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1. Chemical catalysts for biomass upgrading / (: electronic bk)
edited by Mark Crocker, Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez
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Preface
Upgrading of Biomass via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) / Charles A. Mullen1：
Introduction / 1.1：
Catalytic Pyrolysis Over Zeolites / 1.1.1：
Catalytic Pyrolysis Over HZSM-5 / 1.1.1.1：
Deactivation of HZSM-5 During CFP / 1.1.1.2：
Modification of ZSM-5 with Metals / 1.1.1.3：
Modifications of ZSM-5 Pore Structure / 1.1.1.4：
CFP with Metal Oxide Catalysts / 1.1.2：
CFP to Produce Fine Chemicals / 1.1.3：
Outlook and Conclusions / 1.1.4：
References
The Upgrading of Bio-Oil via Hydrodeoxygenation / Adetoyese O. Oyedun and Madhumita Patel and Mayank Kumar and Amit Kumar2：
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) / 2.1：
Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol as a Model Compound / 2.2.1：
HDO of Phenolic (Guaiacol) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.1：
HDO of Phenolic (Anisole) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.2：
HDO of Phenolic (Cresol) Model Compounds / 2.2.1.3：
Hydrodeoxygenation of Aldehyde Model Compounds / 2.2.2：
Hydrodeoxygenation of Carboxylic Acid Model Compounds / 2.2.3：
Hydrodeoxygenation of Alcohol Model Compounds / 2.2.4：
Hydrodeoxygenation of Carbohydrate Model Compounds / 2.2.5：
Chemical Catalysts for the HDO Reaction / 2.3：
Catalyst Promoters for HDO / 2.3.1：
Catalyst Supports for HDO / 2.3.2：
Catalyst Selectivity for HDO / 2.3.3：
Catalyst Deactivation During HDO / 2.3.4：
Research Gaps / 2.4：
Conclusions / 2.5：
Acknowledgments
Upgrading of Bio-oil via Fluid Catalytic Cracking / Idoia Hita and Jose Maria Arandes and Javier Bilbao3：
Bio-oil / 3.1：
Bio-oil Production via Fast Pyrolysis / 3.2.1：
General Characteristics, Composition, and Stabilization of Bio-oil / 3.2.2：
Adjustment of Bio-oil Composition Through Pyrolytic Strategies / 3.2.2.1：
Bio-oil Stabilization / 3.2.2.2：
Valorization Routes for Bio-oil / 3.2.3：
Hydroprocessing / 3.2.3.1：
Steam Reforming / 3.2.3.2：
Extraction of Valuable Components from Bio-oil / 3.2.3.3：
Catalytic Cracking of Bio-oil: Fundamental Aspects / 3.3：
The FCC Unit / 3.3.1：
Cracking Reactions and Mechanisms / 3.3.2：
Cracking of Oxygenated Compounds / 3.3.3：
Cracking of Bio-oil / 3.3.4：
Bio-oil Cracking in the FCC Unit / 3.4：
Cracking of Model Oxygenates / 3.4.1：
Coprocessing of Oxygenates and Their Mixtures with Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) / 3.4.2：
Cracking of Bio-oil and Its Mixtures with VGO / 3.4.3：
Conclusions and Critical Discussion / 3.5：
Stabilization of Bio-oil via Esterification / Xun Hu4：
Reactions of the Main Components of Bio-Oil Under Esterification Conditions / 4.1：
Sugars / 4.2.1：
Carboxylic Acids / 4.2.2：
Furans / 4.2.3：
Aldehydes and Ketones / 4.2.4：
Phenolics / 4.2.5：
Other Components / 4.2.6：
Processes for Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3：
Esterification of Bio-oil Under Subcritical or Supercritical Conditions / 4.3.1：
Removal of the Water in Bio-oil to Enhance Conversion of Carboxylic Acids / 4.3.2：
In-line Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3.3：
Esterification Coupled with Oxidation / 4.3.4：
Esterification Coupled with Hydrogenation / 4.3.5：
Steric Hindrance in Bio-oil Esterification / 4.3.6：
Coking in Esterification of Bio-oil / 4.3.7：
Effects of Bio-oil Esterification on the Subsequent Hydrotreatment / 4.3.8：
Catalysts / 4.4：
Summary and Outlook / 4.5：
Catalytic Upgrading of Holocellulose-Derived C5 and C6 Sugars / Xingguang Zhang and Zhijun Tai and Amin Osatiashtiani and Lee Durndell and Adam F. Lee and Karen Wilson5：
Catalytic Transformation of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.1：
Isomerization Catalysts / 5.2.1：
Zeolites / 5.2.1.1：
Hydrotalcites / 5.2.1.2：
Other Solid Catalysts / 5.2.1.3：
Dehydration Catalysts / 5.2.2：
Zeolitic and Mesoporous Brønsted Solid Acids / 5.2.2.1：
Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Silicas / 5.2.2.2：
Metal-Organic Frameworks / 5.2.2.3：
Supported Ionic Liquids / 5.2.2.4：
Catalysts for Tandem Isomerization and Dehydration of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.2.3：
Bifunctional Zeolites and Mesoporous Solid Acids / 5.2.3.1：
Metal Oxides, Sulfates, and Phosphates / 5.2.3.2：
Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of C5-C6 Sugars / 5.2.3.3：
Ni Catalysts / 5.2.4.1：
Ru Catalysts / 5.2.4.2：
Pt Catalysts / 5.2.4.3：
Other Hydrogenation Catalysts / 5.2.4.4：
Hydrogenolysis Catalysts / 5.2.5：
Other Reactions / 5.2.6：
Conclusions and Future Perspectives / 5.3：
Chemistry of C-C Bond Formation Reactions Used in Biomass Upgrading: Reaction Mechanisms, Site Requirements, and Catalytic Materials / Tuong V. Bui and Nhung Duong and Felipe Anaya and Duong Ngo and Gap Warakunwit and Daniel E. Resasco6：
Mechanisms and Site Requirements of C-C Coupling Reactions / 6.1：
Aldol Condensation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.1：
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation / 6.2.1.1：
Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.1.2：
Alkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.2：
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation Mechanism / 6.2.2.1：
Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Alkylation Mechanism / 6.2.2.2：
Base-Catalyzed Alkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.2.3：
Hydroxyalkylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.3：
Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Mechanism / 6.2.3.1：
Site Requirement / 6.2.3.2：
Acylation: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.4：
Mechanistic Aspects of Acylation Reactions / 6.2.4.1：
Role of Brønsted vs. Lewis Acid in Acylation Over Zeolites / 6.2.4.2：
Ketonization: Mechanism and Site Requirement / 6.2.5：
Mechanism of Surface Ketonization / 6.2.5.1：
Optimization and Design of Catalytic Materials for C-C Bond Forming Reactions / 6.2.5.2：
Oxides / 6.3.1：
Magnesia (MgO) / 6.3.1.1：
Zirconia (ZrO2) / 6.3.1.2：
ZSM-5 / 6.3.2：
HY / 6.3.2.2：
HBEA / 6.3.2.3：
Downstream Conversion of Biomass-Derived Oxygenates to Fine Chemicals / Michèle Besson and Stéphane Loridant and Noémie Perret and Catherine Pinel7：
Selective Catalytic Oxidation / 7.1：
Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol / 7.2.1：
Glycerol to Glyceric Acid (GLYAC) / 7.2.2.1：
Glycerol to Tartronic Acid (TARAC) / 7.2.2.2：
Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) / 7.2.2.3：
Glycerol to Mesoxalic Acid (MESAC) / 7.2.2.4：
Glycerol to Glycolic Acid (GLYCAC) / 7.2.2.5：
Glycerol to Lactic Acid (LAC) / 7.2.2.6：
Oxidation of 5-HydroxymethylfurfuraI (HMF) / 7.2.3：
HMF to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) / 7.2.3.1：
HMF to 2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) / 7.2.3.2：
HMF to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid (HMFCA) or 5-Formyl-2-furancarboxylic Acid (FFCA) / 7.2.3.3：
Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis / 7.3：
Hydrogenolysis of Polyols / 7.3.1：
Hydrodeoxygenation of Polyols / 7.3.2.1：
C-C Hydrogenolysis of Polyols / 7.3.2.2：
Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids / 7.3.3：
Levulinic Acid / 7.3.3.1：
Succinic Acid / 7.3.3.2：
Selective Hydrogenation of Furanic Compounds / 7.3.4：
Reductive Amination of Acids and Furans / 7.3.5：
Catalyst Design for the Dehydration of Biosourced Molecules / 7.4：
Glycerol to Acrolein / 7.4.1：
Lactic Acid to Acrylic Acid / 7.4.3：
Sorbitol to Isosorbide / 7.4.4：
Conclusions and Outlook / 7.5：
Conversion of Lignin to Value-added Chemicals via Oxidative Depolymerization / Justin K. Mobley8：
Cautionary Statements / 8.1：
Catalytic Systems for the Oxidative Depolymerization of Lignin / 8.2：
Enzymes and Bio-mimetic Catalysts / 8.2.1：
Cobalt Schiff Base Catalysts / 8.2.2：
Vanadium Catalysts / 8.2.3：
Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) Catalysts / 8.2.4：
Commercial Products from Lignin / 8.3：
Stepwise Depolymerization of ß-O-4 Linkages / 8.4：
Benzylic Oxidation / 8.4.1：
Secondary Depolymerization / 8.4.2：
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Lignin Depolymerization / 8.5：
Outlook / 8.6：
Lignin Valorization via Reductive Depolymerization / Yang (Vanessa) Song9：
Late-stage Reductive Lignin Depolymerization / 9.1：
Mild Hydroprocessing / 9.2.1：
Harsh Hydroprocessing / 9.2.2：
Bifunctional Hydroprocessing / 9.2.3：
Liquid Phase Reforming / 9.2.4：
Reductive Lignin Depolymerization Using Hydrosilanes, Zinc, and Sodium / 9.2.5：
Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) / 9.3：
Reaction Conditions / 9.3.1：
Lignocellulose Source / 9.3.2：
Applied Catalyst / 9.3.3：
Acknowledgment / 9.4：
Conversion of Lipids to Biodiesel via Esterification and Transesterification / Amin Talebian-Kiakalaieh and Amin Nor Aishah Saidina10：
Different Feedstocks tor Biodiesel Production / 10.1：
Biodiesel Production / 10.3：
Algal Bio diesel Production / 10.3.1：
Nutrients for Microalgae Growth / 10.3.1.1：
Microalgae Cultivation System / 10.3.1.2：
Harvesting / 10.3.1.3：
Drying / 10.3.1.4：
Lipid Extraction / 10.3.1.5：
Catalytic Transesterification / 10.4：
Homogeneous Catalysts / 10.4.1：
Alkali Catalysts / 10.4.1.1：
Acid Catalysts / 10.4.1.2：
Two-step Esterification-Transesterification Reactions / 10.4.1.3：
Heterogeneous Catalysts / 10.4.2：
Solid Acid Catalysts / 10.4.2.1：
Solid Base Catalysts / 10.4.2.2：
Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification Reactions / 10.4.3：
Supercritical Transesterification Processes / 10.5：
Alternative Processes for Biodiesel Production / 10.6：
Ultrasonic Processes / 10.6.1：
Microwave-Assisted Processes / 10.6.2：
Summary / 10.7：
Upgrading of Lipids to Hydrocarbon Fuels via (Hydro)deoxygenation / David Kubicka11：
Feedstocks / 11.1：
Chemistry / 11.3：
Technologies / 11.4：
Sulfided Catalysts / 11.5：
Metallic Catalysts / 11.5.2：
Metal Carbide, Nitride, and Phosphide Catalysts / 11.5.3：
Upgrading of Lipids to Fuel-like Hydrocarbons and Terminal Olefins via Decarbonylation/Decarboxylation / Ryan Loe and Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez and Mark Crocker11.6：
Lipid Feeds / 12.1：
deCOx Catalysts: Active Phases / 12.3：
deCOx Catalysts: Support Materials / 12.4：
Reaction Mechanism / 12.5：
Catalyst Deactivation / 12.7：
Conversion of Terpenes to Chemicals and Related Products / Anne E. Harman-Ware12.8：
Terpene Biosynthesis and Structure / 13.1：
Sources of Terpenes / 13.3：
Conifers and Other Trees / 13.3.1：
