1.2:
General Burner Types / 1.3.1.3:
Combustors / 1.3.2:
Design Considerations / 1.3.2.1:
General Classifications / 1.3.2.2:
Heat Load / 1.3.3:
Process Tubes / 1.3.3.1:
Moving Substrate / 1.3.3.2:
Opaque Materials / 1.3.3.3:
Transparent Materials / 1.3.3.4:
Heat Recovery Devices / 1.3.4:
Recuperators / 1.3.4.1:
Regenerators / 1.3.4.2:
References
Some Fundamentals of Combustion / Chapter 2:
Combustion Chemistry / 2.1:
Fuel Properties / 2.1.1:
Oxidizer Composition / 2.1.2:
Mixture Ratio / 2.1.3:
Operating Regimes / 2.1.4:
Combustion Properties / 2.2:
Combustion Products / 2.2.1:
Air and Fuel Preheat Temperature / 2.2.1.1:
Fuel Composition / 2.2.1.4:
Flame Temperature / 2.2.2:
Oxidizer and Fuel Composition / 2.2.2.1:
Oxidizer and Fuel Preheat Temperature / 2.2.2.2:
Available Heat / 2.2.3:
Flue Gas Volume / 2.2.4:
Exhaust Product Transport Properties / 2.3:
Density / 2.3.1:
Specific Heat / 2.3.2:
Thermal Conductivity / 2.3.3:
Viscosity / 2.3.4:
Prandtl Number / 2.3.5:
Lewis Number / 2.3.6:
Heat Transfer Modes / Chapter 3:
Convection / 3.1:
Forced Convection / 3.2.1:
Forced Convection from Flames / 3.2.1.1:
Forced Convection from Outside Combustor Wall / 3.2.1.2:
Forced Convection from Hot Gases to Tubes / 3.2.1.3:
Natural Convection / 3.2.2:
Natural Convection from Flames / 3.2.2.1:
Natural Convection from Outside Combustor Wall / 3.2.2.2:
Radiation / 3.3:
Surface Radiation / 3.3.1:
Nonluminous Radiation / 3.3.2:
Theory / 3.3.2.1:
Combustion Studies / 3.3.2.2:
Luminous Radiation / 3.3.3:
Conduction / 3.3.3.1:
Steady-State Conduction / 3.4.1:
Transient Conduction / 3.4.2:
Phase Change / 3.5:
Melting / 3.5.1:
Boiling / 3.5.2:
Internal Boiling / 3.5.2.1:
External Boiling / 3.5.2.2:
Condensation / 3.5.3:
Heat Sources and Sinks / Chapter 4:
Heat Sources / 4.1:
Combustibles / 4.1.1:
Fuel Combustion / 4.1.1.1:
Volatile Combustion / 4.1.1.2:
Thermochemical Heat Release / 4.1.2:
Equilibrium TCHR / 4.1.2.1:
Catalytic TCHR / 4.1.2.2:
Mixed TCHR / 4.1.2.3:
Heat Sinks / 4.2:
Load / 4.2.1:
Tubes / 4.2.1.1:
Substrate / 4.2.1.2:
Granular Solid / 4.2.1.3:
Molten Liquid / 4.2.1.4:
Surface Conditions / 4.2.1.5:
Wall Losses / 4.2.2:
Openings / 4.2.3:
Gas Flow Through Openings / 4.2.3.1:
Material Transport / 4.2.4:
Computer Modeling / Chapter 5:
Combustion Modeling / 5.1:
Modeling Approaches / 5.2:
Fluid Dynamics / 5.2.1:
Moment Averaging / 5.2.1.1:
Vortex Methods / 5.2.1.2:
Spectral Methods / 5.2.1.3:
Direct Numerical Simulation / 5.2.1.4:
Geometry / 5.2.2:
Zero-Dimensional Modeling / 5.2.2.1:
One-Dimensional Modeling / 5.2.2.2:
Multi-dimensional Modeling / 5.2.2.3:
Reaction Chemistry / 5.2.3:
Nonreacting Flows / 5.2.3.1:
Simplified Chemistry / 5.2.3.2:
Complex Chemistry / 5.2.3.3:
Nonradiating / 5.2.4:
Participating Media / 5.2.4.2:
Time Dependence / 5.2.5:
Steady State / 5.2.5.1:
Transient / 5.2.5.2:
Simplified Models / 5.3:
Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling / 5.4:
Increasing Popularity of CFD / 5.4.1:
Potential Problems of CFD / 5.4.2:
Equations / 5.4.3:
Chemistry / 5.4.3.1:
Multiple Phases / 5.4.3.4:
Boundary and Initial Conditions / 5.4.4:
Inlets and Outlets / 5.4.4.1:
Surfaces / 5.4.4.2:
Symmetry / 5.4.4.3:
Discretization / 5.4.5:
Finite Difference Technique / 5.4.5.1:
Finite Volume Technique / 5.4.5.2:
Finite Element Technique / 5.4.5.3:
Mixed / 5.4.5.4:
None / 5.4.5.5:
Solution Methods / 5.4.6:
Model Validation / 5.4.7:
Industrial Combustion Examples / 5.4.8:
Modeling Burners / 5.4.8.1:
Modeling Combustors / 5.4.8.2:
Experimental Techniques / Chapter 6:
Heat Flux / 6.1:
Total Heat Flux / 6.2.1:
Steady-State Uncooled Solids / 6.2.1.1:
Steady-State Cooled Solids / 6.2.1.2:
Steady-State Cooled Gages / 6.2.1.3:
Transient Uncooled Targets / 6.2.1.4:
Transient Uncooled Gages / 6.2.1.5:
Radiant Heat Flux / 6.2.2:
Heat Flux Gage / 6.2.2.1:
Ellipsoidal Radiometer / 6.2.2.2:
Spectral Radiometer / 6.2.2.3:
Other Techniques / 6.2.2.4:
Convective Heat Flux / 6.2.3:
Temperature / 6.3:
Gas Temperature / 6.3.1:
Suction Pyrometer / 6.3.1.1:
Optical Techniques / 6.3.1.2:
Fine Wire Thermocouples / 6.3.1.3:
Line Reversal / 6.3.1.4:
Surface Temperature / 6.3.2:
Embedded Thermocouple / 6.3.2.1:
Infrared Detectors / 6.3.2.2:
Gas Flow / 6.4:
Gas Velocity / 6.4.1:
Pitot Tubes / 6.4.1.1:
Laser Doppler Velocimetry / 6.4.1.2:
Static Pressure Distribution / 6.4.1.3:
Stagnation Velocity Gradient / 6.4.2.1:
Stagnation Zone / 6.4.2.2:
Gas Species / 6.5:
Other Measurements / 6.6:
Physical Modeling / 6.7:
Flame Impingement / Chapter 7:
Experimental Conditions / 7.1:
Configurations / 7.2.1:
Flame Normal to a Cylinder in Crossflow / 7.2.1.1:
Flame Normal to a Hemispherically Nosed Cylinder / 7.2.1.2:
Flame Normal to a Plane Surface / 7.2.1.3:
Flame Parallel to a Plane Surface / 7.2.1.4:
Operating Conditions / 7.2.2:
Oxidizers / 7.2.2.1:
Fuels / 7.2.2.2:
Equivalence Ratios / 7.2.2.3:
Firing Rates / 7.2.2.4:
Reynolds Number / 7.2.2.5:
Nozzle Diameter / 7.2.2.6:
Location / 7.2.2.8:
Stagnation Targets / 7.2.3:
Size / 7.2.3.1:
Target Materials / 7.2.3.2:
Surface Preparation / 7.2.3.3:
Surface Temperatures / 7.2.3.4:
Measurements / 7.2.4:
Semianalytical Heat Transfer Solutions / 7.3:
Equation Parameters / 7.3.1:
Thermophysical Properties / 7.3.1.1:
Sibulkin Results / 7.3.1.2:
Fay and Riddell Results / 7.3.2.2:
Rosner Results / 7.3.2.3:
Comparisons With Experiments / 7.3.3:
Forced Convection (Negligible TCHR) / 7.3.3.1:
Forced Convection with TCHR / 7.3.3.2:
Sample Calculations / 7.3.4:
Laminar Flames Without TCHR / 7.3.4.1:
