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1.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
1. History of Computing and Education 2 (HCE2)
John Impagliazzo
出版情報: Springer eBooks Computer Science , Springer US, 2006
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2.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
2. History of Computing and Education 2 (HCE2)
John Impagliazzo
出版情報: SpringerLink Books - AutoHoldings , Springer US, 2006
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3.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
3. Inductive Dependency Parsing
Joakim Nivre
出版情報: SpringerLink Books - AutoHoldings , Springer Netherlands, 2006
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Introduction / 1：
Inductive Dependency Parsing / 1.1：
The Need for Robust Disambiguation / 1.2：
Outline of the Book / 1.3：
Natural Language Parsing / 2：
Syntactic Representations / 2.1：
Two Notions of Parsing / 2.2：
Grammar Parsing / 2.2.1：
Text Parsing / 2.2.2：
Competence and Performance / 2.2.3：
Methods for Text Parsing / 2.3：
Grammar-Driven Text Parsing / 2.3.1：
Data-Driven Text Parsing / 2.3.2：
Converging Approaches / 2.3.3：
Evaluation Criteria / 2.3.4：
Robustness / 2.4.1：
Disambiguation / 2.4.2：
Accuracy / 2.4.3：
Efficiency / 2.4.4：
Dependency Parsing / 3：
Dependency Grammar / 3.1：
The Notion of Dependency / 3.1.1：
Varieties of Dependency Grammar / 3.1.2：
Parsing with Dependency Representations / 3.2：
Grammar-Driven Dependency Parsing / 3.2.1：
Data-Driven Dependency Parsing / 3.2.2：
The Case for Dependency Parsing / 3.2.3：
A Framework for Dependency Parsing / 3.3：
Texts, Sentences and Tokens / 3.3.1：
Dependency Graphs / 3.3.2：
Parsing Algorithm / 3.3.3：
Configurations / 3.4.1：
Transitions / 3.4.2：
Deterministic Parsing / 3.4.3：
Algorithm Analysis / 3.4.4：
Evaluation Criteria Revisited / 3.4.5：
A Framework for Inductive Dependency Parsing / 4：
Inductive Inference / 4.1.1：
History-Based Models / 4.1.3：
Parsing Methods / 4.1.4：
Learning Methods / 4.1.5：
Oracle Parsing / 4.1.6：
Features and Models / 4.2：
Feature Functions / 4.2.1：
Static Features / 4.2.2：
Dynamic Features / 4.2.3：
Feature Models / 4.2.4：
Memory-Based Learning / 4.3：
Memory-Based Learning and Classification / 4.3.1：
Learning Algorithm Parameters / 4.3.2：
Memory-Based Language Processing / 4.3.3：
MaltParser / 4.4：
Architecture / 4.4.1：
Implementation / 4.4.2：
Treebank Parsing / 5：
Treebanks and Parsing / 5.1：
Treebank Evaluation / 5.1.1：
Treebank Learning / 5.1.2：
Treebanks for Dependency Parsing / 5.1.3：
Experimental Methodology / 5.2：
Treebank Data / 5.2.1：
Models and Algorithms / 5.2.2：
Evaluation / 5.2.3：
Feature Model Parameters / 5.3：
Part-of-Speech Context / 5.3.1：
Dependency Structure / 5.3.2：
Lexicalization / 5.3.3：
Learning Curves / 5.3.4：
Neighbor Space and Distance Metric / 5.4：
Weighting Schemes / 5.4.2：
Final Evaluation / 5.5：
Accuracy and Efficiency / 5.5.1：
Related Work / 5.5.2：
Error Analysis / 5.5.3：
Conclusion / 6：
Main Contributions / 6.1：
Future Directions / 6.2：
References
Index
Introduction / 1：
Inductive Dependency Parsing / 1.1：
The Need for Robust Disambiguation / 1.2：
4.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
4. Agent-based Supply Network Event Management
Roland Zimmermann, Monique Calisti, Marius Walliser
出版情報: Springer eBooks Computer Science , Dordrecht : Birkh?user Basel, 2006
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Introduction / 1：
Event Management in Supply Networks / 2：
Problem / 2.1：
Event-related Information Logistics / 2.1.1：
Supply Networks / 2.1.2：
Formal Specification of the Problem / 2.1.3：
Requirements of an Event Management Solution / 2.2：
General Requirements / 2.2.1：
Functional Requirements / 2.2.2：
Data Requirements / 2.2.3：
Implications / 2.2.4：
Potential Benefits / 2.3：
Benefits for Single Enterprises / 2.3.1：
Analysis of Supply Network Effects / 2.3.2：
Benefits for Supply Networks / 2.3.3：
Summary on Potential Benefits / 2.3.4：
Existing Approaches / 2.4：
Tracking Systems / 2.4.1：
SCEM Software / 2.4.2：
Conclusion on Existing Approaches / 2.4.3：
Information Base for Event Management / 3：
Data Model / 3.1：
Representation of the Supply Network Domain / 3.1.1：
Aggregation and Refinement of Status Data / 3.1.2：
Disruptive Event Data for Decision Support / 3.1.3：
Extendable Data Structures / 3.1.4：
Semantic Interoperability / 3.2：
Requirements for Semantic Interoperability / 3.2.1：
Ontology for Supply Network Event Management / 3.2.2：
Data Sources / 3.3：
Data Bases / 3.3.1：
Internet Sources and Web Services / 3.3.2：
Radio Frequency Identification Technologies / 3.3.3：
Event Management Functions / 4：
Information Gathering in Supply Networks / 4.1：
Trigger Events / 4.1.1：
Inter-organizational Information Gathering / 4.1.2：
Proactive and Flexible Monitoring / 4.2：
Critical Profiles / 4.2.1：
Discovery of Critical Profiles / 4.2.2：
Continuous Assessment of Critical Profiles / 4.2.3：
Analysis and Interpretation of Event Data / 4.3：
Basic Approach / 4.3.1：
Data Interpretation with Fuzzy Logic / 4.3.2：
Aggregated Order Status / 4.3.3：
Assessment of Disruptive Events / 4.3.4：
Adjustment of Milestone Plans / 4.3.5：
Distribution of Event Data / 4.4：
Alert Management Process / 4.4.1：
Alert Decision Management / 4.4.2：
Escalation Management / 4.4.3：
Selection of Recipient and Media Type / 4.4.4：
Selection of Content / 4.4.5：
Event Management Process / 4.5：
Distributed Event Management in Supply Networks / 4.5.1：
Agent-based Concept / 5：
Software Agents and Supply Network Event Management / 5.1：
Introduction to Software Agents / 5.1.1：
Benefits of Agent Technology for Event Management / 5.1.2：
Related Work in Agent Technologies / 5.1.3：
Agent Oriented Software Engineering / 5.2：
Approaches / 5.2.1：
AUML for Supply Network Event Management / 5.2.2：
Agent Society for Supply Network Event Management / 5.3：
Roles and Agent Types / 5.3.1：