Essential Oils and Other Extracts / 13.3.2：
Isolation of Terpenes / 13.4：
Tapping and Extraction / 13.4.1：
Terpenes as a By-product of Pulping Processes / 13.4.2：
Historical Uses of Raw Terpenes / 13.5：
Adhesives and Turpentine / 13.5.1：
Flavors, Fragrances, Therapeutics, and Pharmaceutical Applications / 13.5.2：
Catalytic Methods for Conversion of Terpenes to Fine Chemicals and Materials / 13.6：
Homogeneous Processes / 13.6.1：
Hydration and Oxidation Reactions / 13.6.1.1：
Homogeneous Catalysis for the Epoxidation of Monoterpenes / 13.6.1.2：
Isomerizations / 13.6.1.3：
Production of Terpene Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides / 13.6.1.4：
Polymers and Other Materials from Terpenes / 13.6.1.5：
"Click Chemistry" Routes for the Production of Materials and Medicinal Compounds from Terpenes / 13.6.1.6：
Heterogeneous Processes / 13.6.2：
Isomerization and Hydration of ¿-Pinene / 13.6.2.1：
Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Epoxidation of Monoterpenes / 13.6.2.2：
Isomerization of ¿-Pinene Oxide / 13.6.2.3：
Vitamins from Terpenes / 13.6.2.4：
Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reactions of Terpenes / 13.6.2.5：
Conversion of Terpenes to Fuels / 13.6.2.6：
Conversion of Chitin to Nitrogen-containing Chemicals / Xi Chen and Ning Yan14：
Waste Shell Biorefinery / 14.1：
Production of Amines and Amides from Chitin Biomass / 14.2：
Sugar Amines/Amides / 14.2.1：
Furanic Amines/Amides / 14.2.2：
Polyol Amines/Amides / 14.2.3：
Production of N-heterocyclic Compounds from Chitin Biomass / 14.3：
Production of Carbohydrates and Acetic Acid from Chitin Biomass / 14.4：
Production of Advanced Products from Chitin Biomass / 14.5：
Conclusion / 14.6：
Index / Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez and Mark Crocker15：
Preface
Upgrading of Biomass via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) / Charles A. Mullen1：
Introduction / 1.1：
2.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
2. Computational complexity : a conceptual perspective (: electronic bk)
Oded Goldreich
出版情報:   1 online resource (xxiv, 606 p.)
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Introduction and preliminaries / 1：
P, NP and NP-completeness / 2：
Variations on P and NP / 3：
More resources, more power? / 4：
Space complexity / 5：
Randomness and counting / 6：
The bright side of hardness / 7：
Pseudorandom generators / 8：
Probabilistic proof systems / 9：
Relaxing the requirements / 10：
Epilogue
Glossary of complexity classes / A：
On the quest for lower bounds / B：
On the foundations of modern cryptography / C：
Probabilistic preliminaries and advanced topics in randomization / D：
Explicit constructions / E：
Some omitted proofs / F：
Some computational problems / G：
List of Figures
Preface
Organization and Chapter Summaries
Acknowledgments
Introduction and Preliminaries
Introduction / 1.1：
A Brief Overview of Complexity Theory / 1.1.1：
Characteristics of Complexity Theory / 1.1.2：
Contents of This Book / 1.1.3：
Approach and Style of This Book / 1.1.4：
Standard Notations and Other Conventions / 1.1.5：
Computational Tasks and Models / 1.2：
Representation / 1.2.1：
Computational Tasks / 1.2.2：
Uniform Models (Algorithms) / 1.2.3：
Non-uniform Models (Circuits and Advice) / 1.2.4：
Complexity Classes / 1.2.5：
Chapter Notes
P, NP, and NP-Completeness
The P Versus NP Question / 2.1：
The Search Version: Finding Versus Checking / 2.1.1：
The Decision Version: Proving Versus Verifying / 2.1.2：
Equivalence of the Two Formulations / 2.1.3：
Two Technical Comments Regarding NP / 2.1.4：
The Traditional Definition of NP / 2.1.5：
In Support of P Different from NP / 2.1.6：
Philosophical Meditations / 2.1.7：
Polynomial-Time Reductions / 2.2：
The General Notion of a Reduction / 2.2.1：
Reducing Optimization Problems to Search Problems / 2.2.2：
Self-Reducibility of Search Problems / 2.2.3：
Digest and General Perspective / 2.2.4：
NP-Completeness / 2.3：
Definitions / 2.3.1：
The Existence of NP-Complete Problems / 2.3.2：
Some Natural NP-Complete Problems / 2.3.3：
NP Sets That Are Neither in P nor NP-Complete / 2.3.4：
Reflections on Complete Problems / 2.3.5：
Three Relatively Advanced Topics / 2.4：
Promise Problems / 2.4.1：
Optimal Search Algorithms for NP / 2.4.2：
The Class coNP and Its Intersection with NP / 2.4.3：
Exercises
Non-uniform Polynomial Time (P/poly) / 3.1：
Boolean Circuits / 3.1.1：
Machines That Take Advice / 3.1.2：
The Polynomial-Time Hierarchy (PH) / 3.2：
Alternation of Quantifiers / 3.2.1：
Non-deterministic Oracle Machines / 3.2.2：
The P/poly Versus NP Question and PH / 3.2.3：
More Resources, More Power?
Non-uniform Complexity Hierarchies / 4.1：
Time Hierarchies and Gaps / 4.2：
Time Hierarchies / 4.2.1：
Time Gaps and Speedup / 4.2.2：
Space Hierarchies and Gaps / 4.3：
Space Complexity
General Preliminaries and Issues / 5.1：
Important Conventions / 5.1.1：
On the Minimal Amount of Useful Computation Space / 5.1.2：
Time Versus Space / 5.1.3：
Circuit Evaluation / 5.1.4：
Logarithmic Space / 5.2：
The Class L / 5.2.1：
Log-Space Reductions / 5.2.2：
Log-Space Uniformity and Stronger Notions / 5.2.3：
Undirected Connectivity / 5.2.4：
Non-deterministic Space Complexity / 5.3：
Two Models / 5.3.1：
NL and Directed Connectivity / 5.3.2：
A Retrospective Discussion / 5.3.3：
PSPACE and Games / 5.4：
Randomness and Counting
Probabilistic Polynomial Time / 6.1：
Basic Modeling Issues / 6.1.1：
Two-Sided Error: The Complexity Class BPP / 6.1.2：
One-Sided Error: The Complexity Classes RP and coRP / 6.1.3：
Zero-Sided Error: The Complexity Class ZPP / 6.1.4：
Randomized Log-Space / 6.1.5：
Counting / 6.2：
Exact Counting / 6.2.1：
Approximate Counting / 6.2.2：
Searching for Unique Solutions / 6.2.3：
Uniform Generation of Solutions / 6.2.4：
The Bright Side of Hardness
One-Way Functions / 7.1：
Generating Hard Instances and One-Way Functions / 7.1.1：
Amplification of Weak One-Way Functions / 7.1.2：
Hard-Core Preicates / 7.1.3：
Reflections on Hardness Amplification / 7.1.4：
Hard Problems in E / 7.2：
Amplification with Respect to Polynomial-Size Circuits / 7.2.1：
Amplification with Respect to Exponential-Size Circuits / 7.2.2：
Pseudorandom Generators
The General Paradigm / 8.1：
General-Purpose Pseudorandom Generators / 8.2：
The Basic Definition / 8.2.1：
The Archetypical Application / 8.2.2：
Computational Indistinguishability / 8.2.3：
Amplifying the Stretch Function / 8.2.4：
Constructions / 8.2.5：
Non-uniformly Strong Pseudorandom Generators / 8.2.6：
Stronger Notions and Conceptual Reflections / 8.2.7：
Derandomization of Time-Complexity Classes / 8.3：
Defining Canonical Derandomizers / 8.3.1：
Constructing Canonical Derandomizers / 8.3.2：
Technical Variations and Conceptual Reflections / 8.3.3：
Space-Bounded Distinguishers / 8.4：
Definitional Issues / 8.4.1：
Two Constructions / 8.4.2：
Special-Purpose Generators / 8.5：
Pairwise Independence Generators / 8.5.1：
Small-Bias Generators / 8.5.2：
Random Walks on Expanders / 8.5.3：
Probabilistic Proof Systems
Interactive Proof Systems / 9.1：
Motivation and Perspective / 9.1.1：
Definition / 9.1.2：
The Power of Interactive Proofs / 9.1.3：
Variants and Finer Structure: An Overview / 9.1.4：
On Computationally Bounded Provers: An Overview / 9.1.5：
Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems / 9.2：
The Power of Zero-Knowledge / 9.2.1：
Proofs of Knowledge - A Parenthetical Subsection / 9.2.3：
Probabilistically Checkable Proof Systems / 9.3：
The Power of Probabilistically Checkable Proofs / 9.3.1：
PCP and Approximation / 9.3.3：
More on PCP Itself: An Overview / 9.3.4：
Relaxing the Requirements
Approximation / 10.1：
Search or Optimization / 10.1.1：
Decision or Property Testing / 10.1.2：
Average-Case Complexity / 10.2：
The Basic Theory / 10.2.1：
Ramifications / 10.2.2：
Glossary of Complexity Classes / Appendix A：
Preliminaries / A.1：
Algorithm-Based Classes / A.2：
Time Complexity Classes / A.2.1：
Space Complexity Classes / A.2.2：
Circuit-Based Classes / A.3：
On the Quest for Lower Bounds / Appendix B：
Boolean Circuit Complexity / B.1：
Basic Results and Questions / B.2.1：
Monotone Circuits / B.2.2：
Bounded-Depth Circuits / B.2.3：
Formula Size / B.2.4：
Arithmetic Circuits / B.3：
Univariate Polynomials / B.3.1：
Multivariate Polynomials / B.3.2：
Proof Complexity / B.4：
Logical Proof Systems / B.4.1：
Algebraic Proof Systems / B.4.2：
Geometric Proof Systems / B.4.3：
On the Foundations of Modern Cryptography / Appendix C：
The Underlying Principles / C.1：
The Computational Model / C.1.2：
Organization and Beyond / C.1.3：
Computational Difficulty / C.2：
Hard-Core Predicates / C.2.1：
Pseudorandomness / C.3：
Pseudorandom Functions / C.3.1：
Zero-Knowledge / C.4：
The Simulation Paradigm / C.4.1：
The Actual Definition / C.4.2：
A General Result and a Generic Application / C.4.3：
Definitional Variations and Related Notions / C.4.4：
Encryption Schemes / C.5：
Beyond Eavesdropping Security / C.5.1：
Signatures and Message Authentication / C.6：
General Cryptographic Protocols / C.6.1：
The Definitional Approach and Some Models / C.7.1：
Some Known Results / C.7.2：
Construction Paradigms and Two Simple Protocols / C.7.3：
Concluding Remarks / C.7.4：
Probabilistic Preliminaries and Advanced Topics in Randomization / Appendix D：
Probabilistic Preliminaries / D.1：
Notational Conventions / D.1.1：
Three Inequalities / D.1.2：
Hashing / D.2：
The Leftover Hash Lemma / D.2.1：
Sampling / D.3：
Formal Setting / D.3.1：
Known Results / D.3.2：
Hitters / D.3.3：
Randomnes Extractors / D.4：
Definitions and Various Perspectives / D.4.1：
Explicit Constructions / D.4.2：
Error-Correcting Codes / E.1：
Basic Notions / E.1.1：
A Few Popular Codes / E.1.2：
Two Additional Computational Problems / E.1.3：
A List-Decoding Bound / E.1.4：
Expander Graphs / E.2：
Definitions and Properties / E.2.1：
Some Omitted Proofs / E.2.2：
Proving That PH Reduces to #P / F.1：
Proving That IP(f) [characters not reproducible] AM(O(f)) [characters not reproducible] AM(f) / F.2：
Emulating General Interactive Proofs by AM-Games / F.2.1：
Linear Speedup for AM / F.2.2：
Some Computational Problems / Appendix G：
Graphs / G.1：
Boolean Formulae / G.2：
Finite Fields, Polynomials, and Vector Spaces / G.3：
The Determinant and the Permanent / G.4：
Primes and Composite Numbers / G.5：
Bibliography
Index
Introduction and preliminaries / 1：
P, NP and NP-completeness / 2：
Variations on P and NP / 3：
3.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
3. FinFETs and other multi-gate transistors (: electronic bk)
Jean-Pierre Colinge, editor
出版情報: [New York] : Springer, [20--]  1 online resource (xiii, 339 p.)