Turbulent Flames Without TCHR / 7.3.4.2:
Laminar Flames with TCHR
Summary / 7.3.5:
Empirical Heat Transfer Correlations / 7.4:
Flames Impinging Normal to a Cylinder / 7.4.1:
Local Convection Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.1:
Average Convection Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.2:
Average Convection Heat Transfer with TCHR / 7.4.2.3:
Average Radiation Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.4:
Maximum Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer / 7.4.2.5:
Flames Impining Normal to a Hemi-Nosed Cylinder / 7.4.3:
Local Convection Heat Transfer with TCHR / 7.4.3.1:
Flames Impinging Normal to a Plane Surface / 7.4.4:
Flames Parallel to a Plane Surface / 7.4.4.1:
Local Convection Heat Transfer With TCHR / 7.4.5.1:
Local Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer / 7.4.5.2:
Heat Transfer from Burners / Chapter 8:
Open-Flame Burners / 8.1:
Momentum Effects / 8.2.1:
Flame Luminosity / 8.2.2:
Firing Rate Effects / 8.2.3:
Flame Shape Effects / 8.2.4:
Radiant Burners / 8.3:
Perforated Ceramic or Wire Mesh Radiant Burners / 8.3.1:
Flame Impingement Radiant Burners / 8.3.2:
Porous Refractory Radiant Burners / 8.3.3:
Advanced Ceramic Radiant Burners / 8.3.4:
Radiant Wall Burners / 8.3.5:
Radiant Tube Burners / 8.3.6:
Effects on Heat Transfer / 8.4:
Fuel Effects / 8.4.1:
Solid Fuels / 8.4.1.1:
Liquid Fuels / 8.4.1.2:
Gaseous Fuels / 8.4.1.3:
Fuel Temperature / 8.4.1.4:
Oxidizer Effects / 8.4.2:
Oxidizer Temperature / 8.4.2.1:
Staging Effects / 8.4.3:
Fuel Staging / 8.4.3.1:
Oxidizer Staging / 8.4.3.2:
Burner Orientation / 8.4.4:
Hearth-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.1:
Wall-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.2:
Roof-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.3:
Side-Fired Burners / 8.4.4.4:
Heat Recuperation / 8.4.5:
Regenerative Burners / 8.4.5.1:
Recuperative Burners / 8.4.5.2:
Furnace or Flue Gas Recirculation / 8.4.5.3:
Pulse Combustion / 8.4.6:
In-Flame Treatment / 8.5:
Heat Transfer in Furnaces / Chapter 9:
Furnaces / 9.1:
Firing Method / 9.2.1:
Direct Firing / 9.2.1.1:
Indirect Firing / 9.2.1.2:
Heat Distribution / 9.2.1.3:
Load Processing Method / 9.2.2:
Batch Processing / 9.2.2.1:
Continuous Processing / 9.2.2.2:
Hybrid Processing / 9.2.2.3:
Heat Transfer Medium / 9.2.3:
Gaseous Medium / 9.2.3.1:
Vacuum / 9.2.3.2:
Liquid Medium / 9.2.3.3:
Solid Medium / 9.2.3.4:
Rotary Geometry / 9.2.4:
Rectangular Geometry / 9.2.4.2:
Ladle Geometry / 9.2.4.3:
Vertical Cylindrical Geometry / 9.2.4.4:
Furnace Types / 9.2.5:
Reverberatory Furnace / 9.2.5.1:
Shaft Kiln / 9.2.5.2:
Rotary Furnace / 9.2.5.3:
Heat Recovery / 9.3:
Gas Recirculation / 9.3.1:
Flue Gas Recirculation / 9.3.3.1:
Furnace Gas Recirculation / 9.3.3.2:
Lower Temperature Applications / Chapter 10:
Ovens and Dryers / 10.1:
Predryer / 10.2.1:
Dryer / 10.2.2:
Fired Heaters / 10.3:
Reformer / 10.3.1:
Process Heater / 10.3.2:
Heat Treating / 10.4:
Standard Atmosphere / 10.4.1:
Special Atmosphere / 10.4.2:
Higher Temperature Applications / Chapter 11:
Industries / 11.1:
Metals Industry / 11.2:
Ferrous Metal Production / 11.2.1:
Electric Arc Furnace / 11.2.1.1:
Smelting / 11.2.1.2:
Ladle Preheating / 11.2.1.3:
Reheating Furnace / 11.2.1.4:
Forging / 11.2.1.5:
Aluminum Metal Production / 11.2.2:
Minerals Industry / 11.3:
Glass / 11.3.1:
Types of Traditional Glass-Melting Furnaces / 11.3.1.1:
Unit Melter / 11.3.1.2:
Recuperative Melter / 11.3.1.3:
Regenerative or Siemens Furnace / 11.3.1.4:
Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion for Glass Production / 11.3.1.5:
Advanced Techniques for Glass Production / 11.3.1.6:
Cement and Lime / 11.3.2:
Bricks, Refractories, and Ceramics / 11.3.3:
Waste Incineration / 11.4:
Types of Incinerators / 11.4.1:
Municipal Waste Incinerators / 11.4.1.1:
Sludge Incinerators / 11.4.1.2:
Mobile Incinerators / 11.4.1.3:
Transportable Incinerators / 11.4.1.4:
Fixed Hazardous Waste Incinerators / 11.4.1.5:
Heat Transfer in Waste Incineration / 11.4.2:
Advanced Combustion Systems / Chapter 12:
Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion / 12.1:
Typical Use Methods / 12.2.1:
Air Enrichment / 12.2.1.1:
O[subscript 2] Lancing / 12.2.1.2:
Oxy/Fuel / 12.2.1.3:
Air-Oxy/Fuel / 12.2.1.4:
Heat Transfer Benefits / 12.2.2:
Increased Productivity / 12.2.3.1:
Higher Thermal Efficiencies / 12.2.3.2:
Higher Heat Transfer Efficiency / 12.2.3.3.:
Increased Flexibility / 12.2.3.4:
Potential Heat Transfer Problems / 12.2.4:
Refractory Damage / 12.2.4.1:
Nonuniform Heating / 12.2.4.2:
Industrial Heating Applications / 12.2.5:
Metals / 12.2.5.1:
Minerals / 12.2.5.2:
Incineration / 12.2.5.3:
Other / 12.2.5.4:
Submerged Combustion / 12.3:
Metals Production / 12.3.1:
Minerals Production / 12.3.2:
Liquid Heating / 12.3.3:
Miscellaneous / 12.4:
Surface Combustor-Heater / 12.4.1:
Direct-Fired Cylinder Dryer / 12.4.2:
Appendices
Reference Sources for Further Information / Appendix A:
Common Conversions / Appendix B:
Methods of Expressing Mixture Ratios for CH[subscript 4], C[subscript 3]H[subscript 8], and H[subscript 2] / Appendix C:
Properties for CH[subscript 4], C[subscript 3]H[subscript 8], and H[subscript 2] Flames / Appendix D:
Fluid Dynamics Equations / Appendix E:
Material Properties / Appendix F:
Author Index
Subject Index
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Importance of Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion / 1.1:
Energy Consumption / 1.1.1:
4.