Agent Interactions / 5.3.2：
Institutional Agreements / 5.3.3：
Coordination Agent / 5.4：
Structure / 5.4.1：
Behaviors / 5.4.2：
Interactions / 5.4.3：
Surveillance Agent / 5.5：
Discourse Agent / 5.5.1：
Wrapper Agent / 5.6.1：
Prototype Implementations / 5.7.1：
Generic Prototype / 6.1：
Overview / 6.1.1：
Ontology Integration / 6.1.2：
Supply Network Testbed / 6.1.3：
Simulated Enterprise Data Base / 6.2.1：
Simulator / 6.2.2：
Industry Showcase / 6.3：
Evaluation / 6.3.1：
Concept / 7.1：
Constraints to an Evaluation / 7.1.1：
Multi-dimensional Evaluation / 7.1.2：
Analytical Evaluation / 7.2：
Effects of SNEM Cycles / 7.2.1：
Costs of Event Management / 7.2.2：
Cost-Benefit-Model and Benchmarks / 7.2.3：
Supply Network Effects / 7.2.4：
Event Management with Profiles / 7.2.5：
Conclusions / 7.2.6：
Experimental Evaluation / 7.3：
Reaction Function / 7.3.1：
Experimental Results / 7.3.2：
Cost-Benefit Analysis / 7.3.3：
Showcase Evaluation / 7.3.4：
Prototype Assessment / 7.4.1：
Analysis of Follow-up Costs / 7.4.2：
Summary - Benefits and Constraints / 7.4.3：
Conclusions and Outlook / 8：
Supply Network Event Management / 8.1：
Further Research Opportunities / 8.2：
Object Chips for Supply Network Event Management / 8.2.1：
Event Management in other Domains / 8.2.2：
Integration and Acceptance Issues / 8.2.3：
Appendices
References
Introduction / 1：
Event Management in Supply Networks / 2：
Problem / 2.1：
5.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
5. Agent-based Supply Network Event Management
Roland Zimmermann, Monique Calisti, Marius Walliser, Thomas Hempfling
出版情報: SpringerLink Books - AutoHoldings , Dordrecht : Birkhäuser Basel, 2006
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Introduction / 1：
Event Management in Supply Networks / 2：
Problem / 2.1：
Event-related Information Logistics / 2.1.1：
Supply Networks / 2.1.2：
Formal Specification of the Problem / 2.1.3：
Requirements of an Event Management Solution / 2.2：
General Requirements / 2.2.1：
Functional Requirements / 2.2.2：
Data Requirements / 2.2.3：
Implications / 2.2.4：
Potential Benefits / 2.3：
Benefits for Single Enterprises / 2.3.1：
Analysis of Supply Network Effects / 2.3.2：
Benefits for Supply Networks / 2.3.3：
Summary on Potential Benefits / 2.3.4：
Existing Approaches / 2.4：
Tracking Systems / 2.4.1：
SCEM Software / 2.4.2：
Conclusion on Existing Approaches / 2.4.3：
Information Base for Event Management / 3：
Data Model / 3.1：
Representation of the Supply Network Domain / 3.1.1：
Aggregation and Refinement of Status Data / 3.1.2：
Disruptive Event Data for Decision Support / 3.1.3：
Extendable Data Structures / 3.1.4：
Semantic Interoperability / 3.2：
Requirements for Semantic Interoperability / 3.2.1：
Ontology for Supply Network Event Management / 3.2.2：
Data Sources / 3.3：
Data Bases / 3.3.1：
Internet Sources and Web Services / 3.3.2：
Radio Frequency Identification Technologies / 3.3.3：
Event Management Functions / 4：
Information Gathering in Supply Networks / 4.1：
Trigger Events / 4.1.1：
Inter-organizational Information Gathering / 4.1.2：
Proactive and Flexible Monitoring / 4.2：
Critical Profiles / 4.2.1：
Discovery of Critical Profiles / 4.2.2：
Continuous Assessment of Critical Profiles / 4.2.3：
Analysis and Interpretation of Event Data / 4.3：
Basic Approach / 4.3.1：
Data Interpretation with Fuzzy Logic / 4.3.2：
Aggregated Order Status / 4.3.3：
Assessment of Disruptive Events / 4.3.4：
Adjustment of Milestone Plans / 4.3.5：
Distribution of Event Data / 4.4：
Alert Management Process / 4.4.1：
Alert Decision Management / 4.4.2：
Escalation Management / 4.4.3：
Selection of Recipient and Media Type / 4.4.4：
Selection of Content / 4.4.5：
Event Management Process / 4.5：
Distributed Event Management in Supply Networks / 4.5.1：
Agent-based Concept / 5：
Software Agents and Supply Network Event Management / 5.1：
Introduction to Software Agents / 5.1.1：
Benefits of Agent Technology for Event Management / 5.1.2：
Related Work in Agent Technologies / 5.1.3：
Agent Oriented Software Engineering / 5.2：
Approaches / 5.2.1：
AUML for Supply Network Event Management / 5.2.2：
Agent Society for Supply Network Event Management / 5.3：
Roles and Agent Types / 5.3.1：
Agent Interactions / 5.3.2：
Institutional Agreements / 5.3.3：
Coordination Agent / 5.4：
Structure / 5.4.1：
Behaviors / 5.4.2：
Interactions / 5.4.3：
Surveillance Agent / 5.5：
Discourse Agent / 5.5.1：
Wrapper Agent / 5.6.1：
Prototype Implementations / 5.7.1：
Generic Prototype / 6.1：
Overview / 6.1.1：
Ontology Integration / 6.1.2：
Supply Network Testbed / 6.1.3：
Simulated Enterprise Data Base / 6.2.1：
Simulator / 6.2.2：
Industry Showcase / 6.3：
Evaluation / 6.3.1：
Concept / 7.1：
Constraints to an Evaluation / 7.1.1：
Multi-dimensional Evaluation / 7.1.2：
Analytical Evaluation / 7.2：
Effects of SNEM Cycles / 7.2.1：
Costs of Event Management / 7.2.2：
Cost-Benefit-Model and Benchmarks / 7.2.3：
Supply Network Effects / 7.2.4：
Event Management with Profiles / 7.2.5：
Conclusions / 7.2.6：
Experimental Evaluation / 7.3：
Reaction Function / 7.3.1：
Experimental Results / 7.3.2：
Cost-Benefit Analysis / 7.3.3：
Showcase Evaluation / 7.3.4：
Prototype Assessment / 7.4.1：
Analysis of Follow-up Costs / 7.4.2：
Summary - Benefits and Constraints / 7.4.3：
Conclusions and Outlook / 8：
Supply Network Event Management / 8.1：
Further Research Opportunities / 8.2：
Object Chips for Supply Network Event Management / 8.2.1：
Event Management in other Domains / 8.2.2：
Integration and Acceptance Issues / 8.2.3：
Appendices
References
Introduction / 1：
Event Management in Supply Networks / 2：
Problem / 2.1：
6.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
6. Computer Viruses and Malware
John Daniel Aycock
出版情報: Springer eBooks Computer Science , Springer US, 2006
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Dedication
List of Figures
Preface
We've Got Problems / 1：
Dramatis Personae / 1.1：
The Myth of Absolute Security / 1.2：