シリーズ名: Series on Integrated Circuits and Systems
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Preface
Table of Content
Contributors
The SOI MOSFET: from Single Gate to Multigate / 1：
MOSFET scaling and Moore's law / 1.1：
Short-Channel Effects / 1.2：
Gate Geometry and Electrostatic Integrity / 1.3：
A Brief History of Multiple-Gate MOSFETs / 1.4：
Single-gate SOI MOSFETs / 1.4.1：
Double-gate SOI MOSFETs / 1.4.2：
Triple-gate SOI MOSFETs / 1.4.3：
Surrounding-gate (quadruple-gate) SOI MOSFETs / 1.4.4：
Other multigate MOSFET structures / 1.4.5：
Multigate MOSFET memory devices / 1.4.6：
Multigate MOSFET Physics / 1.5：
Classical physics / 1.5.1：
Natural length and short-channel effects / 1.5.1.1：
Current drive / 1.5.1.2：
Corner effect / 1.5.1.3：
Quantum effects / 1.5.2：
Volume inversion / 1.5.2.1：
Mobility effects / 1.5.2.2：
Threshold voltage / 1.5.2.3：
Inter-subband scattering / 1.5.2.4：
References
Multigate MOSFET Technology / 2：
Introduction / 2.1：
Active Area: Fins / 2.2：
Fin Width / 2.2.1：
Fin Height and Fin Pitch / 2.2.2：
Fin Surface Crystal Orientation / 2.2.3：
Fin Surface Preparation / 2.2.4：
Fins on Bulk Silicon / 2.2.5：
Nano-wires and Self-Assembled Wires / 2.2.6：
Gate Stack / 2.3：
Gate Patterning / 2.3.1：
Threshold Voltage and Gate Workfunction Requirements / 2.3.2：
Polysilicon Gate / 2.3.2.1：
Metal Gate / 2.3.2.2：
Tunable Workfunction Metal Gate / 2.3.2.3：
Gate EWF and Gate Induced Drain Leakage (GIDL) / 2.3.3：
Independently Controlled Gates / 2.3.4：
Source/Drain Resistance and Capacitance / 2.4：
Doping the Thin Fins / 2.4.1：
Junction Depth / 2.4.2：
Parasitic Resistance/Capacitance and Raised Source and Drain Structure / 2.4.3：
Mobility and Strain Engineering / 2.5：
Wafer Bending Experiment / 2.5.1：
Nitride Stress Liners / 2.5.3：
Embedded SiGe and SiC Source and Drain / 2.5.4：
Local Strain from Gate Electrode / 2.5.5：
Substrate Strain: Strained Silicon on Insulator / 2.5.6：
Contacts to the Fins / 2.6：
Dumbbell source and drain contact / 2.6.1：
Saddle contact / 2.6.2：
Contact to merged fins / 2.6.3：
Acknowledgments
BSIM-CMG: A Compact Model for Multi-Gate Transistors / 3：
Framework for Multigate FET Modeling / 3.1：
Multigate Models: BSIM-CMG and BSIM-IMG / 3.3：
The BSIM-CMG Model / 3.3.1：
The BSIM-IMG Model / 3.3.2：
BSIM-CMG / 3.4：
Core Model / 3.4.1：
Surface Potential Model / 3.4.1.1：
I-V Model / 3.4.1.2：
C-V Model / 3.4.1.3：
Modeling Physical Effects of Real Devices / 3.4.2：
Quantum Mechanical Effects (QME) / 3.4.2.1：
Short-channel Effects (SCE) / 3.4.2.2：
Experimental Verification / 3.4.3：
Surface Potential of independent DG-FET / 3.5：
BSIM-IMG features / 3.5.2：
Summary / 3.6：
Physics of the Multigate MOS System / 4：
Device electrostatics / 4.1：
Double gate MOS system / 4.2：
Modeling assumptions / 4.2.1：
Gate voltage effect / 4.2.2：
Semiconductor thickness effect / 4.2.3：
Asymmetry effects / 4.2.4：
Oxide thickness effect / 4.2.5：
Electron tunnel current / 4.2.6：
Two-dimensional confinement / 4.3：
Mobility in Multigate MOSFETs / 5：
Double-Gate MOSFETs and FinFETs / 5.1：
Phonon-limited mobility / 5.2.1：
Confinement of acoustic phonons / 5.2.2：
Interface roughness scattering / 5.2.3：
Coulomb scattering / 5.2.4：
Temperature Dependence of Mobility / 5.2.5：
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Operation of DGSOI FETs / 5.2.6：
Crystallographic orientation / 5.2.7：
High-k dielectrics / 5.2.8：
Strained DGSOI devices / 5.2.9：
Silicon multiple-gate nanowires / 5.2.10：
Electrostatic description of Si nanowires / 5.3.1：
Electron transport in Si nanowires / 5.3.3：
Surface roughness / 5.3.4：
Experimental results and conclusions / 5.3.5：
Radiation Effects in Advanced Single- and Multi-Gate SOI MOSFETs / 6：
A brief history of radiation effects in SOI / 6.1：
Total Ionizing Dose Effects / 6.2：
A brief overview of Total Ionizing Dose effects / 6.2.1：
Advanced Single-Gate FDSOI devices / 6.2.2：
Description of Advanced FDSOI Devices / 6.2.2.1：
Front-gate threshold voltage shift / 6.2.2.2：
Single-transistor latch / 6.2.2.3：
Advanced Multi-Gate devices / 6.2.3：
Devices and process description / 6.2.3.1：
Single-Event Effects / 6.2.3.2：
Background / 6.3.1：
Effect of ion track diameter in nanoscale devices / 6.3.2：
Transient measurements on single-gate and FinFET SOI transistors / 6.3.3：
Scaling effects / 6.3.4：
Multi-Gate MOSFET Circuit Design / 7：
Digital Circuit Design / 7.1：
Impact of device performance on digital circuit design / 7.2.1：
Large-scale digital circuits / 7.2.2：
Leakage-performance trade off and energy dissipation / 7.2.3：
Multi-V[subscript T] devices and mixed-V[subscript T] circuits / 7.2.4：
High-temperature circuit operation / 7.2.5：
SRAM design / 7.2.6：
Analog Circuit Design / 7.3：
Device figures of merit and technology related design issues / 7.3.1：
Transconductance / 7.3.1.1：
Intrinsic transistor gain / 7.3.1.2：
Matching behavior / 7.3.1.3：
Flicker noise / 7.3.1.4：
Transit and maximum oscillation frequency / 7.3.1.5：
Self-heating / 7.3.1.6：
Charge trapping in high-k dielectrics / 7.3.1.7：
Design of analog building blocks / 7.3.2：
V-[subscript T]-based current reference circuit / 7.3.2.1：
Bandgap voltage reference / 7.3.2.2：
Operational amplifier / 7.3.2.3：
Comparator / 7.3.2.4：
Mixed-signal aspects / 7.3.3：
Current steering DAC / 7.3.3.1：
Successive approximation ADC / 7.3.3.2：
RF circuit design / 7.3.4：
SoC Design and Technology Aspects / 7.4：
Index
Preface
Table of Content
Contributors
4.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
4. Fluid mechanics : a short course for physicists (: electronic bk)
Gregory Falkovich
出版情報:   1 online resource (xii, 167 p.)