図書

図書
M. Hinze ... [et al.]
出版情報: [Dordrecht] : Springer, c2009  xi, 270 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: Mathematical modelling : theory and applications ; v. 23
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Preface
Analytical Background and Optimality Theory / 1:
Stefan Ulbrich
Introduction and Examples / 1.1:
Introduction / 1.1.1:
Examples for Optimization Problems with PDEs / 1.1.2:
Optimization of a Stationary Heating Process / 1.1.3:
Optimization of an Unsteady Heating Processes / 1.1.4:
Optimal Design / 1.1.5:
Linear Functional Analysis and Sobolev Spaces / 1.2:
Banach and Hilbert Spaces / 1.2.1:
Sobolev Spaces / 1.2.2:
Weak Convergence / 1.2.3:
Weak Solutions of Elliptic and Parabolic PDEs / 1.3:
Weak Solutions of Elliptic PDEs / 1.3.1:
Weak Solutions of Parabolic PDEs / 1.3.2:
Gateaux- and Fréchet Differentiability / 1.4:
Basic Definitions / 1.4.1:
Implicit Function Theorem / 1.4.2:
Existence of Optimal Controls / 1.5:
Existence Result for a General Linear-Quadratic Problem / 1.5.1:
Existence Result for Nonlinear Problems / 1.5.2:
Applications / 1.5.3:
Reduced Problem, Sensitivities and Adjoints / 1.6:
Sensitivity Approach / 1.6.1:
Adjoint Approach / 1.6.2:
Application to a Linear-Quadratic Optimal Control Problem / 1.6.3:
A Lagrangian-Based View of the Adjoint Approach / 1.6.4:
Second Derivatives / 1.6.5:
Optimality Conditions / 1.7:
Optimality Conditions for Simply Constrained Problems / 1.7.1:
Optimality Conditions for Control-Constrained Problems / 1.7.2:
Optimality Conditions for Problems with General Constraints / 1.7.3:
Optimal Control of Instationary Incompressible Navier-Stokes Flow / 1.8:
Functional Analytic Setting / 1.8.1:
Analysis of the Flow Control Problem / 1.8.2:
Reduced Optimal Control Problem / 1.8.3:
Optimization Methods in Banach Spaces / 2:
Michael Ulbrich
Synopsis / 2.1:
Globally Convergent Methods in Banach Spaces / 2.2:
Unconstrained Optimization / 2.2.1:
Optimization on Closed Convex Sets / 2.2.2:
General Optimization Problems / 2.2.3:
Newton-Based Methods-A Preview / 2.3:
Unconstrained Problems-Newton's Method / 2.3.1:
Simple Constraints / 2.3.2:
General Inequality Constraints / 2.3.3:
Generalized Newton Methods / 2.4:
Motivation: Application to Optimal Control / 2.4.1:
A General Superlinear Convergence Result / 2.4.2:
The Classical Newton's Method / 2.4.3:
Generalized Differential and Semismoothness / 2.4.4:
Semismooth Newton Methods / 2.4.5:
Semismooth Newton Methods in Function Spaces / 2.5:
Semismoothness of Superposition Operators / 2.5.1:
Application to Optimal Control / 2.5.3:
Application to Elliptic Optimal Control Problems / 2.5.5:
Optimal Control of the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations / 2.5.7:
Sequential Quadratic Programming / 2.6:
Lagrange-Newton Methods for Equality Constrained Problems / 2.6.1:
The Josephy-Newton Method / 2.6.2:
SQP Methods for Inequality Constrained Problems / 2.6.3:
State-Constrained Problems / 2.7:
SQP Methods / 2.7.1:
Further Aspects / 2.7.2:
Mesh Independence / 2.8.1:
Application of Fast Solvers / 2.8.2:
Other Methods / 2.8.3:
Discrete Concepts in PDE Constrained Optimization / 3:
Michael Hinze
Control Constraints / 3.1:
Stationary Model Problem / 3.2.1:
First Discretize, Then Optimize / 3.2.2:
First Optimize, Then Discretize / 3.2.3:
Discussion and Implications / 3.2.4:
The Variational Discretization Concept / 3.2.5:
Error Estimates / 3.2.6:
Boundary Control / 3.2.7:
Some Literature Related to Control Constraints / 3.2.8:
Constraints on the State / 3.3:
Pointwise Bounds on the State / 3.3.1:
Pointwise Bounds on the Gradient of the State / 3.3.2:
Time Dependent Problem / 3.4:
Mathematical Model, State Equation / 3.4.1:
Optimization Problem / 3.4.2:
Discretization / 3.4.3:
Further Literature on Control of Time-Dependent Problems / 3.4.4:
Rene Pinnau / 4:
Optimal Semiconductor Design / 4.1:
Semiconductor Device Physics / 4.1.1:
The Optimization Problem / 4.1.2:
Numerical Results / 4.1.3:
Optimal Control of Glass Cooling / 4.2:
Modeling / 4.2.1:
Optimal Boundary Control / 4.2.2:
References / 4.2.3:
Preface
Analytical Background and Optimality Theory / 1:
Stefan Ulbrich
5.

図書

図書
Robert Haining
出版情報: Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1993, c1990  xxi, 409 p. ; 23 cm
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List of tables and displays
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction to issues in the analysis of spatially referenced data / Part A:
Introduction / 1:
Notes
Issues in analysing spatial data / 2:
Spatial data: sources, forms and storage / 2.1:
Sources: quality and quantity / 2.1.1:
Forms and attributes / 2.1.2:
Data storage / 2.1.3:
Spatial data analysis / 2.2:
The importance of space in the social and environmental sciences / 2.2.1:
Measurement error / 2.2.1 (a):
Continuity effects and spatial heterogeneity / 2.2.1 (b):
Spatial processes / 2.2.1 (c):
Types of analytical problems / 2.2.2:
Problems in spatial data analysis / 2.3:
Conceptual models and inference frameworks for spatial data / 2.3.1:
Modelling spatial variation / 2.3.2:
Statistical modelling of spatial data / 2.3.3:
Dependency in spatial data / 2.3.3 (a):
Spatial heterogeneity: regional subdivisions and parameter variation / 2.3.3 (b):
Spatial distribution of data points and boundary effects / 2.3.3 (c):
Assessing model fit / 2.3.3 (d):
Distributions / 2.3.3 (e):
Extreme data values / 2.3.3 (f):
Model sensitivity to the areal system / 2.3.3 (g):
Size-variance relationships in homogeneous aggregates / 2.3.3 (h):
A statistical framework for spatial data analysis / 2.4:
Data adaptive modelling / 2.4.1:
Robust and resistant parameter estimation / 2.4.2:
Robust estimation of the centre of a symmetric distribution / 2.4.2 (a):
Robust estimation of regression parameters / 2.4.2 (b):
Parametric models for spatial variation / Part B:
Statistical models for spatial populations / 3:
Models for spatial populations: preliminary considerations / 3.1:
Spatial stationarity and isotropy / 3.1.1:
Second order (weak) stationarity and isotropy / 3.1.1 (a):
Second order (weak) stationarity and isotropy of differences from the mean / 3.1.1 (b):
Second order (weak) stationarity and isotropy of increments / 3.1.1 (c):
Order relationships in one and two dimensions / 3.1.2:
Population models for continuous random variables / 3.2:
Models for the mean of a spatial population / 3.2.1:
Trend surface models / 3.2.1 (a):
Regression model / 3.2.1 (b):