The Cost of Malware / 1.3：
The Number of Threats / 1.4：
Speed of Propagation / 1.5：
People / 1.6：
About this Book / 1.7：
Some Words of Warning / 1.8：
Definitions and Timeline / 2：
Malware Types / 2.1：
Logic Bomb / 2.1.1：
Trojan Horse / 2.1.2：
Back Door / 2.1.3：
Virus / 2.1.4：
Worm / 2.1.5：
Rabbit / 2.1.6：
Spyware / 2.1.7：
Adware / 2.1.8：
Hybrids, Droppers, and Blended Threats / 2.1.9：
Zombies / 2.1.10：
Naming / 2.2：
Authorship / 2.3：
Timeline / 2.4：
Viruses / 3：
Classification by Target / 3.1：
Boot-Sector Infectors / 3.1.1：
File Infectors / 3.1.2：
Macro Viruses / 3.1.3：
Classification by Concealment Strategy / 3.2：
No Concealment / 3.2.1：
Encryption / 3.2.2：
Stealth / 3.2.3：
Oligomorphism / 3.2.4：
Polymorphism / 3.2.5：
Metamorphism / 3.2.6：
Strong Encryption / 3.2.7：
Virus Kits / 3.3：
Anti-Virus Techniques / 4：
Detection: Static Methods / 4.1：
Scanners / 4.1.1：
Static Heuristics / 4.1.2：
Integrity Checkers / 4.1.3：
Detection: Dynamic Methods / 4.2：
Behavior Monitors/Blockers / 4.2.1：
Emulation / 4.2.2：
Comparison of Anti-Virus Detection Techniques / 4.3：
Verification, Quarantine, and Disinfection / 4.4：
Verification / 4.4.1：
Quarantine / 4.4.2：
Disinfection / 4.4.3：
Virus Databases and Virus Description Languages / 4.5：
Short Subjects / 4.6：
Anti-Stealth Techniques / 4.6.1：
Macro Virus Detection / 4.6.2：
Compiler Optimization / 4.6.3：
Anti-Anti-Virus Techniques / 5：
Retroviruses / 5.1：
Entry Point Obfuscation / 5.2：
Anti-Emulation / 5.3：
Outlast / 5.3.1：
Outsmart / 5.3.2：
Overextend / 5.3.3：
Armoring / 5.4：
Anti-Debugging / 5.4.1：
Anti-Disassembly / 5.4.2：
Tunneling / 5.5：
Integrity Checker Attacks / 5.6：
Avoidance / 5.7：
Weaknesses Exploited / 6：
Technical Weaknesses / 6.1：
Background / 6.1.1：
Buffer Overflows / 6.1.2：
Integer Overflows / 6.1.3：
Format String Vulnerabilities / 6.1.4：
Defenses / 6.1.5：
Finding Weaknesses / 6.1.6：
Human Weaknesses / 6.2：
Virus Hoaxes / 6.2.1：
Worms / 7：
Worm History / 7.1：
Xerox PARC, c. 1982 / 7.1.1：
The Internet Worm, November 1988 / 7.1.2：
Propagation / 7.2：
Initial Seeding / 7.2.1：
Finding Targets / 7.2.2：
Deworming / 8：
Defense / 8.1：
User / 8.1.1：
Host / 8.1.2：
Perimeter / 8.1.3：
Capture and Containment / 8.2：
Honeypots / 8.2.1：
Reverse Firewalls / 8.2.2：
Throttling / 8.2.3：
Automatic Countermeasures / 8.3：
"Applications" / 9：
Benevolent Malware / 9.1：
Spam / 9.2：
Access-for-Sale Worms / 9.3：
Cryptovirology / 9.4：
Information Warfare / 9.5：
Cyberterrorism / 9.6：
People and Communities / 10：
Malware Authors / 10.1：
Who? / 10.1.1：
Why? / 10.1.2：
The Anti-Virus Community / 10.2：
Perceptions / 10.2.1：
Another Day in Paradise / 10.2.2：
Customer Demands / 10.2.3：
Engineering / 10.2.4：
Open Questions / 10.2.5：
What Should We Do? / 11：
References
Index
Dedication
List of Figures
Preface
7.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
7. Computer Viruses and Malware
John Daniel Aycock
出版情報: SpringerLink Books - AutoHoldings , Springer US, 2006
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Dedication
List of Figures
Preface
We've Got Problems / 1：
Dramatis Personae / 1.1：
The Myth of Absolute Security / 1.2：
The Cost of Malware / 1.3：
The Number of Threats / 1.4：
Speed of Propagation / 1.5：
People / 1.6：
About this Book / 1.7：
Some Words of Warning / 1.8：
Definitions and Timeline / 2：
Malware Types / 2.1：
Logic Bomb / 2.1.1：
Trojan Horse / 2.1.2：
Back Door / 2.1.3：
Virus / 2.1.4：
Worm / 2.1.5：
Rabbit / 2.1.6：
Spyware / 2.1.7：
Adware / 2.1.8：
Hybrids, Droppers, and Blended Threats / 2.1.9：
Zombies / 2.1.10：
Naming / 2.2：
Authorship / 2.3：
Timeline / 2.4：
Viruses / 3：
Classification by Target / 3.1：
Boot-Sector Infectors / 3.1.1：
File Infectors / 3.1.2：
Macro Viruses / 3.1.3：
Classification by Concealment Strategy / 3.2：
No Concealment / 3.2.1：
Encryption / 3.2.2：
Stealth / 3.2.3：
Oligomorphism / 3.2.4：
Polymorphism / 3.2.5：
Metamorphism / 3.2.6：
Strong Encryption / 3.2.7：
Virus Kits / 3.3：
Anti-Virus Techniques / 4：
Detection: Static Methods / 4.1：
Scanners / 4.1.1：
Static Heuristics / 4.1.2：
Integrity Checkers / 4.1.3：
Detection: Dynamic Methods / 4.2：
Behavior Monitors/Blockers / 4.2.1：
Emulation / 4.2.2：
Comparison of Anti-Virus Detection Techniques / 4.3：
Verification, Quarantine, and Disinfection / 4.4：
Verification / 4.4.1：
Quarantine / 4.4.2：
Disinfection / 4.4.3：
Virus Databases and Virus Description Languages / 4.5：
Short Subjects / 4.6：
Anti-Stealth Techniques / 4.6.1：
Macro Virus Detection / 4.6.2：
Compiler Optimization / 4.6.3：
Anti-Anti-Virus Techniques / 5：
Retroviruses / 5.1：
Entry Point Obfuscation / 5.2：
Anti-Emulation / 5.3：
Outlast / 5.3.1：
Outsmart / 5.3.2：
Overextend / 5.3.3：
Armoring / 5.4：
Anti-Debugging / 5.4.1：
Anti-Disassembly / 5.4.2：
Tunneling / 5.5：
Integrity Checker Attacks / 5.6：
Avoidance / 5.7：
Weaknesses Exploited / 6：
Technical Weaknesses / 6.1：
Background / 6.1.1：
Buffer Overflows / 6.1.2：
Integer Overflows / 6.1.3：
Format String Vulnerabilities / 6.1.4：
Defenses / 6.1.5：
Finding Weaknesses / 6.1.6：
Human Weaknesses / 6.2：
Virus Hoaxes / 6.2.1：
Worms / 7：
Worm History / 7.1：
Xerox PARC, c. 1982 / 7.1.1：
The Internet Worm, November 1988 / 7.1.2：
Propagation / 7.2：
Initial Seeding / 7.2.1：
Finding Targets / 7.2.2：
Deworming / 8：
Defense / 8.1：
User / 8.1.1：
Host / 8.1.2：
Perimeter / 8.1.3：
Capture and Containment / 8.2：
Honeypots / 8.2.1：
Reverse Firewalls / 8.2.2：
Throttling / 8.2.3：
Automatic Countermeasures / 8.3：
"Applications" / 9：
Benevolent Malware / 9.1：
Spam / 9.2：
Access-for-Sale Worms / 9.3：
Cryptovirology / 9.4：
Information Warfare / 9.5：
Cyberterrorism / 9.6：
People and Communities / 10：
Malware Authors / 10.1：
Who? / 10.1.1：
Why? / 10.1.2：
The Anti-Virus Community / 10.2：
Perceptions / 10.2.1：
Another Day in Paradise / 10.2.2：
Customer Demands / 10.2.3：
Engineering / 10.2.4：
Open Questions / 10.2.5：
What Should We Do? / 11：
References
Index
Dedication
List of Figures
Preface
8.