所蔵情報: loading…
目次情報: 続きを見る
Basic equations and steady flows / 1：
Unsteady flows / 2：
Dispersive waves / 3：
Epilogue / 4：
Solutions / 5：
References
Index
Preface
Prologue
Definitions and basic equations / 1.1：
Definitions / 1.1.1：
Equations of motion for an ideal fluid / 1.1.2：
Hydrostatics / 1.1.3：
Isentropic motion / 1.1.4：
Conservation laws and potential flows / 1.2：
Kinematics / 1.2.1：
Kelvin's theorem / 1.2.2：
Energy and momentum fluxes / 1.2.3：
Irrotational and incompressible flows / 1.2.4：
Flow past a body / 1.3：
Incompressible potential flow past a body / 1.3.1：
Moving sphere / 1.3.2：
Moving body of an arbitrary shape / 1.3.3：
Quasi-momentum and induced mass / 1.3.4：
Viscosity / 1.4：
Reversibility paradox / 1.4.1：
Viscous stress tensor / 1.4.2：
Navier-Stokes equation / 1.4.3：
Law of similarity / 1.4.4：
Stokes flow and the wake / 1.5：
Slow motion / 1.5.1：
The boundary layer and the separation phenomenon / 1.5.2：
Flow transformations / 1.5.3：
Drag and lift with a wake / 1.5.4：
Exercises
Instabilities / 2.1：
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability / 2.1.1：
Energetic estimate of the stability threshold / 2.1.2：
Landau's law / 2.1.3：
Turbulence / 2.2：
Cascade / 2.2.1：
Turbulent river and wake / 2.2.2：
Acoustics / 2.3：
Sound / 2.3.1：
Riemann wave / 2.3.2：
Burgers equation / 2.3.3：
Acoustic turbulence / 2.3.4：
Mach number / 2.3.5：
Linear waves / 3.1：
Surface gravity waves / 3.1.1：
Viscous dissipation / 3.1.2：
Capillary waves / 3.1.3：
Phase and group velocity / 3.1.4：
Weakly non-linear waves / 3.2：
Hamiltonian description / 3.2.1：
Hamiltonian normal forms / 3.2.2：
Wave instabilities / 3.2.3：
Non-linear Schrödinger equation (NSE) / 3.3：
Derivation of NSE / 3.3.1：
Modulational instability / 3.3.2：
Soliton, collapse and turbulence / 3.3.3：
Korteveg-de-Vries (KdV) equation / 3.4：
Waves in shallow water / 3.4.1：
The KdV equation and the soliton / 3.4.2：
Inverse scattering transform / 3.4.3：
Solutions to exercises
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Notes
Basic equations and steady flows / 1：
Unsteady flows / 2：
Dispersive waves / 3：
5.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
5. Turbulent premixed flames (: electronic bk)
edited by Nedunchezhian Swaminathan, K.N.C. Bray
出版情報:   1 online resource (xvi, 421 p.)
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目次情報: 続きを見る
Fundamentals and challenges / N. Swaminathan ; K. N. C. Bray1：
Modelling Methods / Part I：
Laminar flamelets and the Bray, Moss, and Libby model / 2：
Flame surface density and the G equation / L. Vervisch ; V. Moureau ; P. Domingo ; D. Veynante3：
Scalar-dissipation-rate approach / N. Chakraborty ; M. Champion ; A. Mura4：
Transported probability density function methods for premixed turbulent flames / R. P. Lindstedt5：
Combustion Instabilities / Part II：
Instabilities in flames / D. Bradley6：
Control strategies for combustion instabilities / A. P. Dowling ; A. S. Morgans7：
Simulation of thermoacoustic instability / L. Gicquel ; F. Nicoud ; T. Poinsot8：
Lean Flames in Practice / Part III：
Application of lean flames in internal combustion engines / Y. Urata ; A. M. K. P. Taylor9：
Application of lean flames in aero gas turbines / B. Jones10：
Application of lean flames in stationary gas turbines / 11：
Future Directions / Part IV：
Utilization of hot burnt gas for better control of combustion and emissions / S. Hayashi ; Y. Mizobuchi12：
Future directions and applications of lean premixed combustion / J. F. Driscoll13：
Future directions in modeling / 14：
Preface
List of Contributors
Fundamentals and Challenges
Aims and Coverage / 1.1：
Background / 1.2：
Governing Equations / 1.3：
Chemical Reaction Rate / 1.3.1：
Mixture Fraction / 1.3.2：
Spray Combustion / 1.3.3：
Levels of Simulation / 1.4：
DNS / 1.4.1：
RANS / 1.4.2：
LES / 1.4.3：
Equations of Turbulent Flow / 1.5：
Combustion Regimes / 1.6：
Modelling Strategies / 1.7：
Turbulent Transport / 1.7.1：
Reaction-Rate Closures / 1.7.2：
Models for LES / 1.7.3：
Data for Model Validation / 1.8：
References
Laminar Flamelets and the Bray, Moss, and Libby Model / 2.1：
The BML Model / 2.1.1：
Application to Stagnating Flows / 2.1.2：
Gradient and Counter-Gradient Scalar Transport / 2.1.3：
Laminar Flamelets / 2.1.4：
A Simple Laminar Flamelet Model / 2.1.5：
Conclusions / 2.1.6：
Flame Surface Density and the G Equation / 2.2：
Flame Surface Density / 2.2.1：
The G Equation for Laminar and Corrugated Turbulent Flames / 2.2.2：
Detailed Chemistry Modelling with FSD / 2.2.3：
FSD as a PDF Ingredient / 2.2.4：
Conclusion / 2.2.5：
Scalar-Dissipation-Rate Approach / 2.3：
Interlinks among SDR, FSD, and Mean Reaction Rate / 2.3.1：
Transport Equation for the SDR / 2.3.2：
A Situation of Reference - Non-Reactive Scalars / 2.3.3：
SDR in Premixed Flames and Its Modelling / 2.3.4：
Algebraic Models / 2.3.5：
Predictions of Measurable Quantities / 2.3.6：
LES Modelling for the SDR Approach / 2.3.7：
Final Remarks / 2.3.8：
Transported Probability Density Function Methods for Premixed Turbulent Flames / 2.4：
Alternative PDF Transport Equations / 2.4.1：
Closures for the Velocity Field / 2.4.2：
Closures for the Scalar Dissipation Rate / 2.4.3：
Reaction and Diffusion Terms / 2.4.4：
Solution Methods / 2.4.5：
Freely Propagating Premixed Turbulent Flames / 2.4.6：
The Impact of Molecular-Mixing Terms / 2.4.7：
Closure of Pressure Terms / 2.4.8：
Premixed Flames at High Reynolds Numbers / 2.4.9：
Partially Premixed Flames / 2.4.10：
Scalar Transport at High Reynolds Numbers / 2.4.11：
Instabilities in Flames / 2.4.12：
Flame Instabilities / 3.1.1：
Turbulent Burning, Extinctions, Relights, and Acoustic Waves / 3.1.2：
Auto-Ignitive Burning / 3.1.3：
Control Strategies for Combustion Instabilities / 3.2：
Energy and Combustion Oscillations / 3.2.1：
Passive Control / 3.2.2：
Tuned Passive Control / 3.2.3：
Active Control / 3.2.4：
Simulation of Thermoacoustic Instability / 3.3：
Basic Equations and Levels of Description / 3.3.1：
LES of Compressible Reacting Flows / 3.3.2：
3D Helmholtz Solver / 3.3.3：
Upstream-Downstream Acoustic Conditions / 3.3.4：
Application to an Annular Combustor / 3.3.5：
Application of Lean Flames in Internal Combustion Engines / 3.3.6：
Legislation for Fuel Economy and for Emissions / 4.1.1：
Lean-Burn Combustion Concepts for IC Engines / 4.1.2：
Role of Experiments for Lean-Burn Combustion in IC Engines / 4.1.3：
Concluding Remarks / 4.1.4：
Application of Lean Flames in Aero Gas Turbines / 4.2：
Background to the Design of Current Aero Gas Turbine Combustors / 4.2.1：
Scoping the Low-Emissions Combustor Design Problem / 4.2.2：
Emissions Requirements / 4.2.3：
Engine Design Trend and Effect of Engine Cycle on Emissions / 4.2.4：
History of Emissions Research to C.E. 2000 / 4.2.5：
Operability / 4.2.6：
Performance Compromise after Concept Demonstration / 4.2.7：
Lean-Burn Options / 4.2.8：
Application of Lean Flames in Stationary Gas Turbines / 4.2.9：
Common Combustor Configurations / 4.3.1：
Fuels / 4.3.2：
Water Injection / 4.3.3：
Emissions Regulations / 4.3.4：
Lean Blowoff / 4.3.5：
Combustion Instability / 4.3.7：
Flashback / 4.3.8：
Auto-Ignition / 4.3.9：
External Aerodynamics / 4.3.10：
Combustion Research for Industrial Gas Turbines / 4.3.11：
Future Trends and Research Emphasis / 4.3.12：
Utilization of Hot Burnt Gas for Better Control of Combustion and Emissions / 5.1：
Axially Staged Lean-Mixture Injection / 5.1.1：
Application of the Concept to Gas Turbine Combustors / 5.1.2：
Numerical Simulation towards Design Optimization / 5.1.3：
Future Directions and Applications of Lean Premixed Combustion / 5.2：
LPP Combustors / 5.2.1：
Reliable Models that Can Predict Lift-Off and Blowout Limits of Flames in Co-Flows or Cross-Flows / 5.2.2：
New Technology in Measurement Techniques / 5.2.3：
Unresolved Fundamental Issues / 5.2.4：
Summary / 5.2.5：
Future Directions in Modelling / 5.3：
Modelling Requirements / 5.3.1：
Assessment of Models / 5.3.2：
Nomenclature / 5.3.3：
Index
Fundamentals and challenges / N. Swaminathan ; K. N. C. Bray1：
Modelling Methods / Part I：
Laminar flamelets and the Bray, Moss, and Libby model / 2：
6.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
6. Panel data econometrics with R (: electronic bk)
Yves Croissant, Giovanni Millo
出版情報: [S.l.] : Wiley Online Library, [20--]  1 online resource (xix, 301 p.)