Models for second order or stochastic variation of a spatial population / 3.2.2:
Interaction models for V of a MVN distribution / 3.2.2 (a):
Interaction models for other multivariate distributions / 3.2.2 (b):
Direct specification of V / 3.2.2 (c):
Intrinsic random functions / 3.2.2 (d):
Population models for discrete random variables / 3.3:
Boundary models for spatial populations / 3.4:
Edge structures, weighting schemes and the dispersion matrix / 3.5:
Conclusions: issues in representing spatial variation / 3.6:
Simulating spatial models / Appendix:
Statistical analysis of spatial populations / 4:
Model selection / 4.1:
Statistical inference with interaction schemes / 4.2:
Parameter estimation: maximum likelihood (ML) methods / 4.2.1:
[mu] unknown; V known / 4.2.1 (a):
[mu] known; V unknown / 4.2.1 (b):
[mu] and V unknown / 4.2.1 (c):
Models with non-constant variance / 4.2.1 (d):
Parameter estimation: other methods / 4.2.2:
Ordinary least squares and pseudo-likelihood estimators / 4.2.2 (a):
Coding estimators / 4.2.2 (b):
Moment estimators / 4.2.2 (c):
Parameter estimation: discrete valued interaction models / 4.2.3:
Properties of ML estimators / 4.2.4:
Large sample properties / 4.2.4 (a):
Small sample properties / 4.2.4 (b):
A note on boundary effects / 4.2.4 (c):
Hypothesis testing for interaction schemes / 4.2.5:
Likelihood ratio tests / 4.2.5 (a):
Lagrange multiplier tests / 4.2.5 (b):
Statistical inference with covariance functions and intrinsic random functions / 4.3:
Parameter estimation: maximum likelihood methods / 4.3.1:
Properties of estimators and hypothesis testing / 4.3.2:
Validation in spatial models / 4.4:
The consequences of ignoring spatial correlation in estimating the mean / 4.5:
Spatial data collection and preliminary analysis / Part C:
Sampling spatial populations / 5:
Spatial sampling designs / 5.1:
Point sampling / 5.2.1:
Quadrat and area sampling / 5.2.2:
Sampling spatial surfaces: estimating the mean / 5.3:
Fixed populations with trend or periodicity / 5.3.1:
Populations with second order variation / 5.3.2:
Results for one-dimensional series / 5.3.2 (a):
Results for two-dimensional surfaces / 5.3.2 (b):
Standard errors for confidence intervals and selecting sample size / 5.3.3:
Sampling spatial surfaces: second order variation / 5.4:
Kriging / 5.4.1:
Scales of variation / 5.4.2:
Sampling applications / 5.5:
Concluding comments / 5.6:
Preliminary analysis of spatial data / 6:
Preliminary data analysis: distributional properties and spatial arrangement / 6.1:
Univariate data analysis / 6.1.1:
General distributional properties / 6.1.1 (a):
Spatial outliers / 6.1.1 (b):
Spatial trends / 6.1.1 (c):
Second order non-stationarity / 6.1.1 (d):
Regional subdivisions / 6.1.1 (e):
Multivariate data analysis / 6.1.2:
Data transformations / 6.1.3:
Preliminary data analysis: detecting spatial pattern, testing for spatial autocorrelation / 6.2:
Available test statistics / 6.2.1:
Constructing a test / 6.2.2:
Interpretation / 6.2.3:
Choosing a test / 6.2.4:
Describing spatial variation: robust estimation of spatial variation / 6.3:
Robust estimators of the semi-variogram / 6.3.1:
Robust estimation of covariances / 6.3.2:
Concluding remarks / 6.4:
Modelling spatial data / Part D:
Analysing univariate data sets / 7:
Describing spatial variation / 7.1:
Non-stationary mean, stationary second order variation: trend surface models with correlated errors / 7.1.1:
Non-stationary mean, stationary increments: semi-variogram models and polynomial generalised covariance functions / 7.1.2:
Discrete data / 7.1.3:
Interpolation and estimating missing values / 7.2:
Ad hoc and cartographic techniques / 7.2.1:
Distribution based techniques / 7.2.2:
Sequential approaches (sampling a continuous surface) / 7.2.2 (a):
Simultaneous approaches / 7.2.2 (b):
Extensions / 7.2.3:
Obtaining areal properties / 7.2.3 (a):
Reconciling data sets on different areal frameworks / 7.2.3 (b):
Categorical data / 7.2.3 (c):
Other information for interpolation / 7.2.3 (d):
Analysing multivariate data sets / 8:
Measures of spatial correlation and spatial association / 8.1:
Correlation measures / 8.1.1:
Measures of association / 8.1.2:
Regression modelling / 8.2:
Problems due to the assumptions of least squares not being satisfied / 8.2.1:
Problems of model specification and analysis / 8.2.2:
Model discrimination / 8.2.2 (a):
Specifying W / 8.2.2 (b):
Parameter estimation and inference / 8.2.2 (c):
Model evaluation / 8.2.2 (d):
Interpretation problems / 8.2.3:
Problems due to data characteristics / 8.2.4:
Numerical problems / 8.2.5:
Regression applications / 8.3:
Model diagnostics and model revision (a) new explanatory variables / Example 8.1:
Model diagnostics and model revision (b) developing a spatial regression model / Example 8.2:
Regression modelling with census variables: Glasgow health data / Example 8.3:
Identifying spatial interaction and heterogeneity: Sheffield petrol price data / Example 8.4:
Robust estimation of the parameters of interaction schemes
Postscript
Glossary
References
Index
List of tables and displays
Preface
Acknowledgements
6.

図書

図書
Oded Goldreich
出版情報: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008  xxiv, 606 p. ; 27 cm
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List of Figures
Preface
Organization and Chapter Summaries
Acknowledgments
Introduction and Preliminaries / 1:
Introduction / 1.1:
A Brief Overview of Complexity Theory / 1.1.1:
Characteristics of Complexity Theory / 1.1.2:
Contents of This Book / 1.1.3:
Approach and Style of This Book / 1.1.4:
Standard Notations and Other Conventions / 1.1.5:
Computational Tasks and Models / 1.2:
Representation / 1.2.1:
Computational Tasks / 1.2.2:
Uniform Models (Algorithms) / 1.2.3:
Non-uniform Models (Circuits and Advice) / 1.2.4:
Complexity Classes / 1.2.5:
Chapter Notes
P, NP, and NP-Completeness / 2:
The P Versus NP Question / 2.1:
The Search Version: Finding Versus Checking / 2.1.1:
The Decision Version: Proving Versus Verifying / 2.1.2:
Equivalence of the Two Formulations / 2.1.3:
Two Technical Comments Regarding NP / 2.1.4:
The Traditional Definition of NP / 2.1.5:
In Support of P Different from NP / 2.1.6:
Philosophical Meditations / 2.1.7:
Polynomial-Time Reductions / 2.2:
The General Notion of a Reduction / 2.2.1:
Reducing Optimization Problems to Search Problems / 2.2.2:
Self-Reducibility of Search Problems / 2.2.3:
Digest and General Perspective / 2.2.4:
NP-Completeness / 2.3:
Definitions / 2.3.1:
The Existence of NP-Complete Problems / 2.3.2:
Some Natural NP-Complete Problems / 2.3.3:
NP Sets That Are Neither in P nor NP-Complete / 2.3.4:
Reflections on Complete Problems / 2.3.5:
Three Relatively Advanced Topics / 2.4:
Promise Problems / 2.4.1:
Optimal Search Algorithms for NP / 2.4.2:
The Class coNP and Its Intersection with NP / 2.4.3:
Exercises
Variations on P and NP / 3:
Non-uniform Polynomial Time (P/poly) / 3.1:
Boolean Circuits / 3.1.1:
Machines That Take Advice / 3.1.2:
The Polynomial-Time Hierarchy (PH) / 3.2:
Alternation of Quantifiers / 3.2.1:
Non-deterministic Oracle Machines / 3.2.2:
The P/poly Versus NP Question and PH / 3.2.3:
More Resources, More Power? / 4:
Non-uniform Complexity Hierarchies / 4.1:
Time Hierarchies and Gaps / 4.2:
Time Hierarchies / 4.2.1:
Time Gaps and Speedup / 4.2.2:
Space Hierarchies and Gaps / 4.3:
Space Complexity / 5:
General Preliminaries and Issues / 5.1:
Important Conventions / 5.1.1:
On the Minimal Amount of Useful Computation Space / 5.1.2:
Time Versus Space / 5.1.3:
Circuit Evaluation / 5.1.4:
Logarithmic Space / 5.2:
The Class L / 5.2.1:
Log-Space Reductions / 5.2.2:
Log-Space Uniformity and Stronger Notions / 5.2.3:
Undirected Connectivity / 5.2.4:
Non-deterministic Space Complexity / 5.3:
Two Models / 5.3.1:
NL and Directed Connectivity / 5.3.2:
A Retrospective Discussion / 5.3.3:
PSPACE and Games / 5.4:
Randomness and Counting / 6:
Probabilistic Polynomial Time / 6.1:
Basic Modeling Issues / 6.1.1:
Two-Sided Error: The Complexity Class BPP / 6.1.2:
One-Sided Error: The Complexity Classes RP and coRP / 6.1.3:
Zero-Sided Error: The Complexity Class ZPP / 6.1.4:
Randomized Log-Space / 6.1.5:
Counting / 6.2:
Exact Counting / 6.2.1:
Approximate Counting / 6.2.2:
Searching for Unique Solutions / 6.2.3:
Uniform Generation of Solutions / 6.2.4:
The Bright Side of Hardness / 7:
One-Way Functions / 7.1:
Generating Hard Instances and One-Way Functions / 7.1.1:
Amplification of Weak One-Way Functions / 7.1.2:
Hard-Core Preicates / 7.1.3:
Reflections on Hardness Amplification / 7.1.4:
Hard Problems in E / 7.2:
Amplification with Respect to Polynomial-Size Circuits / 7.2.1:
Amplification with Respect to Exponential-Size Circuits / 7.2.2:
Pseudorandom Generators / 8:
The General Paradigm / 8.1:
General-Purpose Pseudorandom Generators / 8.2:
The Basic Definition / 8.2.1:
The Archetypical Application / 8.2.2:
Computational Indistinguishability / 8.2.3:
Amplifying the Stretch Function / 8.2.4:
Constructions / 8.2.5:
Non-uniformly Strong Pseudorandom Generators / 8.2.6:
Stronger Notions and Conceptual Reflections / 8.2.7:
Derandomization of Time-Complexity Classes / 8.3:
Defining Canonical Derandomizers / 8.3.1:
Constructing Canonical Derandomizers / 8.3.2:
Technical Variations and Conceptual Reflections / 8.3.3:
Space-Bounded Distinguishers / 8.4:
Definitional Issues / 8.4.1:
Two Constructions / 8.4.2:
Special-Purpose Generators / 8.5:
Pairwise Independence Generators / 8.5.1:
Small-Bias Generators / 8.5.2:
Random Walks on Expanders / 8.5.3:
Probabilistic Proof Systems / 9:
Interactive Proof Systems / 9.1:
Motivation and Perspective / 9.1.1:
Definition / 9.1.2:
The Power of Interactive Proofs / 9.1.3:
Variants and Finer Structure: An Overview / 9.1.4:
On Computationally Bounded Provers: An Overview / 9.1.5:
Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems / 9.2:
The Power of Zero-Knowledge / 9.2.1:
Proofs of Knowledge - A Parenthetical Subsection / 9.2.3:
Probabilistically Checkable Proof Systems / 9.3:
The Power of Probabilistically Checkable Proofs / 9.3.1:
PCP and Approximation / 9.3.3:
More on PCP Itself: An Overview / 9.3.4:
Relaxing the Requirements / 10:
Approximation / 10.1:
Search or Optimization / 10.1.1:
Decision or Property Testing / 10.1.2:
Average-Case Complexity / 10.2:
The Basic Theory / 10.2.1:
Ramifications / 10.2.2:
Epilogue
Glossary of Complexity Classes / Appendix A:
Preliminaries / A.1:
Algorithm-Based Classes / A.2:
Time Complexity Classes / A.2.1:
Space Complexity Classes / A.2.2:
Circuit-Based Classes / A.3:
On the Quest for Lower Bounds / Appendix B:
Boolean Circuit Complexity / B.1:
Basic Results and Questions / B.2.1:
Monotone Circuits / B.2.2:
Bounded-Depth Circuits / B.2.3:
Formula Size / B.2.4:
Arithmetic Circuits / B.3:
Univariate Polynomials / B.3.1:
Multivariate Polynomials / B.3.2:
Proof Complexity / B.4:
Logical Proof Systems / B.4.1:
Algebraic Proof Systems / B.4.2:
Geometric Proof Systems / B.4.3:
On the Foundations of Modern Cryptography / Appendix C:
The Underlying Principles / C.1:
The Computational Model / C.1.2:
Organization and Beyond / C.1.3:
Computational Difficulty / C.2:
Hard-Core Predicates / C.2.1:
Pseudorandomness / C.3:
Pseudorandom Functions / C.3.1:
Zero-Knowledge / C.4:
The Simulation Paradigm / C.4.1:
The Actual Definition / C.4.2:
A General Result and a Generic Application / C.4.3:
Definitional Variations and Related Notions / C.4.4:
Encryption Schemes / C.5:
Beyond Eavesdropping Security / C.5.1:
Signatures and Message Authentication / C.6:
General Cryptographic Protocols / C.6.1:
The Definitional Approach and Some Models / C.7.1:
Some Known Results / C.7.2:
Construction Paradigms and Two Simple Protocols / C.7.3:
Concluding Remarks / C.7.4:
Probabilistic Preliminaries and Advanced Topics in Randomization / Appendix D:
Probabilistic Preliminaries / D.1:
Notational Conventions / D.1.1:
Three Inequalities / D.1.2:
Hashing / D.2:
The Leftover Hash Lemma / D.2.1:
Sampling / D.3:
Formal Setting / D.3.1:
Known Results / D.3.2:
Hitters / D.3.3:
Randomnes Extractors / D.4:
Definitions and Various Perspectives / D.4.1:
Explicit Constructions / D.4.2:
Error-Correcting Codes / E.1:
Basic Notions / E.1.1:
A Few Popular Codes / E.1.2:
Two Additional Computational Problems / E.1.3:
A List-Decoding Bound / E.1.4:
Expander Graphs / E.2:
Definitions and Properties / E.2.1:
Some Omitted Proofs / E.2.2:
Proving That PH Reduces to #P / F.1:
Proving That IP(f) [characters not reproducible] AM(O(f)) [characters not reproducible] AM(f) / F.2:
Emulating General Interactive Proofs by AM-Games / F.2.1:
Linear Speedup for AM / F.2.2:
Some Computational Problems / Appendix G:
Graphs / G.1:
Boolean Formulae / G.2:
Finite Fields, Polynomials, and Vector Spaces / G.3:
The Determinant and the Permanent / G.4:
Primes and Composite Numbers / G.5:
Bibliography
Index
List of Figures
Preface
Organization and Chapter Summaries
7.