図書
図書
8. Nanosystem characterization tools in the life sciences
edited by Challa S.S.R. Kumar
出版情報: Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, c2006  xviii, 395 p. ; 25 cm
シリーズ名: Nanotechnologies for the life sciences ; v. 3
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Preface
List of Contributors
Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes / Daniele Gerion1：
Introduction and Outlook / 1.1：
A New Era in Cell Biology / 1.1.1：
Manotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology / 1.1.2：
Fundamentals of Fluorescence / 1.2：
Basic Principles / 1.2.1：
A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes / 1.2.2：
Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms / 1.2.2.1：
A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling / 1.2.2.2：
Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants / 1.2.2.3：
Quantum Dots / 1.2.2.4：
Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials / 1.2.2.5：
Sources and Detectors / 1.2.3：
Light Sources / 1.2.3.1：
Detectors / 1.2.3.2：
Microscope Configurations / 1.3：
Wide-field Methods: Epi-, and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) / 1.3.1：
Epifluorescence Illumination / 1.3.1.1：
Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Illumination / 1.3.1.2：
Scanning Methods for Microscopy / 1.3.2：
Laser-scanning or Stage-scanning Confocal Microscopy / 1.3.2.1：
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) / 1.3.2.2：
Strategies for Image Acquisition / 1.4：
Intensity Imaging / 1.4.1：
Spectral Imaging / 1.4.2：
Lifetime and Time-gated Imaging / 1.4.3：
Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and FRET Imaging / 1.4.4：
Qdots in Biology: A Few Selected Examples / 1.5：
Ultra-high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping / 1.5.1：
Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment / 1.5.2：
Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells / 1.5.2.1：
Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells / 1.5.2.2：
In Vivo and Non-invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters / 1.5.3：
Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine? / 1.6：
Acknowledgments
References
Characterization of Nanoscale Systems in Biology using Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques / Anthony W. Coleman ; Adina N. Lazar ; Cecile F. Rousseau ; Sebastien Cecillon ; Patrick Shahgaldian2：
Introduction / 2.1：
The Scanning Probe Microscopy Experiment / 2.2：
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging / 2.3：
Atomic Force Microscopy / 2.4：
Generalities / 2.4.1：
Tips and Cantilevers / 2.4.2：
Contact Mode AFM / 2.4.3：
Dynamic Modes / 2.4.4：
Non-contact Mode / 2.4.4.1：
Intermittent Contact Mode / 2.4.4.3：
Force Modulation Mode / 2.4.4.4：
Friction Force Mode or Lateral Force Mode / 2.4.5：
Force-Distance Analysis / 2.4.6：
Chemical Force Imaging / 2.4.7：
Dip-pen Lithography / 2.4.8：
Cantilever Array Sensors / 2.4.9：
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy / 2.5：
Artifacts / 2.6：
Artifacts Related to Tip Size and Geometry / 2.6.1：
Artifacts from Damaged Tips / 2.6.2：
Artifacts from Tip-Sample Interactions / 2.6.3：
Sample Artifacts / 2.6.4：
Using the Tools / 2.7：
DNA / 2.7.1：
Topographic Imaging of DNA / 2.7.1.1：
Imaging DNA Translocation / 2.7.1.2：
DNA Interactions and Stretching / 2.7.1.3：
Proteins / 2.7.2：
Topographic Imaging of Proteins / 2.7.2.1：
Dip-pen Nanolithography Patterning of Proteins / 2.7.2.2：
Protein-Protein and Protein-Ligand Interactions / 2.7.2.3：
Polysaccharides / 2.7.3：
Proteoglycan Topographic Imaging / 2.7.3.1：
Lipid Systems / 2.7.4：
Liposomes / 2.7.4.1：
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) / 2.7.4.2：
Supported Lipid Bilayers and Monolayers / 2.7.4.3：
SNOM Imaging / 2.7.5：
Viruses / 2.7.6：
Cells / 2.7.7：
Topographic Imaging / 2.7.7.1：
Interactions and Mechanical Properties / 2.7.7.2：
NSOM Imaging / 2.7.7.3：
Cantilever Arrays as Biosensors / 2.7.8：
Conclusion / 2.8：
Books on Scanning Probe Microsopies Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology / Appendix 1：
Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology / Appendix 2：
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Characterization of Nanostructure Assemblies in Biosensing / Aren E. Gerdon ; David W. Wright ; David E. Cliffel3：
Principles of QCM / 3.1：
QCM Wave Penetration Depth / 3.1.2：
QCM Sensor Specificity / 3.1.3：
Calculation of Equilibrium and Kinetic Constants / 3.1.4：
QCM Application to Life Sciences / 3.1.5：
Interface Between Biology and Nanomaterials / 3.2：
Antibodies / 3.2.1：
Nanoparticles / 3.2.2：
QCM Nanoparticle-based Chemical Sensors / 3.3：
QCM Nanoparticle-based Biosensors / 3.4：
QCM Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors / 3.5：
Traditional Immunoassays / 3.5.1：
Immunoassays using Nanotechnology / 3.5.2：
Antigen Mimic Design / 3.5.3：
Glutathione-protected Nanocluster / 3.5.3.2：
Hemagglutanin Mimic Nanocluster / 3.5.3.3：
Protective Antigen of B. anthracis Mimic Nanocluster / 3.5.3.4：
Conclusions and Future Directions / 3.6：
Symbols
NMR Characterization Techniques - Application to Nanoscaled Pharmaceutical Carriers / Christian Mayer4：
Structural Analysis of Nanoparticles / 4.1：
Phase Transitions of the Particle Matrix / 4.3：
Adsorption to the Particle Surface / 4.4：
Molecular Exchange through Nanocapsule Membranes / 4.5：
Particle Degradation and Release / 4.6：
Summary and Outlook / 4.7：
Characterization of Nano Features in Biopolymers using Small-angle X-ray Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Modeling / Angelika Krebs ; Bettina Bottcher5：
Small-angle X-ray Scattering / 5.1：
Scattering Technique / 5.2.1：
Scattering Phenomenon / 5.2.1.1：
Scattering Curve and Pair Distance Distribution Function / 5.2.1.2：
Determination of Scattering Parameters / 5.2.1.3：
Experimental Setup / 5.2.1.4：
Interpretation of Data / 5.2.2：
Direct Methods / 5.2.2.1：
Indirect Methods / 5.2.2.2：
Electron Microscopy / 5.3：
Image Formation / 5.3.1：
Interference of Electrons with Matter / 5.3.1.1：
Contrast Transfer Function / 5.3.1.2：
Sample Preparation / 5.3.2：
Vitrification of Biological Specimens / 5.3.2.1：
Two-dimensional Merging of Electron Microscopic Data / 5.3.3：
Cross Correlation Function / 5.3.3.1：
Identification of the Different Views / 5.3.3.2：
Merging of EM-data in Three Dimensions / 5.3.4：
Sinogram Correlation / 5.3.4.1：
Reconstruction of the Three-dimensional Model / 5.3.4.2：
Merging of Methods / 5.4：
Comparison of EM and SAXS Data / 5.4.1：
SAXS Modeling Approaches using EM Information / 5.4.2：
In Situ Characterization of Drug Nanoparticles by FTIR Spectroscopy / Michael Turk ; Ruth Signorell6：
Particle Generation Methods / 6.1：
Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) / 6.2.1：