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Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Introduction / 1：
Panel Data Econometrics: A Gentle Introduction / 1.1：
Eliminating Unobserved Components / 1.1.1：
Differencing Methods / 1.1.1.1：
LSDV Methods / 1.1.1.2：
Fixed Effects Methods / 1.1.1.3：
R for Econometric Computing / 1.2：
The Modus Operandi of R / 1.2.1：
Data Management / 1.2.2：
Outsourcing to Other Software / 1.2.2.1：
Data Management Through Formulae / 1.2.2.2：
plm for the Casual R User / 1.3：
R for the Matrix Language User / 1.3.1：
R for the User of Econometric Packages / 1.3.2：
plm for the Proficient R User / 1.4：
Reproducible Econometric Work / 1.4.1：
Object-orientation for the User / 1.4.2：
plm for the R Developer / 1.5：
Object-orientation for Development / 1.5.1：
Notations / 1.6：
General Notation / 1.6.1：
Maximum Likelihood Notations / 1.6.2：
Index / 1.6.3：
The Two-way Error Component Model / 1.6.4：
Transformation for the One-way Error Component Model / 1.6.5：
Transformation for the Two-ways Error Component Model / 1.6.6：
Groups and Nested Models / 1.6.7：
Instrumental Variables / 1.6.8：
Systems of Equations / 1.6.9：
Time Series / 1.6.10：
Limited Dependent and Count Variables / 1.6.11：
Spatial Panels / 1.6.12：
The Error Component Model / 2：
Notations and Hypotheses / 2.1：
Some Useful Transformations / 2.11：
Hypotheses Concerning the Errors / 2.1.3：
Ordinary Least Squares Estimators / 2.2：
Ordinary Least Squares on the Raw Data: The Pooling Model / 2.2.1：
The between Estimator / 2.2.2：
The within Estimator / 2.2.3：
The Generalized Least Squares Estimator / 2.3：
Presentation of the GLS Estimator / 2.3.1：
Estimation of the Variances of the Components of the Error / 2.3.2：
Comparison of the Estimators / 2.4：
Relations between the Estimators / 2.4.1：
Comparison of the Variances / 2.4.2：
Fixed vs Random Effects / 2.4.3：
Some Simple Linear Model Examples / 2.4.4：
The Two-ways Error Components Model / 2.5：
Error Components in the Two-ways Model / 2.5.1：
Fixed and Random Effects Models / 2.5.2：
Estimation of a Wage Equation / 2.6：
Advanced Error Components Models / 3：
Unbalanced Panels / 3.1：
Individual Effects Model / 3.1.1：
Two-ways Error Component Model / 3.1.2：
Fixed Effects Model / 3.1.2.1：
Random Effects Model / 3.1.2.2：
Estimation of the Components of the Error Variance / 3.1.3：
Seemingly Unrelated Regression / 3.2：
Constrained Least Squares / 3.2.1：
Inter-equations Correlation / 3.2.3：
Sur With Panel Data / 3.2.4：
The Maximum Likelihood Estimator / 3.3：
Derivation of the Likelihood Function / 3.3.1：
Computation of the Estimator / 3.3.2：
The Nested Error Components Model / 3.4：
Presentation of the Model / 3.4.1：
Estimation of the Variance of the Error Components / 3.4.2：
Tests on Error Component Models / 4：
Tests on Individual and/or Time Effects / 4.1：
F Tests / 4.1.1：
Breusch-Pagan Tests / 4.1.2：
Tests for Correlated Effects / 4.2：
The Mundlak Approach / 4.2.1：
Hausman Test / 4.2.2：
Chamberlain's Approach / 4.2.3：
Unconstrained Estimator / 4.2.3.1：
Constrained Estimator / 4.2.3.2：
Fixed Effects Models / 4.2.3.3：
Tests for Serial Correlation / 4.3：
Unobserved Effects Test / 4.3.1：
Score Test of Serial Correlation and/or Individual Effects / 4.3.2：
Likelihood Ratio Tests for AR(1) and Individual Effects / 4.3.3：
Applying Traditional Serial Correlation Tests to Panel Data / 4.3.4：
Wald Tests for Serial Correlation using within and First-differenced Estimators / 4.3.5：
Wooldridge's within-based Test / 4.3.5.1：
Wooldridge's First-difference-based Test / 4.3.5.2：
Tests for Cross-sectional Dependence / 4.4：
Pairwise Correlation Coefficients / 4.4.1：
CD-type Tests for Cross-sectional Dependence / 4.4.2：
Testing Cross-sectional Dependence in a pseries / 4.4.3：
Robust Inference and Estimation for Non-spherical Errors / 5：
Robust Inference / 5.1：
Robust Covariance Estimators / 5.1.1：
Cluster-robust Estimation in a Panel Setting / 5.1.1.1：
Double Clustering / 5.1.1.2：
Panel Newey-west and SCC / 5.1.1.3：
Generic Sandwich Estimators and Panel Models / 5.1.2：
Panel Corrected Standard Errors / 5.1.2.1：
Robust Testing of Linear Hypotheses / 5.1.3：
An Application: Robust Hausman Testing / 5.1.3.1：
Unrestricted Generalized Least Squares / 5.2：
General Feasible Generalized Least Squares / 5.2.1：
Pooled GGLS / 5.2.11：
Fixed Effects GLS / 5.2.12：
First Difference GLS / 5.2.13：
Applied Examples / 5.2.2：
Endogeneity / 6：
The Instrumental Variables Estimator / 6.1：
Generalities about the Instrumental Variables Estimator / 6.2.1：
The within Instrumental Variables Estimator / 6.2.2：
Error Components Instrumental Variables Estimator / 6.3：
The General Model / 6.3.1：
Special Cases of the General Model / 6.3.2：
The within Model / 6.3.2.1：
Error Components Two Stage Least Squares / 6.3.2.2：
The Hausman and Taylor Model / 6.3.2.3：
The Amemiya-Macurdy Estimator / 6.3.2.4：
The Breusch, Mizon and Schmidt's Estimator / 6.3.2.5：
Balestra and Varadharajan-Krishnakumar Estimator / 6.3.2.6：
Estimation of a System of Equations / 6.4：
The Three Stage Least Squares Estimator / 6.4.1：
The Error Components Three Stage Least Squares Estimator / 6.4.2：
More Empirical Examples / 6.5：
Estimation of a Dynamic Model / 7：
Dynamic Model and Endogeneity / 7.1：
The Bias of the OLS Estimator / 7.1.1：
Consistent Estimation Methods for Dynamic Models / 7.1.2：
GMM Estimation of the Differenced Model / 7.2：
Instrumental Variables and Generalized Method of Moments / 7.2.1：
One-step Estimator / 7.2.2：
Two-steps Estimator / 7.2.3：
The Proliferation of Instruments in the Generalized Method of Moments Difference Estimator / 7.2.4：
Generalized Method of Moments Estimator in Differences and Levels / 7.3：
Weak Instruments / 7.3.1：
Moment Conditions on the Levels Model / 7.3.2：
The System GMM Estimator / 7.3.3：
Inference / 7.4：
Robust Estimation of the Coefficients' Covariance / 7.4.1：
Overidentification Tests / 7.4.2：
Error Serial Correlation Test / 7.4.3：
Panel Time Series / 7.5：
Heterogeneous Coefficients / 8.1：
Fixed Coefficients / 8.2.1：
Random Coefficients / 8.2.2：
The Swamy Estimator / 8.2.2.1：
The Mean Groups Estimator / 8.2.2.2：
Testing for Poolability / 8.2.3：
Cross-sectional Dependence and Common Factors / 8.3：
The Common Factor Model / 8.3.1：
Common Correlated Effects Augmentation / 8.3.2：
CCE Mean Groups vs. CCE Pooled / 8.3.2.1：
Computing the CCEP Variance / 8.3.2.2：
Nonstationarity and Cointegration / 8.4：
Unit Root Testing: Generalities / 8.4.1：
First Generation Unit Root Testing / 8.4.2：
Preliminary Results / 8.4.2.1：
Levin-Lin-Chu Test / 8.4.2.2：
Im, Pesaran and Shin Test / 8.4.2.3：
The Maddala and Wu Test / 8.4.2.4：
Second Generation Unit Root Testing / 8.4.3：
Count Data and Limited Dependent Variables / 9：
Binomial and Ordinal Models / 9.1：
The Binomial Model / 9.1.1：
Ordered Models / 9.1.1.2：
The Random Effects Model / 9.1.2：
The Conditional Logit Model / 9.1.2.1：
Censored or Truncated Dependent Variable / 9.2：
The Ordinary Least Squares Estimator / 9.2.1：
The Symmetrical Trimmed Estimator / 9.2.3：
Truncated Sample / 9.2.3.1：
Censored Sample / 9.2.3.2：
Count Data / 9.2.4：
The Poisson Model / 9.3.1：
The NegBin Model / 9.3.1.2：
Negbin Model / 9.3.2：
Random Effects Models / 9.3.3：
Spatial Correlation / 9.3.3.1：
Visual Assessment / 10.1.1：
Testing for Spatial Dependence / 10.1.2：
CD P Tests for Local Cross-sectional Dependence / 10.1.2.1：
The Randomized W Test / 10.1.2.2：
Spatial Lags / 10.2：
Spatially Lagged Regressors / 10.2.1：
Spatially Lagged Dependent Variables / 10.2.2：
Spatial OLS / 10.2.2.1：
ML Estimation of the SAR Model / 10.2.2.2：
Spatially Correlated Errors / 10.2.3：
Individual Heterogeneity in Spatial Panels / 10.3：
Random versus Fixed Effects / 10.3.1：
Spatial Panel Models with Error Components / 10.3.2：
Spatial Panels with Independent Random Effects / 10.3.2.1：
Spatially Correlated Random Effects / 10.3.2.2：
Estimation / 10.3.3：
Spatial Models with a General Error Covariance / 10.3.3.1：
General Maximum Likelihood Framework / 10.3.3.2：
Generalized Moments Estimation / 10.3.3.3：
Testing / 10.3.4：
LM Tests for Random Effects and Spatial Errors / 10.3.4.1：
Testing for Spatial Lag vs Error / 10.3.4.2：
Serial and Spatial Correlation / 10.4：
Maximum Likelihood Estimation / 10.4.1：
Serial and Spatial Correlation in the Random Effects Model / 10.4.1.1：
Serial and Spatial Correlation with KKP-Type Effects / 10.4.1.2：
Tests for Random Effects, Spatial, and Serial Error Correlation / 10.4.2：
Spatial Lag vs Error in the Serially Correlated Model / 10.4.2.2：
Bibliography
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
7.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
7. Geological fluid dynamics : sub-surface flow and reactions (: electronic bk)
O.M. Phillips
出版情報:   1 online resource (xi, 285 p.)