図書

図書
Noboru Ono
出版情報: New York : Wiley-VCH, c2001  xvi, 372 p. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名: Organic nitro chemistry series
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Series Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction / 1.:
Preparation of Nitro Compounds / 2.:
Nitration of Hydrocarbons / 2.1:
Aromatic Compounds / 2.1.1:
Alkanes / 2.1.2:
Activated C-H Compounds / 2.1.3:
Alkenes / 2.1.4:
Synthesis of [alpha]-Nitro Ketones / 2.1.5:
Nitration of Alkyl Halides / 2.1.6:
Synthesis of Nitro Compounds by Oxidation / 2.2:
Oxidation of Amines / 2.2.1:
Oxidation of Oximes / 2.2.2:
The Nitro-Aldol (Henry) Reaction / 3.:
Preparation of [beta]-Nitro Alcohols / 3.1:
Derivatives from [beta]-Nitro Alcohols / 3.2:
Nitroalkenes / 3.2.1:
Nitroalkanes / 3.2.2:
[alpha]-Nitro Ketones / 3.2.3:
[beta]-Amino Alcohols / 3.2.4:
Nitro Sugars and Amino Sugars / 3.2.5:
Stereoselective Henry Reactions and Applications to Organic Synthesis / 3.3:
Michael Addition / 4.:
Addition to Nitroalkenes / 4.1:
Conjugate Addition of Heteroatom-Centered Nucleophiles / 4.1.1:
Conjugate Addition of Heteroatom Nucleophiles and Subsequent Nef Reaction / 4.1.2:
Conjugate Addition of Carbon-Centered Nucleophiles / 4.1.3:
Addition and Elimination Reaction of [beta]-Heterosubstituted Nitroalkenes / 4.2:
Michael Addition of Nitroalkanes / 4.3:
Intermolecular Addition / 4.3.1:
Intramolecular Addition / 4.3.2:
Asymmetric Michael Addition / 4.4:
Chiral Alkenes and Chiral Nitro Compounds / 4.4.1:
Chiral Catalysts / 4.4.2:
Alkylation, Acylation, and Halogenation of Nitro Compounds / 5.:
Alkylation of Nitro Compounds / 5.1:
Acylation of Nitroalkanes / 5.2:
Ring Cleavage of Cyclic [alpha]-Nitro Ketones (Retro-Acylation) / 5.3:
Alkylation of Nitro Compounds via Alkyl Radicals / 5.4:
Alkylation of Nitro Compounds Using Transition Metal Catalysis / 5.5:
Butadiene Telomerization / 5.5.1:
Pd-Catalyzed Allylic C-Alkylation of Nitro Compounds / 5.5.2:
Arylation of Nitro Compounds / 5.6:
Introduction of Heteroatoms to Nitroalkanes / 5.7:
Conversion of Nitro Compounds into Other Compounds / 6.:
Nef Reaction (Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids) / 6.1:
Treatment With Acid (Classical Procedure) / 6.1.1:
Oxidative Method / 6.1.2:
Reductive Method / 6.1.3:
Direct Conversion of Nitroalkenes to Carbonyl Compounds / 6.1.4:
Nitrile Oxides and Nitriles / 6.2:
Reduction of Nitro Compounds into Amines / 6.3:
Ar-NH[subscript 2] From Ar-NO[subscript 2] / 6.3.1:
R-NH[subscript 2] From R-NO[subscript 2] / 6.3.2:
Oximes, Hydroxylamines, and Other Nitrogen Derivatives / 6.3.3:
Substitution and Elimination of NO[subscript 2] in R-NO[subscript 2] / 7.:
R-Nu from R-NO[subscript 2] / 7.1:
Radical Reactions (S[subscript RN]1) / 7.1.1:
Ionic Process / 7.1.2:
Intramolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction / 7.1.3:
Allylic Rearrangement / 7.1.4:
R-H from R-NO[subscript 2] / 7.2:
Radical Denitration / 7.2.1:
Ionic Denitration / 7.2.2:
Alkenes from R-NO[subscript 2] / 7.3:
Radical Elimination / 7.3.1:
Ionic Elimination of Nitro Compounds / 7.3.2:
Cycloaddition Chemistry of Nitro Compounds / 8.:
Diels-Alder Reactions / 8.1:
Nitroalkenes Using Dienophiles / 8.1.1:
Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reaction / 8.1.2:
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition / 8.2:
Nitrones / 8.2.1:
Nitrile Oxides / 8.2.2:
Nitronates / 8.2.3:
Nitroalkenes as Heterodienes in Tandem [4+2]/[3+2] Cycloaddition / 8.3:
Nitroalkenes as Heterodienes / 8.3.1:
Tandem [4+2]/[3+2] Cycloaddition of Nitroalkenes / 8.3.2:
Nucleophilic Aromatic Displacement / 9.:
S[subscript N]Ar / 9.1:
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Hydrogen (NASH) / 9.2:
Carbon Nucleophiles / 9.2.1:
Nitrogen and Other Heteroatom Nucleophiles / 9.2.2:
Applications to Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds / 9.2.3:
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds / 10.:
Pyrroles / 10.1:
Synthesis of Indoles / 10.2:
Synthesis of Other Nitrogen Heterocycles / 10.3:
Three-Membered Ring / 10.3.1:
Five- and Six-Membered Saturated Rings / 10.3.2:
Miscellaneous / 10.3.3:
Index
Series Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
8.

図書

図書
Ulf Leonhardt
出版情報: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010  xii, 277 p. ; 26 cm
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Acknowledgements
Introduction / 1:
A note to the reader / 1.1:
Quantum theory / 1.2:
Axioms / 1.2.1:
Quantum statistics / 1.2.2:
Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures / 1.2.3:
On the questions and homework problems / 1.3:
Further reading / 1.4:
Quantum field theory of light / 2:
Light in media / 2.1:
Maxwell's equations / 2.1.1:
Quantum commutator / 2.1.2:
Light modes / 2.2:
Modes and their scalar product / 2.2.1:
Bose commutation relations / 2.2.2:
Interference / 2.2.3:
Monochromatic modes / 2.2.4:
Zero-point energy and Casimir force / 2.3:
An attractive cavity / 2.3.1:
Reflections / 2.3.2:
Questions / 2.4:
Homework problem / 2.5:
Simple quantum states of light / 2.6:
The electromagnetic oscillator / 3.1:
Single-mode states / 3.2:
Quadrature states / 3.2.1:
Fock states / 3.2.2:
Thermal states / 3.2.3:
Coherent states / 3.2.4:
Uncertainty and squeezing / 3.3:
Quasiprobability distributions / 3.4:
Wigner representation / 4.1:
Wigner's formula / 4.1.1:
Basic properties / 4.1.2:
Examples / 4.1.3:
Other quasiprobability distributions / 4.2:
Q function / 4.2.1:
P function / 4.2.2:
s-parameterized quasiprobability distributions / 4.2.3:
Simple optical instruments / 4.3:
Beam splitter / 5.1:
Heisenberg picture / 5.1.1:
Schrödinger picture / 5.1.2:
Fock representation and wave-particle dualism / 5.1.3:
Detection / 5.2:
Photodetector / 5.2.1:
Balanced homodyne detection / 5.2.2:
Quantum tomography / 5.2.3:
Simultaneous measurement of conjugate variables / 5.2.4:
Irrevesible processes / 5.3:
Lindblad's theorem / 6.1:
Irreversibility / 6.1.1:
Reversible dynamics / 6.1.2:
Irreversible dynamics / 6.1.3:
Loss and gain / 6.2:
Absorption and amplification / 6.2.1:
Absorber / 6.2.2:
Amplifier / 6.2.3:
Eavesdropper / 6.2.4:
Continuous quantum measurements / 6.3:
Entanglement / 6.4:
Parametric amplifier / 7.1:
Einstein-Podolski-Rosen state / 7.1.1:
Quantum teleportation / 7.1.4:
Polarization correlations / 7.2:
Singlet state / 7.2.1:
Polarization / 7.2.2:
Bell's theorem / 7.2.3:
Horizons / 7.3:
Minkowski space / 8.1:
Locality and relativity / 8.1.1:
Space-time geometry / 8.1.2:
Light / 8.1.3:
Accelerated observers / 8.2:
Rindler coordinates / 8.2.1:
Accelerated modes / 8.2.2:
Unruh effect / 8.2.3:
Moving media / 8.3:
Motivation / 8.3.1:
Trans-Planckian problem / 8.3.2:
Light in moving media / 8.3.3:
Geometry of light / 8.3.4:
Hawking radiation / 8.3.5:
Stress of the quantum vacuum / 8.4:
State reconstruction in quantum mechanics / Appendix B:
References
Index
Irreversible processes
Appendixes
Acknowledgements
Introduction / 1:
A note to the reader / 1.1:
9.