Electro-Spraying / 6.2.2：
Particle Characterization Methods / 6.3：
In Situ Characterization with FTIR Spectroscopy / 6.3.1：
Characterization of the RESS Process / 6.3.1.1：
In Situ Characterization with 3-WEM / 6.3.2：
Characterization with SMPS and SEM / 6.3.3：
Determination of Refractive Index Data in the Mid-infrared Region / 6.4：
Examples / 6.5：
Phenanthrene Particles: Size, Shape, Optical Data / 6.5.1：
Sugar Nanoparticles / 6.5.2：
Drug Nanoparticles / 6.5.3：
Summary and Conclusion / 6.6：
Acknowledgment
Characterization of Nanoscaled Drug Delivery Systems by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) / Karsten Mader7：
ESR Basics and Requirements / 7.1：
Information from ESR Spectroscopy and Imaging / 7.3：
Nitroxide Concentration / 7.3.1：
Micropolarity and Microviscosity / 7.3.2：
Monitoring of Microacidity / 7.3.3：
ESR Imaging / 7.3.4：
In Vivo ESR / 7.4：
X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy in Nanoscience and Lifesciences / Jinghua Guo7.5：
Soft X-ray Spectroscopy / 8.1：
Soft X-ray Absorption Edges / 8.2.1：
Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy / 8.2.2：
Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy / 8.2.3：
Resonant Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy / 8.2.4：
Experimental Details / 8.2.5：
Chemical Sensitivity of Soft X-ray Spectroscopy / 8.3：
Electronic Structure and Geometrical Structure / 8.3.1：
Hydrogen Bonding Effect / 8.3.2：
Charge and Spin States of Transition Metals / 8.3.3：
Electronic Structure and Nanostructure / 8.4：
Wide Bandgap Nanostructured Semiconductors / 8.4.1：
Cu Nanoclusters / 8.4.2：
ZnO Nanocrystals / 8.4.3：
Electronic Structure and Molecular Structure / 8.5：
Hydrogen Bonding in Liquid Water / 8.5.1：
Molecular Structure in Liquid Alcohol and Water Mixture / 8.5.2：
Electronic Structure and Ion Solvations / 8.5.3：
Drugs in Water Solution / 8.5.4：
Electronic Structure of Bases in DNA Duplexes / 8.5.5：
Some New Advances and Challenges in Biological and Biomedical Materials Characterization / Filip Braet ; Lilian Soon ; Thomas F. Kelly ; David J. Larson ; Simon P. Ringer9：
Modern Atom Probe Tomography: Principles, Applications in Biomaterials and Potential Applications for Biology / 9.1：
The Need for an Ideal Microscope / 9.2.1：
Field Ion Microscopy and the Modern Atom Probe Instrument / 9.2.1.1：
Applications in Biomaterials / 9.2.1.2：
Applications and Challenges for Biological Science / 9.2.1.3：
Instrumentation / 9.3：
Live Cell Imaging / 9.3.2.1：
Summary / 9.3.3：
Cryo-electron Microscopy / 9.4：
Cryo-electron Microscopy Imaging / 9.4.1：
Conclusions / 9.4.3：
Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy / Rhonda Dzakpasu ; Daniel Axelrod10：
Theory / 10.1：
Single Scattering Center / 10.2.1：
Multiple Scattering Centers / 10.2.2：
Temporal Autocorrelation of Intensity / 10.2.3：
Phase Fluctuation Factors / 10.2.4：
Number Fluctuation Factors / 10.2.5：
Characteristic Times and Distances / 10.2.6：
Spatial Autocorrelation of Intensity / 10.2.7：
Variance of Intensity Fluctuations: Mobile Fraction / 10.2.8：
Experimental Design / 10.3：
Optical Setup / 10.3.1：
Data Acquisition / 10.3.2：
Sample Preparation: Polystyrene Beads / 10.3.3：
Sample Preparation: Living Macrophages / 10.3.4：
Buffer Changes during Data Acquisition / 10.3.5：
Data Analysis / 10.4：
Temporal Intensity Autocorrelation Function / 10.4.1：
Spatial Intensity Autocorrelation Function / 10.4.2：
Mobile Fraction / 10.4.3：
Experimental Results / 10.5：
Polystyrene Beads: Temporal Phase Autocorrelation / 10.5.1：
Variance of Intensity Fluctuations on Beads: Phase Fluctuations / 10.5.2：
Polystyrene Beads: Number Fluctuations / 10.5.3：
Polystyrene Beads: Spatial Autocorrelation / 10.5.4：
Polystyrene Beads: Mobile Fractions / 10.5.5：
Living Macrophage Cells: Temporal Autocorrelation / 10.5.6：
Living Macrophage Cells: Mobile Fraction / 10.5.7：
Discussion / 10.6：
Polystyrene Beads / 10.6.1：
Macrophages / 10.6.2：
Improvements for DLSM / 10.6.3：
X-ray Scattering Techniques for Characterization of Nanosystems in Lifesciences / Cheng K. Saw11：
Brief Historical Background and Unique Properties / 11.1：
Scattering of X-rays / 11.3：
Crystallography / 11.4：
Scattering from a Powder Sample / 11.5：
Scattering by Atomic Aggregates / 11.6：
Crystallite Size and Paracrystallinity / 11.7：
Production of X-rays / 11.8：
Absorption of X-rays / 11.9：
Instrumentation: WAXS / 11.10：
Small Angle X-ray Scattering / 11.11：
Dilute Systems / 11.11.1：
Highly Correlating Systems / 11.11.2：
SAXS Instrumentation / 11.12：
Synchrotron Radiation / 11.13：
Concluding Remarks / 11.14：
Index
Preface
List of Contributors
Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes / Daniele Gerion1：
9.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
9. Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language
Hermann Helbig, Dov M. Gabbay, J?rg Siekmann
出版情報: Springer eBooks Computer Science , Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Knowledge Representation with MultiNet / Part I：
Introduction / 1：
Historical Roots / 2：
Basic Concepts / 3：
General Remarks / 3.1：
Classificatory Knowledge / 3.2：
Sorts and Features / 3.2.1：
Multidimensional Layer Attributes / 3.2.2：
Immanent vs. Situational Components of Meaning / 3.2.3：
Classification of Questions / 3.2.4：
Structural Means of Representation / 3.3：
Relations and Functions / 3.3.1：
Inferential Relationships - Axiomatic Rules / 3.3.2：
Semantic Characterization of Objects / 4：
The Hierarchical Order of Objects / 4.1：
Material Characterization of Objects / 4.2：
Qualitative Characterization of Objects / 4.3：
Assignment of Properties to Objects / 4.3.1：
Attribute-Value Characterizations / 4.3.3：
Instances, Attributes, and Values / 4.3.3.1：
Generic Concepts and Their Attributes / 4.3.3.2：
Possession, Attachment, and Association / 4.4：
Possession / 4.4.1：
Assignment of Objects to Objects (Attachment) / 4.4.2：
Association / 4.4.3：
Different Manifestations of Objects / 4.5：
Semantic Characterization of Situations / 5：
The General Structure of Situations / 5.1：
Events [Dynamic Situations] / 5.2：
Participants and C-Roles [Valency Frames] / 5.2.1：
Conceptual Subordination of Situations / 5.2.2：
Circumstances / 5.2.3：
States [Static Situations] / 5.3：
The Comparison of Entities / 6：
Typical Relations of Comparison / 6.1：
The Semantic Treatment of Comparison / 6.2：
The Absolute or Positive / 6.2.1：
The Comparative / 6.2.2：
The Superlative / 6.2.3：
The Spatio-temporal Characterization of Entities / 7：
General Remarks on Space and Time / 7.1：
Local Relations / 7.2：
Temporal Relations / 7.3：
Situations and Times / 7.4：
Modality and Negation / 8：
The Modal Characterization of Situations / 8.1：
Negation / 8.2：
Modalities in a Narrower Sense / 8.3：
Quantification and Pluralities / 9：