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Preface
Introduction / 1：
The basic principles / 2：
Patterns of flow / 3：
Flows with buoyancy variations / 4：
Patterns of reaction with flow / 5：
Extensions and examples / 6：
References
Index
Pores and fractures / 2.1：
Geometrical characteristics / 2.2：
Porosity / 2.2.1：
Double porosity in a fracture-matrix medium / 2.2.2：
The transport velocity and mass conservation / 2.3：
Mass Conservation / 2.3.1：
The incompressibility condition / 2.3.2：
The stream function / 2.3.3：
Darcy's law / 2.4：
Hydrostatics / 2.4.1：
Interstitial flow through a uniform matrix / 2.4.2：
Permeability / 2.4.3：
Reduced pressure and buoyancy / 2.4.4：
Boundary conditions / 2.4.5：
Mechanical energy balances / 2.5：
Flow tubes and flow resistance / 2.5.1：
Energy balances / 2.5.2：
Two theorems / 2.6：
The uniqueness theorem / 2.6.1：
The minimum dissipation theorem / 2.6.2：
The thermal energy balance / 2.7：
Dissolved species balance / 2.8：
Rate-limiting steps and the solute source term / 2.8.1：
First-order reactions / 2.8.2：
Equations of state / 2.9：
Dispersion / 2.10：
Kinematics of dispersion / 2.10.1：
Dispersion in a steady plume / 2.10.2：
Flow in uniform permeable media / 3.1：
Flow constraints / 3.1.1：
Laplace's equation / 3.1.2：
Some local flow patterns / 3.1.3：
Two-dimensional surface aquifers / 3.1.4：
Three-dimensional surface aquifer flow / 3.2：
How do surface aquifers work? / 3.2.1：
Regional scale aquifer flow / 3.2.2：
An example: the aquifer in Kent County, Maryland / 3.2.3：
Scales of water table elevation; relaxation, emergence and recharge times / 3.2.4：
Groundwater age distribution in an aquifer / 3.2.5：
Dispersion and transport of marked fluid / 3.3：
Measurements of permeability variations in sandy aquifers / 3.3.1：
Measured dispersion of injected tracers over sub-kilometer scales / 3.3.2：
Flow through a spatially random permeability field / 3.3.3：
Layered media / 3.4：
Anisotropy produced by fine-scale layering / 3.4.1：
Flow across layering with scattered fracture bands or gaps / 3.4.2：
Confining layers in a surface aquifer / 3.4.3：
Mixing in more permeable lenses / 3.4.4：
Fracture-matrix or "crack and block" media / 3.5：
Reservoirs and conduits / 3.5.1：
Transport of passive solute in co-existing fracture and matrix block flows / 3.5.2：
A passive contaminant front in a fracture-matrix aquifer / 3.5.3：
Distributed solute entering across the water table / 3.5.4：
Flow transients / 3.6：
Diffusion of pressure / 3.6.1：
Pressure diffusion and de-gassing following seismic release / 3.6.2：
Diffusion of pressure in a fracture-matrix medium / 3.6.3：
The occurrence of thermally driven flows / 4.1：
Buoyancy and the rotation vector / 4.2：
General properties of buoyancy-driven flows / 4.3：
Heat advection versus matrix diffusion: the Peclet number / 4.3.1：
Thermally driven flows: the Rayleigh number / 4.3.2：
Steady low Rayleigh number circulations / 4.4：
Slope convection with large aspect ratio l/h / 4.4.1：
Circulation in isolated, sloping permeable strata / 4.4.2：
Compact layered platforms and reefs at low Rayleigh numbers / 4.4.3：
Two-dimensional reefs or banks / 4.4.4：
Intermediate and high Rayleigh number plumes / 4.5：
Two-dimensional numerical solutions / 4.5.1：
How do these flows work? / 4.5.2：
Scaling analysis for two-dimensional flows / 4.5.3：
Circular platforms / 4.5.4：
Similarity solutions-two-dimensional plumes / 4.5.5：
The axi-symmetrical plume in a semi-infinite region / 4.5.6：
Salinity-driven flows / 4.6：
Freshwater lenses / 4.6.1：
Gravity currents in porous media / 4.6.2：
Thermal instabilities / 4.7：
Rayleigh-Darcy instability / 4.7.1：
A physical discussion / 4.7.2：
Related configurations / 4.7.3：
Thermo-haline circulations / 4.8：
Temperature destabilizing, salinity stabilizing / 4.8.1：
Both temperature and salinity stabilizing / 4.8.2：
Both temperature and salinity destabilizing / 4.8.3：
Temperature stabilizing, salinity destabilizing / 4.8.4：
Brine invasion beneath hypersaline lagoons / 4.8.5：
Instability of fronts / 4.9：
Simple reaction types / 5.1：
Dissolution / 5.1.1：
Combination / 5.1.2：
Replacement / 5.1.3：
An outline of flow-controlled reaction scenarious / 5.2：
The equilibration or reaction length / 5.2.1：
The reaction front scenario / 5.2.2：
The gradient reaction scenario / 5.2.3：
Mixing zones / 5.2.4：
Leaching or deposition of a mineral constituent / 5.3：
Dissolution in a uniform flow / 5.3.1：
Leaching in aquifer flow with infiltration across the water table / 5.3.2：
Dissolution in a fracture-matrix medium / 5.3.3：
The depletion time / 5.3.4：
The isothermal reaction front scenario / 5.4：
The front propagation speed and the fluid-rock ratio / 5.4.1：
Profiles in the reaction front / 5.4.2：
Reaction fronts in fracture-matrix media / 5.4.3：
Sorbing contaminant plumes / 5.4.4：
Dissolution and deposition rates in gradient reactions / 5.5：
The rock alteration index / 5.5.2：
Enhancement and destruction of porosity / 5.5.3：
The mixing zone scenario / 5.6：
Isotherm-following reactions / 5.7：
The reaction zone / 5.7.1：
Dehydration / 5.7.2：
Paleo-convection and dolomite formation in the Latemar Massif / 5.8：
Distributions of mineral alteration in Mississippi Valley-type deposits / 5.9：
Extensions / 6.1：
Examples / 6.2：
Coastal salt wedges / 6.2.1：
Permeability variations and the rotation vector / 6.2.2：
Confined aquifers / 6.2.3：
An unconfined or surface aquifer with a locally fractured confining layer / 6.2.4：
The Hole-Shaw cell / 6.2.5：
Bibliography
Preface
Introduction / 1：
The basic principles / 2：
8.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
8. Quantum optics. 3rd rev. and extended ed (: electronic bk)
Werner Vogel and Dirk-Gunnar Welsch
出版情報: Wiley Online Library Online Books, 2006 , Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, c2006
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Preface
Introduction / 1：
From Einstein's hypothesis to photon anti-bunching / 1.1：
Nonclassical phenorrena / 1.2：
Source-attributed light / 1.3：
Medium-assisted electromagnetic fields / 1.4：
Measurement of light statistics / 1.5：
Determination and preparation of quantum states / 1.6：
Quantized motion of cold atoms / 1.7：
Elements of quantum electrodynamics / 2：
Basic classical equations / 2.1：
The free electromagnetic field / 2.2：
Canonical quantization / 2.2.1：
Monochromatic-mode expansion / 2.2.2：
Nonmonochromatic modes / 2.2.3：
Interaction with charged particles / 2.3：
Minimal coupling / 2.3.1：
Multipolar coupling / 2.3.2：
Dielectric background media / 2.4：
Nondispersing and nonabsorbing media / 2.4.1：
Dispersing and absorbing media / 2.4.2：
Approximate interaction Hamiltonians / 2.5：
The electric-dipole approximation / 2.5.1：
The rotating-wave approximation / 2.5.2：
Effective Hamiltonians / 2.5.3：
Source-quantity representation / 2.6：
Time-dependent commutation relations / 2.7：
Correlation functions of field operators / 2.8：
Quantum states of bosonic systems / 3：
Number states / 3.1：
Statistics of the number states / 3.1.1：
Multi-mode number states / 3.1.2：
Coherent states / 3.2：
Statistics of the coherent states / 3.2.1：
Multi-mode coherent states / 3.2.2：
Displaced number states / 3.2.3：
Squeezed states / 3.3：
Statistics of the squeezed states / 3.3.1：
Multi-mode squeezed states / 3.3.2：
Quadrature eigenstates / 3.4：
Phase states / 3.5：
The eigenvalue problem of V / 3.5.1：
Cosine and sine phase states / 3.5.2：
Bosonic systems in phase space / 4：
The statistical density operator / 4.1：
Phase-space functions / 4.2：
Normal ordering: The P function / 4.2.1：
Anti-normal and symmetric ordering: The Q and the W function / 4.2.2：
Parameterized phase-space functions / 4.2.3：
Operator expansion in phase space / 4.3：
Orthogonalization relations / 4.3.1：
The density operator in phase space / 4.3.2：
Some elementary examples / 4.3.3：
Quantum theory of damping / 5：
Quantum Langevin equations and one-time averages / 5.1：
Hamiltonian / 5.1.1：
Heisenberg equations of motion / 5.1.2：
Born and Markov approximations / 5.1.3：
Quantum Langevin equations / 5.1.4：
Master equations and related equations / 5.2：
Master equations / 5.2.1：
Fokker-Planck equations / 5.2.2：
Damped harmonic oscillator / 5.3：
Langevin equations / 5.3.1：
Radiationless dephasing / 5.3.2：
Damped two-level system / 5.4：
Basic equations / 5.4.1：
Optical Bloch equations / 5.4.2：
Quantum regression theorem / 5.5：
Photoelectric detection of light / 6：
Photoelectric counting / 6.1：
Quantum-mechanical transition probabilities / 6.1.1：
Photoelectric counting probabilities / 6.1.2：
Counting moments and correlations / 6.1.3：
Photoelectric counts and photons / 6.2：
Detection scheme / 6.2.1：
Mode expansion / 6.2.2：
Photon-number statistics / 6.2.3：
Nonperturbative corrections / 6.3：
Spectral detection / 6.4：
Radiation-field modes / 6.4.1：
Input-output relations / 6.4.2：
Spectral correlation functions / 6.4.3：
Homodyne detection / 6.5：
Fields combining through a nonabsorbing beam splitter / 6.5.1：
Fields combining through an absorbing beam splitter / 6.5.2：
Unbalanced four-port homodyning / 6.5.3：
Balanced four-port homodyning / 6.5.4：
Balanced eight-port homodyning / 6.5.5：
Homodyne correlation measurement / 6.5.6：
Normally ordered moments / 6.5.7：
Quantum-state reconstruction / 7：
Optical homodyne tomography / 7.1：
Quantum state and phase-rotated quadratures / 7.1.1：
Wigner function / 7.1.2：
Density matrix in phase-rotated quadrature basis / 7.2：
Density matrix in the number basis / 7.3：
Sampling from quadrature components / 7.3.1：
Reconstruction from displaced number states / 7.3.2：
Local reconstruction of phase-space functions / 7.4：
Canonical phase statistics / 7.5：
Nonclassicality and entanglement of bosonic systems / 8：
Quantum states with classical counterparts / 8.1：
Nonclassical light / 8.2：
Photon anti-bunching / 8.2.1：
Sub-Poissonian light / 8.2.2：
Squeezed light / 8.2.3：
Nonclassical characteristic functions / 8.3：
The Bochner theorem / 8.3.1：
First-order nonclassicality / 8.3.2：
Higher-order nonclassicality / 8.3.3：
Nonclassical moments / 8.4：
Reformulation of the Bochner condition / 8.4.1：
Criteria based on moments / 8.4.2：
Entanglement / 8.5：
Separable and nonseparable quantum states / 8.5.1：
Partial transposition and entanglement criteria / 8.5.2：
Leaky optical cavities / 9：