図書

図書
Nam-Trung Nguyen, Steven T. Wereley
出版情報: Boston : Artech House, c2002  xiii, 471 p. ; 24 cm
シリーズ名: MEMS--Microelectromechanical systems series
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Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction / Chapter 1:
Microfluidics--The Emerging Technology / 1.1:
What Is Microfluidics? / 1.1.1:
Commercial Aspects / 1.1.2:
Scientific Aspects / 1.1.3:
Milestones of Microfluidics / 1.2:
Device Development / 1.2.1:
Technology Development / 1.2.2:
Organization of the Book / 1.3:
References
Fluid Mechanics Theory / Chapter 2:
Intermolecular Forces / 2.1:
The Three States of Matter / 2.1.2:
Continuum Assumption / 2.1.3:
Continuum Fluid Mechanics at Small Scales / 2.2:
Gas Flows / 2.2.1:
Liquid Flows / 2.2.2:
Boundary Conditions / 2.2.3:
Parallel Flows / 2.2.4:
Low Reynolds Number Flows / 2.2.5:
Entrance Effects / 2.2.6:
Surface Tension / 2.2.7:
Molecular Approaches / 2.3:
MD / 2.3.1:
DSMC Technique / 2.3.2:
Electrokinetics / 2.4:
Electro-Osmosis / 2.4.1:
Electrophoresis / 2.4.2:
Dielectrophoresis / 2.4.3:
Conclusion / 2.5:
Problems
Fabrication Techniques for Microfluidics / Chapter 3:
Basic Microtechniques / 3.1:
Photolithography / 3.1.1:
Additive Techniques / 3.1.2:
Subtractive Techniques / 3.1.3:
Pattern Transfer Techniques / 3.1.4:
Silicon-Based Micromachining Techniques / 3.2:
Silicon Bulk Micromachining / 3.2.1:
Silicon Surface Micromachining / 3.2.2:
Polymer-Based Micromachining Techniques / 3.3:
Thick Resist Lithography / 3.3.1:
Polymeric Surface Micromachining / 3.3.2:
Soft Lithography / 3.3.3:
Microstereo Lithography / 3.3.4:
Micromolding / 3.3.5:
Other Micromachining Techniques / 3.4:
Assembly and Packaging of Microfluidic Devices / 3.4.1:
Wafer Level Assembly and Packaging / 3.5.1:
Device Level Packaging / 3.5.2:
Biocompatibility / 3.6:
Material Response / 3.6.1:
Tissue and Cellular Response / 3.6.2:
Biocompatibility Tests / 3.6.3:
Experimental Flow Characterization / Chapter 4:
Pointwise Methods / 4.1:
Full-Field Methods / 4.1.2:
Overview of Micro-PIV / 4.2:
Fundamental Physics Considerations of Micro-PIV / 4.2.1:
Special Processing Methods for Micro-PIV Recordings / 4.2.2:
Advanced Processing Methods Suitable for Both Micro/Macro-PIV Recordings / 4.2.3:
Micro-PIV Examples / 4.3:
Flow in a Microchannel / 4.3.1:
Flow in a Micronozzle / 4.3.2:
Flow Around a Blood Cell / 4.3.3:
Flow in Microfluidic Biochip / 4.3.4:
Conclusions / 4.3.5:
Extensions of the Micro-PIV technique / 4.4:
Microfluidic Nanoscope / 4.4.1:
Microparticle Image Thermometry / 4.4.2:
Infrared Micro-PIV / 4.4.3:
Particle Tracking Velocimetry / 4.4.4:
Microfluidics for External Flow Control / Chapter 5:
Velocity and Turbulence Measurement / 5.1:
Velocity Sensors / 5.1.1:
Shear Stress Sensors / 5.1.2:
Turbulence Control / 5.2:
Microflaps / 5.2.1:
Microballoon / 5.2.2:
Microsynthetic Jet / 5.2.3:
Microair Vehicles / 5.3:
Fixed-Wing MAV / 5.3.1:
Flapping-Wing MAV / 5.3.2:
Microrotorcraft / 5.3.3:
Microrockets / 5.3.4:
Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Microvalves / Chapter 6:
Design Considerations / 6.1:
Actuators / 6.1.1:
Valve Spring / 6.1.2:
Valve Seat / 6.1.3:
Pressure Compensation Design / 6.1.4:
Pneumatic Valves / 6.2:
Pneumatic Actuators / 6.2.1:
Design Examples / 6.2.2:
Thermopneumatic Valves / 6.3:
Thermopneumatic Actuators / 6.3.1:
Thermomechanical Valves / 6.3.2:
Solid-Expansion Valves / 6.4.1:
Bimetallic Valves / 6.4.2:
Shape-Memory Alloy Valves / 6.4.3:
Piezoelectric Valves / 6.5:
Piezoelectric Actuators / 6.5.1:
Electrostatic Valves / 6.5.2:
Electrostatic Actuators / 6.6.1:
Electromagnetic Valves / 6.6.2:
Electromagnetic Actuators / 6.7.1:
Electrochemical Valves / 6.7.2:
Capillary-Force Valves / 6.9:
Capillary-Force Actuators / 6.9.1:
Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Micropumps / 6.9.2:
Mechanical Pumps / 7.1:
Check-Valve Pumps / 7.1.1:
Peristaltic Pumps / 7.1.3:
Valveless Rectification Pumps / 7.1.4:
Rotary Pumps / 7.1.5:
Centrifugal Pumps / 7.1.6:
Ultrasonic Pumps / 7.1.7:
Nonmechanical Pumps / 7.2:
Electrical Pumps / 7.2.1:
Surface Tension Driven Pumps / 7.2.2:
Chemical Pumps / 7.2.3:
Magnetic Pumps / 7.2.4:
Scaling Law for Micropumps / 7.3:
Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Microflow Sensors / Chapter 8:
Nonthermal Flow Sensors / 8.1:
Differential Pressure Flow Sensors / 8.1.1:
Drag Force Flow Sensors / 8.1.2:
Lift Force Flow Sensors / 8.1.3:
Coriolis Flow Sensors / 8.1.4:
Electrohydrodynamic Flow Sensors / 8.1.5:
Thermal Flow Sensors / 8.2:
Thermoresistive Flow Sensors / 8.2.1:
Thermocapacitive Flow Sensors / 8.2.3:
Thermoelectric Flow Sensors / 8.2.4:
Thermoelectronic Flow Sensors / 8.2.5:
Pyroelectric Flow Sensors / 8.2.6:
Frequency Analog Sensors / 8.2.7:
Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry / Chapter 9:
Microfilters / 9.1:
Microneedles / 9.1.1:
Micromixers / 9.2.1:
Microreactors / 9.3.1:
Microdispensers / 9.4.1:
Microseparators / 9.5.1:
Gas Chromatography / 9.6.1:
Liquid Chromatography / 9.6.3:
List of Symbols / 9.6.4:
Resources for Microfluidics Research / Appendix B:
Abbreviations of Different Plastics / Appendix C:
Linear Elastic Deflection Models / Appendix D:
About the Authors
Index
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction / Chapter 1:
10.