The Role of Layer Information in Semantic Representations / 10：
Degree of Generalization: GENER / 10.1：
Facticity: FACT / 10.3：
Determination of Reference: REFER / 10.4：
Variability: VARIA / 10.5：
Relations Between Situations / 11：
Semantic Interpretation of Conjunctions / 11.1：
Subordinating Conjunctions (Subordinators) / 11.1.1：
Coordinative Conjunctions (Coordinators) / 11.1.3：
Conditions and Reasons / 11.2：
Language Phenomena and Representational Means / 11.2.1：
Causality / 11.2.2：
Conditional Relations / 11.2.3：
Counterfactuals / 11.3：
Contextual Restrictions and Situational Embedding / 11.4：
The Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) / 11.5：
Lexicon and Knowledge Representation / 12：
Linguistic Knowledge and World Knowledge / 12.1：
The Semantic Component of the Lexicon / 12.2：
Question Answering and Inferences / 13：
Logical Principles / 13.1：
Classes of Questions and Inferential Answer Finding / 13.2：
Associatively Guided Question Answering / 13.3：
Software Tools for the Knowledge Engineer / Sample Applications / 14：
Knowledge Management as an Engineering Task / 14.1：
MWR - the Workbench for the Knowledge Engineer / 14.2：
NatLink - A Semantic Interpreter for MultiNet / 14.3：
LIA - the Workbench for the Computer Lexicographer / 14.4：
VILAB - The Virtual Laboratory / 14.5：
Comparison Between MultiNet and Other Semantic Formalisms / 15：
Introductory Remarks / 15.1：
MultiNet and Other Network Representations / 15.2：
Structured Inheritance Networks / 15.2.1：
The Semantic Network Processing System (SNePS) / 15.2.2：
Sowa's Conceptual Structures (SCS) / 15.2.3：
Scripts and the Conceptual Dependency Theory / 15.2.4：
MultiNet and Logic-Oriented Semantic Formalisms / 15.3：
The Discourse Representation Theory / 15.3.1：
Description Logics / 15.3.3：
The Generalized Quantifier Theory / 15.3.4：
Comparison Between MultiNet and Frame Representations / 15.4：
The Knowledge Representation Language KRL / 15.4.1：
The Knowledge Base Project CYC / 15.4.3：
The Representational Means of MultiNet / Part II：
Overview and Representational Principles / 16：
MultiNet Within the Context of Knowledge Processing / 16.1：
The Paradigm of Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks / 16.2：
Conventions of Description / 16.3：
Means for Expressing Classification and Stratification / 17：
Layers / 17.1：
General Remarks on the Typology of Layer Attributes / 17.2.1：
Degree of Generality (Attribute GENER) / 17.2.2：
Determination of Reference (Attribute REFER) / 17.2.3：
Variabihty (Attribute VARIA) / 17.2.4：
Facticity (Attribute FACT) / 17.2.5：
Quantification (QUANT) vs. Cardinality (CARD) / 17.2.6：
Type of Extensionality (Attribute ETYPE) / 17.2.7：
The Classification of Nominal Concepts / 17.2.8：
Encapsulation of Concepts / 17.3：
Overview / 18：
Relations / 18.2：
AFF: C-Role - Affected Object / 18.2.1：
AGT: C-Role - Agent / 18.2.2：
ANLG2/3: Similarity Between Entities / 18.2.3：
ANTE: Relation of Temporal Succession / 18.2.4：
ANTO: Antonymy Relation / 18.2.5：
ARG1/2/3: Argument Specification at the Metalevel / 18.2.6：
ASSOC: Association / 18.2.7：
ATTCH: Attachment of Objects / 18.2.8：
ATTR: Assignment of Attributes to Objects / 18.2.9：
AVRT: C-Role - Averting from an Object / 18.2.10：
BENE: C-Role - Beneficiary / 18.2.11：
CAUS: Causality, Relation Between Cause and Effect / 18.2.12：
CHEA: Sortal Change: Event - Abstract Concept / 18.2.13：
CHPA: Sortal Change: Property - Abstract Concept / 18.2.14：
CHPE: Sortal Change: Property - Event / 18.2.15：
CHPS: Sortal Change: Property - State / 18.2.16：
CHSA: Sortal Change: State - Abstract State / 18.2.17：
CHSP1/2/3: Sortal Change Between Situational Concepts and Properties / 18.2.18：
CIRC: Relation Between a Situation and a Concomitant Situation / 18.2.19：
CNVRS: Lexical Relation Between Converse Concepts / 18.2.20：
COMPL: Complementarity / 18.2.21：
CONC: Relation Expressing a Concession / 18.2.22：
COND: Conditional Relation / 18.2.23：
CONF: Relation Expressing the Conformity with an Abstract Frame / 18.2.24：
CONTR: Relation of Contrast / 18.2.25：
CORR: Qualitative or Quantitative Correspondence / 18.2.26：
CSTR: C-Role - Causator / 18.2.27：
CTXT: Relation Specifying a Restricting Context / 18.2.28：
DIRCL: Local Destination or Direction / 18.2.29：
DISTG/2/3: Relations Specifying a Difference / 18.2.30：
DPND: Dependency Relation / 18.2.31：
DUR: Relation Specifying a Temporal Extension / 18.2.32：
ELMT: Element Relation / 18.2.33：
EQU: Equivalence Relation / 18.2.34：
EXP: C-Role - Experiencer of an Event / 18.2.35：
EXT: Relation Between Intension and Extension / 18.2.36：
FIN: Temporal End / 18.2.37：
GOAL: Generalized Goal / 18.2.38：
HSIT: Constituents of a Hypersituation / 18.2.39：
IMPL: Implication Relation Between Situations / 18.2.40：
INIT: Initial Situation or Entity / 18.2.41：
INSTR: C-Role - Instrument / 18.2.42：
JUST: Justification of a Situation / 18.2.43：
LEXT: Relation Specifying a Local Extent / 18.2.44：
LOC: Location of a Situation / 18.2.45：
MAJ/MAJE: 'Greater than (or Equal to)'-Relation / 18.2.46：
MANNR: Relation Specifying the Manner / 18.2.47：
MCONT: C-Role - Relation Between a Mental Process and Its Content / 18.2.48：
MERO: Meronymy Relation / 18.2.49：
METH: C-Role - Method / 18.2.50：
MEXP: C-Role - Mental Experiencer / 18.2.51：
MIN/MINE: 'Smaller than (or Equal to)'-Relation / 18.2.52：
MODE: Generalized Mode of a Situation / 18.2.53：
MODL: Relation Specifying the Modality of a Situation / 18.2.54：
NAME: Assignment of a Name to an Object / 18.2.55：
OBJ: C-Role - Neutral Object as Participant / 18.2.56：
OPPOS: C-Role - Relation Specifying an Opposition / 18.2.57：
ORIG: Mental or Informational Origin / 18.2.58：
ORIGL: Relation Specifying the Local Origin / 18.2.59：
ORIGM: Relation Specifying the Material Origin / 18.2.60：
ORNT: C-Role - Orientation to an Object / 18.2.61：
PARS: Relation Between Part and Whole / 18.2.62：
POSS: Relation of Possession / 18.2.63：
PRED/PREDR/PREDS: Predicative Concept Governing a Plurality / 18.2.64：
PROP: Relation Between Object and Property / 18.2.65：
PROPR: Relation Between a Plurality and a Semantically Relational Property / 18.2.66：
PURP: Relation Specifying a Purpose / 18.2.67：
QMOD: Quantitative Modification / 18.2.68：
REAS: General Reason for a Situation / 18.2.69：
RPRS: Representational Form or Manifestation of an Object / 18.2.70：
RSLT: C-Role - Result / 18.2.71：
SCAR: C-Role - Carrier of a State (Passive) / 18.2.72：
SETOF: Relation Between the Extensional of a Plurality and the Governing Predicative Concept / 18.2.73：
SITU: Situational Embedding or Abstract Location / 18.2.74：
SOURC: Generalized Source or Origin / 18.2.75：
SSPE: C-Role - Entity Specifying a State / 18.2.76：
STRT: Relation Specifying the Temporal Beginning / 18.2.77：