Solution of the Helmholtz equation / 9.1：
Cavity-response function / 9.1.2：
Internal field / 9.2：
Coarse-grained averaging / 9.3.1：
Nonmonochromatic modes and Langevin equations / 9.3.2：
External field / 9.4：
Commutation relations / 9.4.1：
Field correlation functions / 9.5.1：
Unwanted losses / 9.7：
Quantum-state extraction / 9.8：
Medium-assisted electromagnetic vacuum effects / 10：
Spontaneous emission / 10.1：
Weak atom-field coupling / 10.1.1：
Strong atom-field coupling / 10.1.2：
Vacuum forces / 10.2：
Force on an atom / 10.2.1：
The Casimir force / 10.2.2：
Resonance fluorescence / 11：
Two-level systems / 11.1：
Intensity / 11.2.1：
Intensity correlation and photon anti-bunching / 11.2.2：
Squeezing / 11.2.3：
Spectral properties / 11.2.4：
Multi-level effects / 11.3：
Dark resonances / 11.3.1：
Intermittent fluorescence / 11.3.2：
Vibronic coupling / 11.3.3：
A single atom in a high-Q cavity / 12：
The Jaynes-Cummings model / 12.1：
Electronic-state dynamics / 12.2：
Reduced density matrix / 12.2.1：
Collapse and revival / 12.2.2：
Quantum nature of the revivals / 12.2.3：
Coherent preparation / 12.2.4：
Field dynamics / 12.3：
Photon statistics / 12.3.1：
The Micromaser / 12.4：
Quantum-state preparation / 12.5：
Schrodinger-cat states / 12.5.1：
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs of atoms / 12.5.2：
Measurements of the cavity field / 12.6：
Quantum state endoscopy / 12.6.1：
QND measurement of the photon number / 12.6.2：
Determining arbitrary quantum states / 12.6.3：
Laser-driven quantized motion of a trapped atom / 13：
Quantized motion of an ion in a Paul trap / 13.1：
Interaction of a moving atom with light / 13.2：
Radio-frequency radiation / 13.2.1：
Optical radiation / 13.2.2：
Dynamics in the resolved sideband regime / 13.3：
Nonlinear Jaynes-Cummings model / 13.3.1：
Decoherence effects / 13.3.2：
Nonlinear motional dynamics / 13.3.3：
Preparing motional quantum states / 13.4：
Sideband laser-cooling / 13.4.1：
Coherent, number and squeezed states / 13.4.2：
Motional dark states / 13.4.3：
Measuring the quantum state / 13.5：
Tomographic methods / 13.5.1：
Local methods / 13.5.2：
Determination of entangled states / 13.5.3：
Appendix
The medium-assisted Green tensor / A：
Basic relations / A.1：
Asymptotic behavior / A.2：
Equal-time commutation relations / B：
Algebra of bosonic operators / C：
Exponential-operator disentangling / C.1：
Normal and anti-normal ordering / C.2：
Sampling function for the density matrix in the number basis / D：
Index
Preface
Introduction / 1：
From Einstein's hypothesis to photon anti-bunching / 1.1：
9.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
9. Anaerobic waste-wastewater treatment and biogas plants : a practical handbook (: electronic bk)
Joseph C. Akunna
出版情報: Taylor & Francis Group, 2018  1 online resource (137 p. ; 24 cm)
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Preface
Abbreviations
Author
Biological Treatment Processes / 1：
Process Fundamentals / 1.1：
Anaerobic Processes / 1.2：
Process Description / 1.2.1：
Biomass Production / 1.2.2：
Factors Affecting Process Efficiency / 1.2.3：
Start-Up Inoculum / 1.2.3.1：
Waste Organic Content and Biodegradability / 1.2.3.2：
Nutrient Availability / 1.2.3.3：
pH and Alkalinity / 1.2.3.4：
Temperature / 1.2.3.5：
Solids and Hydraulic Retention Times / 1.2.3.6：
Organic Loading Rate / 1.2.3.7：
Toxic Compounds / 1.2.3.8：
Treatment Configuration: Single- and Multi-Stage Systems / 1.2.3.9：
Applications, Benefits, and Drawbacks / 1.2.4：
Aerobic Processes / 1.3：
Wastewater Treatment / 1.3.1：
Aerobic Digestion or Composting / 1.3.3：
Aerobic versus Anaerobic Processes / 1.3.4：
Anoxic Processes / 1.4：
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment / 2：
Applications and Limitations / 2.1：
Wastewater Biodegradability / 2.2：
Wastewater Pretreatment / 2.3：
Flow Equalization / 2.3.1：
pH Correction / 2.3.2：
Nutrient Balance / 2.3.3：
Temperature Control / 2.3.4：
Solids Reduction / 2.3.5：
Reduction of Toxic Compounds / 2.3.6：
Process Variations / 2.4：
System Configuration / 2.5：
Process Design and Operational Control / 2.6：
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) / 2.6.1：
Solids Retention Time (SRT) / 2.6.2：
Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) / 2.6.3：
Organic Loading Rate (OLR) / 2.6.4：
Food/Microorganism Ratio / 2.6.5：
Specific Biogas Yield / 2.6.6：
Specific Biogas Production Rate (BPR) / 2.6.7：
Treatment Efficiency / 2.6.8：
Performance and Process Monitoring Indicators / 2.6.9：
Foaming and Control / 2.8：
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of Organic Solid Residues and Biosolids / 3：
Applications, Benefits, and Challenges / 3.1：
Mono- and Co-Digestion / 3.2：
Standard Rate Digestion / 3.3：
High-Rate Digestion / 3.3.2：
Low-Solids Digestion / 3.3.3：
High-Solids (or "Dry") Digestion / 3.3.4：
Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic System / 3.3.5：
Process Design, Performance, and Operational Control / 3.4：
Feedstock C/N Ratio / 3.4.1：
Retention Time (RT) / 3.4.2：
Solids Loading Rate (SLR) / 3.4.3：
Biogas Production and Operational Criteria / 3.5：
Modes of Operation / 3.6：
Batch Operation / 3.6.1：
Semi-Continuous Operation / 3.6.2：
Continuous Operation / 3.6.3：
Pretreatment in Anaerobic Treatment / 4：
Need for Pretreatment / 4.1：
Mechanical Pretreatment / 4.2：
Collection and Segregation / 4.2.1：
Size Reduction / 4.2.2：
Ultrasound (US) / 4.2.3：
Biological Pretreatment / 4.3：
Aerobic Composting or Digestion / 4.3.1：
Fungi / 4.3.3：
Enzymatic Hydrolysis / 4.3.4：
Bio-Augmentation / 4.3.5：
Bio-Supplementation / 4.3.6：
Chemical Pretreatment / 4.4：
Acid and Alkaline / 4.4.1：
Ozonation / 4.4.2：
Thermal / 4.5：
High Temperature / 4.5.1：
Wet Air Oxidation / 4.5.2：
Pyrolysis / 4.5.3：
Microwave (MW) Irradiation / 4.5.4：
Combined Processes / 4.6：
Thermochemical Pretreatment / 4.6.1：
Thermomechanical Pretreatment / 4.6.2：
Extrusion / 4.6.3：
Summary of Common Pretreatments / 4.7：
Assessing the Effects of Pretreatment / 4.8：
Chemical Analysis / 4.8.1：
Biochemical Methane Potential / 4.8.2：
Posttreatment, Reuse, and Management of Co-Products / 5：
Biogas / 5.1：
Biogas Utilization / 5.1.1：
Biogas Treatment / 5.1.2：
Moisture and Particulates Reduction / 5.1.2.1：
Biogas Upgrading / 5.1.2.2：
Hydrogen Sulfide Removal / 5.1.2.3：
Simultaneous Removal of CO2 and H2S / 5.1.2.4：
Siloxanes Occurrence and Removal / 5.1.2.5：
Health and Safety Considerations / 5.1.3：
Liquid Effluents / 5.2：
Digestate Management and Disposal / 5.3：
Characteristics and Management Options / 5.3.1：
Aerobic Composting / 5.3.2：
Disinfection / 5.3.3：
Applications in Warm Climates and Developing Countries / 6：
Characteristics of Warm Climatic Conditions / 6.1：
Characteristics of Developing Countries / 6.2：
Waste and Wastewater Characteristics / 6.3：
Large-Scale Systems / 6.4：
Micro-Scale Systems / 6.4.2：
Waste Stabilization Ponds / 6.4.3：
Solid Wastes and Slurries Treatment / 6.5：
Case Studies / 7：
Brewery Wastewater Treatment Using the Granular Bed Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (GRABBR) / 7.1：
Seaweed Anaerobic Digestion / 7.2：
Seaweed Anaerobic Co-Digestion / 7.3：
Worked Examples on Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment / Appendix A：
Worked Examples on Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Wastes and Biosolids / Appendix B：
References and Further Reading
Subject Index
Preface
Abbreviations
Author
10.

電子ブック
ＥＢ
10. Mathematical finance : theory, modeling, implementation (: electronic bk)
Christian Fries
出版情報: [S.l.] : Wiley Online Library, [20--]  1 online resource (xxii, 520 p.)
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Introduction / 1：
Theory, Modeling and Implementation / 1.1：
Interest Rate Models and Interest Rate Derivatives / 1.2：
How to Read this Book / 1.3：
Abridged Versions / 1.3.1：
Special Sections / 1.3.2：
Notation / 1.3.3：
Foundations / I：
Probability Theory / 2：
Stochastic Processes / 2.2：
Filtration / 2.3：
Brownian Motion / 2.4：
Wiener Measure, Canonical Setup / 2.5：
Itô Calculus / 2.6：
Itô Integral / 2.6.1：
Itô Process / 2.6.2：
Itô Lemma and Product Rule / 2.6.3：
Brownian Motion with Instantaneous Correlation / 2.7：
Martingales / 2.8：
Change of Measure (Girsanov, Cameron, Martin / 2.8.1 Martingale Representation Theorem：
Stochastic Integration / 2.10：
Partial Differential Equations (PDE / 2.11：
Feynman-Kac Theorem / 2.11.1：
List of Symbols / 2.12：
Replication / 3：
Replication Strategies / 3.1：
Replication in a discrete Model / 3.1.1：
Foundations: Equivalent Martingale Measure / 3.2：
Challenge and Solution Outline / 3.2.1：
Steps towards the Universal Pricing Theorem / 3.2.2：
Excursus: Relative Prices and Risk Neutral Measures / 3.3：
Why relative prices? / 3.3.1：
Risk Neutral Measure / 3.3.2：
First Applications / II：
Pricing of a European Stock Option under the Black-Scholes Model / 4：
Excursus: The Density of the Underlying of a European Call Option / 5：
Excursus: Interpolation of European Option Prices / 6：
No-Arbitrage Conditions for Interpolated Prices / 6.1：
Arbitrage Violations through Interpolation / 6.2：
Example (1): Interpolation of four Prices / 6.2.1：
Example (2): Interpolation of two Prices / 6.2.2：
Arbitrage-Free Interpolation of European Option Prices / 6.3：
Hedging in Continuous and Discrete Time and the Greeks / 7：
Deriving the Replications Strategy from Pricing Theory / 7.1：
Deriving the Replication Strategy under the Assumption of a Locally Riskless Product / 7.2.1：
The Black-Scholes Differential Equation / 7.2.2：
Example: Replication Portfolio and PDE under a Black-Scholes Model / 7.2.3：
Greeks / 7.3：
Greeks of a European Call-Option under the Black-Scholes model / 7.3.1：
Hedging in Discrete Time: Delta and Delta-Gamma Hedging / 7.4：
Delta Hedging / 7.4.1：
Error Propagation / 7.4.2：
Delta-Gamma Hedging / 7.4.3：
Vega Hedging / 7.4.4：
Hedging in Discrete Time: Minimizing the Residual Error (Bouchaud-Sornette Method / 7.5：
Minimizing the Residual Error at Maturity T / 7.5.1：
Minimizing the Residual Error in each Time Step / 7.5.2：
Interest Rate Structures, Interest Rate Products And Analytic Pricing Formulas / III：
Interest Rate Structures / Motivation and Overview：
Fixing Times and Tenor Times / 8.1：
Definitions / 8.2：
Interest Rate Curve Bootstrapping / 8.3：
Interpolation of Interest Rate Curves / 8.4：