図書

図書
Robert B. Grossman
出版情報: New York : Springer, c2003  xvi, 355 p. ; 25 cm
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Preface to the Student
Preface to the Instructor
The Basics / 1:
Structure and Stability of Organic Compounds / 1.1:
Conventions of Drawing Structures; Grossman's Rule / 1.1.1:
Lewis Structures; Resonance Structures / 1.1.2:
Molecular Shape; Hybridization / 1.1.3:
Aromaticity / 1.1.4:
Bronsted Acidity and Basicity / 1.2:
pK[subscript a] Values / 1.2.1:
Tautomerism / 1.2.2:
Kinetics and Thermodynamics / 1.3:
Getting Started in Drawing a Mechanism / 1.4:
Classes of Overall Transformations / 1.5:
Classes of Mechanisms / 1.6:
Polar Mechanisms / 1.6.1:
Free-Radical Mechanisms / 1.6.2:
Pericyclic Mechanisms / 1.6.3:
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed and -Mediated Mechanisms / 1.6.4:
Summary / 1.7:
Problems
Polar Reactions under Basic Conditions / 2:
Substitution and Elimination at C(sp[superscript 3])-X [sigma] Bonds, Part I / 2.1:
Substitution by the S[subscript N]2 Mechanism / 2.1.1:
[beta]-Elimination by the E2 and Elcb Mechanisms / 2.1.2:
Predicting Substitution vs. Elimination / 2.1.3:
Addition of Nucleophiles to Electrophilic [pi] Bonds / 2.2:
Addition to Carbonyl Compounds / 2.2.1:
Conjugate Addition; The Michael Reaction / 2.2.2:
Substitution at C(sp[superscript 2])-X [sigma] Bonds / 2.3:
Substitution at Carbonyl C / 2.3.1:
Substitution at Alkenyl and Aryl C / 2.3.2:
Metal Insertion; Halogen-Metal Exchange / 2.3.3:
Substitution and Elimination at C(sp[superscript 3])-X [sigma] Bonds, Part II / 2.4:
Substitution by the S[subscript RN]1 Mechanism / 2.4.1:
Substitution by the Elimination-Addition Mechanism / 2.4.2:
Substitution by the One-Electron Transfer Mechanism / 2.4.3:
[alpha]-Elimination; Generation and Reactions of Carbenes / 2.4.4:
Base-Promoted Rearrangements / 2.5:
Migration from C to C / 2.5.1:
Migration from C to O or N / 2.5.2:
Migration from B to C or O / 2.5.3:
Two Multistep Reactions / 2.6:
The Swern Oxidation / 2.6.1:
The Mitsunobu Reaction / 2.6.2:
Polar Reactions Under Acidic Conditions / 2.7:
Carbocations / 3.1:
Carbocation Stability / 3.1.1:
Carbocation Generation; The Role of Protonation / 3.1.2:
Typical Reactions of Carbocations; Rearrangements / 3.1.3:
Substitution and [beta]-Elimination Reactions at C(sp[superscript 3])-X / 3.2:
Substitution by the S[subscript N]1 and S[subscript N]2 Mechanisms / 3.2.1:
[beta]-Elimination by the E1 Mechanism / 3.2.2:
Electrophilic Addition to Nucleophilic C=C [pi] Bonds / 3.2.3:
Substitution at Nucleophilic C=C [pi] Bonds / 3.4:
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution / 3.4.1:
Aromatic Substitution of Anilines via Diazonium Salts / 3.4.2:
Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution / 3.4.3:
Nucleophilic Addition to and Substitution at Electrophilic [pi] Bonds / 3.5:
Heteroatom Nucleophiles / 3.5.1:
Carbon Nucleophiles / 3.5.2:
Pericyclic Reactions / 3.6:
Introduction / 4.1:
Classes of Pericyclic Reactions / 4.1.1:
Polyene MOs / 4.1.2:
Electrocyclic Reactions / 4.2:
Typical Reactions / 4.2.1:
Stereospecificity / 4.2.2:
Stereoselectivity / 4.2.3:
Cycloadditions / 4.3:
Regioselectivity / 4.3.1:
Sigmatropic Rearrangements / 4.3.3:
Ene Reactions / 4.4.1:
Free-Radical Reactions / 4.6:
Free Radicals / 5.1:
Stability / 5.1.1:
Generation from Closed-Shell Species / 5.1.2:
Chain vs. Nonchain Mechanisms / 5.1.3:
Chain Free-Radical Reactions / 5.2:
Substitution Reactions / 5.2.1:
Addition and Fragmentation Reactions / 5.2.2:
Nonchain Free-Radical Reactions / 5.3:
Photochemical Reactions / 5.3.1:
Reductions and Oxidations with Metals / 5.3.2:
Cycloaromatizations / 5.3.3:
Miscellaneous Radical Reactions / 5.4:
1,2-Anionic Rearrangements; Lone-Pair Inversion / 5.4.1:
Triplet Carbenes and Nitrenes / 5.4.2:
Transition-Metal-Mediated and -Catalyzed Reactions / 5.5:
Introduction to the Chemistry of Transition Metals / 6.1:
Conventions of Drawing Structures / 6.1.1:
Counting Electrons / 6.1.2:
Stoichiometric vs. Catalytic Mechanisms / 6.1.3:
Addition Reactions / 6.2:
Late-Metal-Catalyzed Hydrogenation and Hydrometallation (Pd, Pt, Rh) / 6.2.1:
Hydroformylation (Co, Rh) / 6.2.2:
Hydrozirconation (Zr) / 6.2.3:
Alkene Polymerization (Ti, Zr, Sc, and others) / 6.2.4:
Cyclopropanation, Epoxidation, and Aziridination of Alkenes (Cu, Rh, Mn, Ti) / 6.2.5:
Dihydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation of Alkenes (Os) / 6.2.6:
Nucleophilic Addition to Alkenes and Alkynes (Hg, Pd) / 6.2.7:
Conjugate Addition Reactions (Cu) / 6.2.8:
Reductive Coupling Reactions (Ti, Zr) / 6.2.9:
Pauson-Khand Reaction (Co) / 6.2.10:
Dotz Reaction (Cr) / 6.2.11:
Metal-Catalyzed Cycloaddition and Cyclotrimerization (Co, Ni, Rh) / 6.2.12:
Hydrogenolysis (Pd) / 6.3:
Carbonylation of Alkyl Halides (Pd, Rh) / 6.3.2:
Heck Reaction (Pd) / 6.3.3:
Coupling Reactions Between Nucleophiles and C(sp[superscript 2])-X: Kumada, Stille, Suzuki, Negishi, Buchwald-Hartwig, Sonogashira, and Ullmann Reactions (Ni, Pd, Cu) / 6.3.4:
Allylic Substitution (Pd) / 6.3.5:
Pd-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Alkenes; Wacker Oxidation / 6.3.6:
Tebbe Reaction (Ti) / 6.3.7:
Propargyl Substitution in Co-Alkyne Complexes / 6.3.8:
Rearrangement Reactions / 6.4:
Alkene Isomerization (Rh) / 6.4.1:
Olefin and Alkyne Metathesis (Ru, W, Mo, Ti) / 6.4.2:
Elimination Reactions / 6.5:
Oxidation of Alcohols (Cr, Ru) / 6.5.1:
Decarbonylation of Aldehydes (Rh) / 6.5.2:
Mixed-Mechanism Problems / 6.6:
A Final Word
Index
Preface to the Student
Preface to the Instructor
The Basics / 1:
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