SUB: Subordination of Concepts Representing Objects / 18.2.78：
SUBO: Generalized Subordination Relation / 18.2.79：
SUBM/SUBME: Subsumption of Sets (Set Inclusion) / 18.2.80：
SUBR: Metarelation for the Description of Relations / 18.2.81：
SUBS: Subordination of Situations / 18.2.82：
SUBST: Relation Specifying a Substitute for an Entity / 18.2.83：
SUPPL: Supplement Relation / 18.2.84：
SYNO: Synonymy Relation / 18.2.85：
TEMP: Relation Specifying a Temporal Frame / 18.2.86：
VAL: Relation Between Attribute and Value / 18.2.87：
VALR: Relation Between Attributes and Their Value Restriction / 18.2.88：
VIA: Relation Specifying a Spatial Path / 18.2.89：
Functions / 18.3：
ALTN1/2: Construction of Alternative Pluralities / 18.3.1：
COMP: Function for the Comparison of Properties / 18.3.2：
DIFF: Set Difference / 18.3.3：
FLP[subscript J]: Functions Generating Locations / 18.3.4：
INTSC: Intersection of Sets / 18.3.5：
ITMS/ITMS-I: Function for Enumerating Sets and Its Counterpart at the Intensional Level / 18.3.6：
MODP: Function for the Modification of Properties / 18.3.7：
MODQ: Function for the Modification of Quantities / 18.3.8：
MODS: Modification of a Situational Concept / 18.3.9：
NON: Family of Functions Specifying Negation / 18.3.10：
OP[subscript J]: Arithmetic Operations / 18.3.11：
ORD: Function Defining Ordinal Numbers / 18.3.12：
PMOD: Modification of Objects by Associative Properties / 18.3.13：
QUANT: Function Generating Quantities / 18.3.14：
SUPL: Function Characterizing the Superlative / 18.3.15：
TUPL: Function Generating Tuples / 18.3.16：
UNION: Union of Sets / 18.3.17：
VEL1/2: Disjunctive Composition of Situations / 18.3.18：
Table of Abbreviations / A：
Overview of the Representational Means / B：
Semantic Templates for the Meaning of Relations / C：
Characterization of Arcs with Regard to Their Knowledge Type / D：
Classes of Typical Axioms / E：
R-Axioms (Categorical Knowledge) / E.1：
R-Axioms (Default Knowledge) / E.2：
R-Axioms (Definitions of Relations) / E.3：
Axioms Concerning the Preextensional Level / E.4：
B-Axioms (Categorical Knowledge) / E.5：
R-Axioms and B-Axioms (Spatio-temporal Relations) / E.6：
Axiom Schemata (B-Axioms) / E.7：
Axiom Schemata (R-Axioms) / E.8：
Bibliography
List of Figures
Index
Knowledge Representation with MultiNet / Part I：
Introduction / 1：
Historical Roots / 2：
10.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
10. Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language
Hermann Helbig, Dov M. Gabbay, Jörg Siekmann
出版情報: SpringerLink Books - AutoHoldings , Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Knowledge Representation with MultiNet / Part I：
Introduction / 1：
Historical Roots / 2：
Basic Concepts / 3：
General Remarks / 3.1：
Classificatory Knowledge / 3.2：
Sorts and Features / 3.2.1：
Multidimensional Layer Attributes / 3.2.2：
Immanent vs. Situational Components of Meaning / 3.2.3：
Classification of Questions / 3.2.4：
Structural Means of Representation / 3.3：
Relations and Functions / 3.3.1：
Inferential Relationships - Axiomatic Rules / 3.3.2：
Semantic Characterization of Objects / 4：
The Hierarchical Order of Objects / 4.1：
Material Characterization of Objects / 4.2：
Qualitative Characterization of Objects / 4.3：
Assignment of Properties to Objects / 4.3.1：
Attribute-Value Characterizations / 4.3.3：
Instances, Attributes, and Values / 4.3.3.1：
Generic Concepts and Their Attributes / 4.3.3.2：
Possession, Attachment, and Association / 4.4：
Possession / 4.4.1：
Assignment of Objects to Objects (Attachment) / 4.4.2：
Association / 4.4.3：
Different Manifestations of Objects / 4.5：
Semantic Characterization of Situations / 5：
The General Structure of Situations / 5.1：
Events [Dynamic Situations] / 5.2：
Participants and C-Roles [Valency Frames] / 5.2.1：
Conceptual Subordination of Situations / 5.2.2：
Circumstances / 5.2.3：
States [Static Situations] / 5.3：
The Comparison of Entities / 6：
Typical Relations of Comparison / 6.1：
The Semantic Treatment of Comparison / 6.2：
The Absolute or Positive / 6.2.1：
The Comparative / 6.2.2：
The Superlative / 6.2.3：
The Spatio-temporal Characterization of Entities / 7：
General Remarks on Space and Time / 7.1：
Local Relations / 7.2：
Temporal Relations / 7.3：
Situations and Times / 7.4：
Modality and Negation / 8：
The Modal Characterization of Situations / 8.1：
Negation / 8.2：
Modalities in a Narrower Sense / 8.3：
Quantification and Pluralities / 9：
The Role of Layer Information in Semantic Representations / 10：
Degree of Generalization: GENER / 10.1：
Facticity: FACT / 10.3：
Determination of Reference: REFER / 10.4：
Variability: VARIA / 10.5：
Relations Between Situations / 11：
Semantic Interpretation of Conjunctions / 11.1：
Subordinating Conjunctions (Subordinators) / 11.1.1：
Coordinative Conjunctions (Coordinators) / 11.1.3：
Conditions and Reasons / 11.2：
Language Phenomena and Representational Means / 11.2.1：
Causality / 11.2.2：
Conditional Relations / 11.2.3：
Counterfactuals / 11.3：
Contextual Restrictions and Situational Embedding / 11.4：
The Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) / 11.5：
Lexicon and Knowledge Representation / 12：
Linguistic Knowledge and World Knowledge / 12.1：
The Semantic Component of the Lexicon / 12.2：
Question Answering and Inferences / 13：
Logical Principles / 13.1：
Classes of Questions and Inferential Answer Finding / 13.2：
Associatively Guided Question Answering / 13.3：
Software Tools for the Knowledge Engineer / Sample Applications / 14：
Knowledge Management as an Engineering Task / 14.1：
MWR - the Workbench for the Knowledge Engineer / 14.2：
NatLink - A Semantic Interpreter for MultiNet / 14.3：
LIA - the Workbench for the Computer Lexicographer / 14.4：
VILAB - The Virtual Laboratory / 14.5：
Comparison Between MultiNet and Other Semantic Formalisms / 15：
Introductory Remarks / 15.1：
MultiNet and Other Network Representations / 15.2：
Structured Inheritance Networks / 15.2.1：
The Semantic Network Processing System (SNePS) / 15.2.2：
Sowa's Conceptual Structures (SCS) / 15.2.3：
Scripts and the Conceptual Dependency Theory / 15.2.4：
MultiNet and Logic-Oriented Semantic Formalisms / 15.3：
The Discourse Representation Theory / 15.3.1：
Description Logics / 15.3.3：
The Generalized Quantifier Theory / 15.3.4：
Comparison Between MultiNet and Frame Representations / 15.4：
The Knowledge Representation Language KRL / 15.4.1：
The Knowledge Base Project CYC / 15.4.3：
The Representational Means of MultiNet / Part II：
Overview and Representational Principles / 16：
MultiNet Within the Context of Knowledge Processing / 16.1：
The Paradigm of Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks / 16.2：
Conventions of Description / 16.3：
Means for Expressing Classification and Stratification / 17：
Layers / 17.1：
General Remarks on the Typology of Layer Attributes / 17.2.1：