Implementation / 8.5：
Simple Interest Rate Products / 9：
Interest Rate Products Part 1: Products without Optionality / 9.1：
Fix, Floating and Swap / 9.1.1：
Money-Market Account / 9.1.2：
Interest Rate Products Part 2: Simple Options / 9.2：
Cap, Floor, Swaption / 9.2.1：
Foreign Caplet, Quanto / 9.2.2：
The Black Model for a Caplet / 10：
Pricing of a Quanto Caplet / Modeling the FFX11：
Choice of Numéraire / 11.1：
Exotic Derivatives / 12：
Prototypical Product Properties / 12.1：
Interest Rate Products Part 3: Exotic Interest Rate Derivatives / 12.2：
Structured Bond, Structured Swap, Zero Structure / 12.2.1：
Bermudan Option / 12.2.2：
Bermudan Callable and Bermudan Cancelable / 12.2.3：
Compound Options / 12.2.4：
Trigger Products / 12.2.5：
Structured Coupons / 12.2.6：
Shout Options / 12.2.7：
Product Toolbox / 12.3：
Discretization And Numerical Valuation Methods / IV：
Discretization of time and state space / 13：
Discretization of Time: The Euler and the Milstein Scheme / 13.1：
Time-Discretization of a Lognormal Process / 13.1.1：
Discretization of Paths (Monte-Carlo Simulation) / 13.2：
Monte-Carlo Simulation / 13.2.1：
Weighted Monte-Carlo Simulation / 13.2.2：
Review / 13.2.3：
Discretization of State Space / 13.3：
Backward-Algorithm / 13.3.1：
Path Simulation through a Lattice: Two Layers / 13.3.3：
Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations / 14：
Pricing Bermudan Options in a Monte Carlo Simulation / 15：
Bermudan Options: Notation / 15.1：
Bermudan Callable / 15.2.1：
Relative Prices / 15.2.2：
Bermudan Option as Optimal Exercise Problem / 15.3：
Bermudan Option Value as single (unconditioned) Expectation: The Optimal Exercise Value / 15.3.1：
Bermudan Option Pricing - The Backward Algorithm / 15.4：
Re-simulation / 15.5：
Perfect Foresight / 15.6：
Conditional Expectation as Functional Dependence / 15.7：
Binning / 15.8：
Binning as a Least-Square Regression / 15.8.1：
Foresight Bias / 15.9：
Regression Methods - Least Square Monte-Carlo / 15.10：
Least Square Approximation of the Conditional Expectation / 15.10.1：
Example: Evaluation of a Bermudan Option on a Stock / Backward Algorithm with Conditional Expectation Estimator15.10.2：
Example: Evaluation of a Bermudan Callable / 15.10.3：
Binning as linear Least-Square Regression / 15.10.4：
Optimization Methods / 15.11：
Andersen Algorithm for Bermudan Swaptions / 15.11.1：
Review of the Threshold Optimization Method / 15.11.2：
Optimization of Exercise Strategy: A more general Formulation / 15.11.3：
Comparison of Optimization Method and Regression Method / 15.11.4：
Duality Method: Upper Bound for Bermudan Option Prices / 15.12：
American Option Evaluation as Optimal Stopping Problem / 15.12.1：
Primal-Dual Method: Upper and Lower Bound / 15.13：
Pricing Path-Dependent Options in a Backward Algorithm / 16：
Evaluation of a Snowball / Memory in a Backward Algorithm / 16.1：
Evaluation of a Flexi Cap in a Backward Algorithm / 16.2：
Sensitivities / Partial Derivatives) of Monte Carlo Prices17：
Problem Description / 17.1：
Pricing using Monte-Carlo Simulation / 17.2.1：
Sensitivities from Monte-Carlo Pricing / 17.2.2：
Example: The Linear and the Discontinuous Payout / 17.2.3：
Example: Trigger Products / 17.2.4：
Generic Sensitivities: Bumping the Model / 17.3：
Sensitivities by Finite Differences / 17.4：
Example: Finite Differences applied to Smooth and Discontinuous Payout / 17.4.1：
Sensitivities by Pathwise Differentiation / 17.5：
Example: Delta of a European Option under a Black-Scholes Model / 17.5.1：
Pathwise Differentiation for Discontinuous Payouts / 17.5.2：
Sensitivities by Likelihood Ratio Weighting / 17.6：
Example: Delta of a European Option under a Black-Scholes Model using Pathwise Derivative / 17.6.1：
Example: Variance Increase of the Sensitivity when using Likelihood Ratio Method for Smooth Payouts / 17.6.2：
Sensitivities by Malliavin Weighting / 17.7：
Proxy Simulation Scheme / 17.8：
Proxy Simulation Schemes for Monte Carlo Sensitivities and Importance Sampling / 18：
Full Proxy Simulation Scheme / 18.1：
Calculation of Monte-Carlo weights / 18.1.1：
Sensitivities by Finite Differences on a Proxy Simulation Scheme / 18.2：
Localization / 18.2.1：
Object-Oriented Design / 18.2.2：
Importance Sampling / 18.3：
Example / 18.3.1：
Partial Proxy Simulation Schemes / 18.4：
Linear Proxy Constraint / 18.4.1：
Comparison to Full Proxy Scheme Method / 18.4.2：
Non-Linear Proxy Constraint / 18.4.3：
Transition Probability from a Nonlinear Proxy Constraint / 18.4.4：
Sensitivity with respect to the Diffusion Coefficients - Vega / 18.4.5：
Example: LIBOR Target Redemption Note / 18.4.6：
Example: CMS Target Redemption Note / 18.4.7：
Pricing Models For Interest Rate Derivatives / V：
LIBOR Market Models / 19：
LIBOR Market Model / 19.1：
Derivation of the Drift Term / 19.1.1：
Discretization and (Monte-Carlo) Simulation / 19.1.2：
Calibration - Choice of the free Parameters / 19.1.4：
Interpolation of Forward Rates in the LIBOR Market Model / 19.1.5：
Object Oriented Design / 19.2：
Reuse of Implementation / 19.2.1：
Separation of Product and Model / 19.2.2：
Abstraction of Model Parameters / 19.2.3：
Abstraction of Calibration / 19.2.4：
Swap Rate Market Models (Jamshidian 1997 / 19.3：
The Swap Measure / 19.3.1：
Swap Rate Market Models / 19.3.2：
Terminal Correlation examined in a LIBOR Market Model Example / 20.1：
De-correlation in a One-Factor Model / 20.2.1：
Impact of the Time Structure of the Instantaneous Volatility on Caplet and Swaption Prices / 20.2.2：
The Swaption Value as a Function of Forward Rates / 20.2.3：
Terminal Correlation is dependent on the Equivalent Martingale Measure / 20.3：
Dependence of the Terminal Density on the Martingale Measure / 20.3.1：
Excursus: Instantaneous Correlation and Terminal Correlation / 21：
Short Rate Process in the HJM Framework / 21.1：
The HJM Drift Condition / 21.2：
Heath-Jarrow-Morton Framework: Foundations / 22：
The Market Price of Risk / 22.1：
Overview: Some Common Models / 22.3：
Implementations / 22.4：
Monte-Carlo Implementation of Short-Rate Models / 22.4.1：
Lattice Implementation of Short-Rate Models / 22.4.2：
Short-Rate Models / 23：
Short Rate Models in the HJM Framework / 23.1：
Example: The Ho-Lee Model in the HJM Framework / 23.1.1：
Example: The Hull-White Model in the HJM Framework / 23.1.2：
LIBOR Market Model in the HJM Framework / 23.2：
HJM Volatility Structure of the LIBOR Market Model / 23.2.1：
LIBOR Market Model Drift under the QB Measure / 23.2.2：
LIBOR Market Model as a Short Rate Model / 23.2.3：
Heath-Jarrow-Morton Framwork: Immersion of Short-Rate Models and LIBOR Market Model / 24：
Model / 24.1：
Interpretation of the Figures / 24.2：
Mean Reversion / 24.3：
Factors / 24.4：
Exponential Volatility Function / 24.5：
Instantaneous Correlation / 24.6：
Excursus: Shape of teh Interst Rate Curve under Mean Reversion and a Multifactor Model / 25：
Cheyette Model / 25.1：
Ritchken-Sakarasubramanian Framework: JHM with Low Markov Dimension / 26：
The Markov Functional Assumption / independent of the model considered)26.1：
Outline of this Chapter / 26.1.2：
Equity Markov Functional Model / 26.2：
Markov Functional Assumption / 26.2.1：
Example: The Black-Scholes Model / 26.2.2：
Numerical Calibration to a Full Two-Dimensional European Option Smile Surface / 26.2.3：
Interest Rates / 26.2.4：
Model Dynamics / 26.2.5：
LIBOR Markov Functional Model / 26.2.6：
LIBOR Markov Functional Model in Terminal Measure / 26.3.1：
LIBOR Markov Functional Model in Spot Measure / 26.3.2：
Remark on Implementation / 26.3.3：
Change of numéraire in a Markov-Functional Model / 26.3.4：
Implementation: Lattice / 26.4：
Convolution with the Normal Probability Density / 26.4.1：
State space discretization Markov Functional Models / 26.4.2：
Extended Models. / Part VI：
Introduction - Different Types of Spreads / 27.1：
Spread on a Coupon / 27.1.1：
Credit Spread / 27.1.2：
Defaultable Bonds / 27.2：
Integrating deterministic Credit Spread into a Pricing Model / 27.3：
Deterministic Credit Spread / 27.3.1：
Receiver's and Payer's Credit Spreads / 27.3.2：
Example: Defaultable Forward Starting Coupon Bond / 27.4.1：
Example: Option on a Defaultable Coupon Bond / 27.4.2：
Credit Spreads / 28：
Cross Currency LIBOR Market Model / 28.1：
Derivation of the Drift Term under Spot-Measure / 28.1.1：
Equity Hybrid LIBOR Market Model / 28.1.2：
Equity-Hybrid Cross-Currency LIBOR Market Model / 28.2.1：
Summary / 28.3.1：
Hybrid Models / 28.3.2：
Elements of Object Oriented Programming: Class and Objects / 29.1：
Example: Class of a Binomial Distributed Random Variable / 29.1.1：
Constructor / 29.1.2：
Methods: Getter, Setter, Static Methods / 29.1.3：
Principles of Object Oriented Programming / 29.2：
Encapsulation and Interfaces / 29.2.1：
Abstraction and Inheritance / 29.2.2：
Polymorphism / 29.2.3：
Example: A Class Structure for One Dimensional Root Finders / 29.3：
Root Finder for General Functions / 29.3.1：
Root Finder for Functions with Analytic Derivative: Newton Method / 29.3.2：
Root Finder for Functions with Derivative Estimation: Secant Method / 29.3.3：
Anatomy of a JavaÖ Class / 29.4：
Libraries / 29.5：
JavaÖ2 Platform, Standard Edition (j2se / 29.5.1：
JavaÖ2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (j2ee / 29.5.2：
Colt / 29.5.3：
Commons-Math: The Jakarta Mathematics Library / 29.5.4：
Some Final Remarks / 29.6：
Object Oriented Design (OOD) / Unified Modeling Language / 29.6.1：
Appendices / Part VII：
A small Collection of Common Misconceptions / A：
Tools (Selection / B：
Linear Regression / B.1：
Generation of Random Numbers / B.2：
Uniform Distributed Random Variables / B.2.1：
Transformation of the Random Number Distribution via the Inverse Distribution Function / B.2.2：
Normal Distributed Random Variables / B.2.3：
Poisson Distributed Random Variables / B.2.4：
Generation of Paths of an n-dimensional Brownian Motion / B.2.5：
Factor Decomposition - Generation of Correlated Brownian Motion / B.3：
Factor Reduction / B.4：
Optimization (one-dimensional): Golden Section Search / B.5：
Convolution with Normal Density / B.6：
Exercises / C：
JavaÖ Source Code (Selection / D：
JavaÖ Classes for Chapter 29 / E.1：
Introduction / 1：
Theory, Modeling and Implementation / 1.1：
Interest Rate Models and Interest Rate Derivatives / 1.2：
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