Degree of Generality (Attribute GENER) / 17.2.2：
Determination of Reference (Attribute REFER) / 17.2.3：
Variabihty (Attribute VARIA) / 17.2.4：
Facticity (Attribute FACT) / 17.2.5：
Quantification (QUANT) vs. Cardinality (CARD) / 17.2.6：
Type of Extensionality (Attribute ETYPE) / 17.2.7：
The Classification of Nominal Concepts / 17.2.8：
Encapsulation of Concepts / 17.3：
Overview / 18：
Relations / 18.2：
AFF: C-Role - Affected Object / 18.2.1：
AGT: C-Role - Agent / 18.2.2：
ANLG2/3: Similarity Between Entities / 18.2.3：
ANTE: Relation of Temporal Succession / 18.2.4：
ANTO: Antonymy Relation / 18.2.5：
ARG1/2/3: Argument Specification at the Metalevel / 18.2.6：
ASSOC: Association / 18.2.7：
ATTCH: Attachment of Objects / 18.2.8：
ATTR: Assignment of Attributes to Objects / 18.2.9：
AVRT: C-Role - Averting from an Object / 18.2.10：
BENE: C-Role - Beneficiary / 18.2.11：
CAUS: Causality, Relation Between Cause and Effect / 18.2.12：
CHEA: Sortal Change: Event - Abstract Concept / 18.2.13：
CHPA: Sortal Change: Property - Abstract Concept / 18.2.14：
CHPE: Sortal Change: Property - Event / 18.2.15：
CHPS: Sortal Change: Property - State / 18.2.16：
CHSA: Sortal Change: State - Abstract State / 18.2.17：
CHSP1/2/3: Sortal Change Between Situational Concepts and Properties / 18.2.18：
CIRC: Relation Between a Situation and a Concomitant Situation / 18.2.19：
CNVRS: Lexical Relation Between Converse Concepts / 18.2.20：
COMPL: Complementarity / 18.2.21：
CONC: Relation Expressing a Concession / 18.2.22：
COND: Conditional Relation / 18.2.23：
CONF: Relation Expressing the Conformity with an Abstract Frame / 18.2.24：
CONTR: Relation of Contrast / 18.2.25：
CORR: Qualitative or Quantitative Correspondence / 18.2.26：
CSTR: C-Role - Causator / 18.2.27：
CTXT: Relation Specifying a Restricting Context / 18.2.28：
DIRCL: Local Destination or Direction / 18.2.29：
DISTG/2/3: Relations Specifying a Difference / 18.2.30：
DPND: Dependency Relation / 18.2.31：
DUR: Relation Specifying a Temporal Extension / 18.2.32：
ELMT: Element Relation / 18.2.33：
EQU: Equivalence Relation / 18.2.34：
EXP: C-Role - Experiencer of an Event / 18.2.35：
EXT: Relation Between Intension and Extension / 18.2.36：
FIN: Temporal End / 18.2.37：
GOAL: Generalized Goal / 18.2.38：
HSIT: Constituents of a Hypersituation / 18.2.39：
IMPL: Implication Relation Between Situations / 18.2.40：
INIT: Initial Situation or Entity / 18.2.41：
INSTR: C-Role - Instrument / 18.2.42：
JUST: Justification of a Situation / 18.2.43：
LEXT: Relation Specifying a Local Extent / 18.2.44：
LOC: Location of a Situation / 18.2.45：
MAJ/MAJE: 'Greater than (or Equal to)'-Relation / 18.2.46：
MANNR: Relation Specifying the Manner / 18.2.47：
MCONT: C-Role - Relation Between a Mental Process and Its Content / 18.2.48：
MERO: Meronymy Relation / 18.2.49：
METH: C-Role - Method / 18.2.50：
MEXP: C-Role - Mental Experiencer / 18.2.51：
MIN/MINE: 'Smaller than (or Equal to)'-Relation / 18.2.52：
MODE: Generalized Mode of a Situation / 18.2.53：
MODL: Relation Specifying the Modality of a Situation / 18.2.54：
NAME: Assignment of a Name to an Object / 18.2.55：
OBJ: C-Role - Neutral Object as Participant / 18.2.56：
OPPOS: C-Role - Relation Specifying an Opposition / 18.2.57：
ORIG: Mental or Informational Origin / 18.2.58：
ORIGL: Relation Specifying the Local Origin / 18.2.59：
ORIGM: Relation Specifying the Material Origin / 18.2.60：
ORNT: C-Role - Orientation to an Object / 18.2.61：
PARS: Relation Between Part and Whole / 18.2.62：
POSS: Relation of Possession / 18.2.63：
PRED/PREDR/PREDS: Predicative Concept Governing a Plurality / 18.2.64：
PROP: Relation Between Object and Property / 18.2.65：
PROPR: Relation Between a Plurality and a Semantically Relational Property / 18.2.66：
PURP: Relation Specifying a Purpose / 18.2.67：
QMOD: Quantitative Modification / 18.2.68：
REAS: General Reason for a Situation / 18.2.69：
RPRS: Representational Form or Manifestation of an Object / 18.2.70：
RSLT: C-Role - Result / 18.2.71：
SCAR: C-Role - Carrier of a State (Passive) / 18.2.72：
SETOF: Relation Between the Extensional of a Plurality and the Governing Predicative Concept / 18.2.73：
SITU: Situational Embedding or Abstract Location / 18.2.74：
SOURC: Generalized Source or Origin / 18.2.75：
SSPE: C-Role - Entity Specifying a State / 18.2.76：
STRT: Relation Specifying the Temporal Beginning / 18.2.77：
SUB: Subordination of Concepts Representing Objects / 18.2.78：
SUBO: Generalized Subordination Relation / 18.2.79：
SUBM/SUBME: Subsumption of Sets (Set Inclusion) / 18.2.80：
SUBR: Metarelation for the Description of Relations / 18.2.81：
SUBS: Subordination of Situations / 18.2.82：
SUBST: Relation Specifying a Substitute for an Entity / 18.2.83：
SUPPL: Supplement Relation / 18.2.84：
SYNO: Synonymy Relation / 18.2.85：
TEMP: Relation Specifying a Temporal Frame / 18.2.86：
VAL: Relation Between Attribute and Value / 18.2.87：
VALR: Relation Between Attributes and Their Value Restriction / 18.2.88：
VIA: Relation Specifying a Spatial Path / 18.2.89：
Functions / 18.3：
ALTN1/2: Construction of Alternative Pluralities / 18.3.1：
COMP: Function for the Comparison of Properties / 18.3.2：
DIFF: Set Difference / 18.3.3：
FLP[subscript J]: Functions Generating Locations / 18.3.4：
INTSC: Intersection of Sets / 18.3.5：
ITMS/ITMS-I: Function for Enumerating Sets and Its Counterpart at the Intensional Level / 18.3.6：
MODP: Function for the Modification of Properties / 18.3.7：
MODQ: Function for the Modification of Quantities / 18.3.8：
MODS: Modification of a Situational Concept / 18.3.9：
NON: Family of Functions Specifying Negation / 18.3.10：
OP[subscript J]: Arithmetic Operations / 18.3.11：
ORD: Function Defining Ordinal Numbers / 18.3.12：
PMOD: Modification of Objects by Associative Properties / 18.3.13：
QUANT: Function Generating Quantities / 18.3.14：
SUPL: Function Characterizing the Superlative / 18.3.15：
TUPL: Function Generating Tuples / 18.3.16：
UNION: Union of Sets / 18.3.17：
VEL1/2: Disjunctive Composition of Situations / 18.3.18：
Table of Abbreviations / A：
Overview of the Representational Means / B：
Semantic Templates for the Meaning of Relations / C：
Characterization of Arcs with Regard to Their Knowledge Type / D：
Classes of Typical Axioms / E：
R-Axioms (Categorical Knowledge) / E.1：
R-Axioms (Default Knowledge) / E.2：
R-Axioms (Definitions of Relations) / E.3：
Axioms Concerning the Preextensional Level / E.4：
B-Axioms (Categorical Knowledge) / E.5：
R-Axioms and B-Axioms (Spatio-temporal Relations) / E.6：
Axiom Schemata (B-Axioms) / E.7：
Axiom Schemata (R-Axioms) / E.8：
Bibliography
List of Figures
Index
Knowledge Representation with MultiNet / Part I：
Introduction / 1：
Historical Roots / 2：
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