List of Contributors |
Preface |
Chemistry and Production of Lactic Acid, Lactide and Poly(LACTIC ACID) / Part I: |
Production and Purification of Lactic Acid and Lactide / Chapter 1: |
Introduction / 1.1: |
Lactic acid / 1.2: |
Lactide / 1.3: |
References |
Chemistry and Thermodynamic Properties of Lactic acid and Lactide and Solvent Miscibility / Chapter 2: |
General properties / 2.1: |
Thermodynamic properties / 2.2: |
Miscibility properties of lactic acid and lactide / 2.3: |
Industrial Production of High Molecular Weight Poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 3: |
Lactic acid based polymers by polycondensation / 3.1: |
Lactic acid based polymers by chain-extension / 3.3: |
Lactic acid based polymers by ring-opening polymerization / 3.4: |
Design and Synthesis of Different types of poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 4: |
Copolymerization / 4.1: |
Properties of copolymers / 4.3: |
Structure and Properties of Stereocomplex-type Poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 5: |
Formation of stereocomplex crystals / 5.1: |
Thermal properties of sc-PLA / 5.3: |
Crystal structure of sc-PLA / 5.4: |
Formation of sb-PLA / 5.5: |
Applications of sc-PLA / 5.6: |
Properties of Poly(LACTIC ACID) / Part II: |
Chemical Structure of Poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 6: |
Chain structure and configuration / 6.1: |
Syndiotactic polymerization and syndiotacticity / 6.3: |
Conformation / 6.4: |
Amorphous structure and thermal properties / 6.5: |
Orientation structure of PLA / 6.6: |
Semi-crystalline structure / 6.7: |
Frustrated structure / 6.8: |
Molecular weight / 6.9: |
Summary / 6.10: |
Chemical Compatibility of Poly(lactic acid) A Practical Framework using Hansen Solubility Parameters / Chapter 7: |
A practical framework? / 7.1: |
Solvent compatibility / 7.2: |
Plasticizers / 7.3: |
Polymer compatibility / 7.4: |
Environmental stress cracking / 7.5: |
Rational composite/nanocomposite design / 7.6: |
Diffusion & Barrier properties / 7.7: |
Pharmacological transport / 7.8: |
Optical Properties / 7.9: |
Absorption and Transmission of UV-Vis Radiation / 8.1: |
Refractive Index / 8.3: |
Specific Optical Rotation / 8.4: |
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy / 8.5: |
1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy / 8.6: |
Crystallization and Thermal Properties / Chapter 9: |
Crystallinity and crystallization / 9.1: |
Crystallization regimes / 9.3: |
Fibers / 9.4: |
Hydrolytic degradation / 9.5: |
Rheology of Poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 10: |
Fundamental chain properties from dilute solution viscometry / 10.1: |
Processing of PLA: General Considerations / 10.3: |
Melt Rheology: An Overview / 10.4: |
Processing of PLA: Melt Rheology / 10.5: |
Conclusions / 10.6: |
Description of the Software / Appendix A: |
Mechanical Properties / Chapter 11: |
General mechanical properties and molecular weight effect / 11.1: |
Temperature effect / 11.3: |
Annealing / 11.4: |
Orientation / 11.5: |
Stereoregularity / 11.6: |
Plasticization / 11.7: |
Relaxation and aging / 11.8: |
Permeation, Sorption, and Diffusion in Poly(lactic acid) / 11.9: |
Factors affecting permeability, sorption, and diffusion in PLA / 12.1: |
Permeability, sorption, and diffusion of pure PLA / 12.3: |
Copolymers / 12.4: |
PLA blends / 12.5: |
PLA laminations / 12.6: |
Coated PLA / 12.7: |
PLA composites and fibers / 12.8: |
PLA nanocomposites / 12.9: |
Future of PLA membranes / 12.10: |
Migration / Chapter 13: |
Migration principles / 13.1: |
Legislation / 13.2: |
Migration and toxicological data of lactic acid, lactide, dimers and oligomers / 13.3: |
Estimated daily intake of lactic acid / 13.4: |
Other potential migrants from PLA / 13.5: |
Processing and Conversion of Poly(LACTIC ACID) / 13.6: |
Properties of Poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 14: |
Properties of PLA Relevant to Processing / 14.1: |
Modification of PLA Properties by Process Aids and Other Additives / 14.3: |
Drying / 14.4: |
Extrusion / 14.5: |
Injection Molding / 14.6: |
Film and Sheet Casting / 14.7: |
Stretch Blow Molding / 14.8: |
Extrusion Blown Film / 14.9: |
Thermoforming / 14.10: |
Electrospinning / 14.11: |
CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS OF PLA POLYMERS / 14.12: |
Poly(lactic acid)/Starch Blends / Chapter 15: |
Blending Hydrophobic PLA with Hydrophilic Starch / 15.1: |
Compatibilizers Used for Starch/PLA Blends / 15.3: |
Enhancing Function of Compatibilizer through Controlling Its Distribution / 15.4: |
Reactive Blending / 15.5: |
Poly(lactic acid) Blends / 15.6: |
PLA/non-biodegradable polymer blends / 16.1: |
PLA/biodegradable polymer blends / 16.3: |
Plasticization of PLA / 16.4: |
Final Remarks / 16.5: |
Foaming / Chapter 17: |
Plastic foams / 17.1: |
Foaming agents / 17.3: |
Formation of cellular plastics / 17.4: |
Plastic foams expanded with physical foaming agents / 17.5: |
PLA foamed with chemical foaming agents / 17.6: |
Mechanical properties of PLA foams / 17.7: |
Foaming of PLA/starch blends / 17.8: |
Composites / Chapter 18: |
PLA Matrix / 18.1: |
Reinforcements / 18.3: |
Fiber/matrix adhesion / 18.4: |
Processing / 18.5: |
Properties / 18.7: |
Applications / 18.8: |
Future developments and concluding remarks / 18.9: |
Nanocomposites / Chapter 19: |
PLA Nanocomposites based on Clay / 19.1: |
PLA Nanocomposites based on Carbon Nanotubes / 19.3: |
PLA Nanocomposites based on Various other Nanofillers / 19.4: |
Properties of PLA-based Nanocomposites / 19.5: |
Biodegradability / 19.6: |
Melt Rheology / 19.7: |
Foam Processing / 19.8: |
Possible Applications and Future Prospects / 19.9: |
Spinning of Poly(lactic acid) Fibers / Chapter 20: |
Definition of Fiber and Fiber Spinning / 20.1: |
Melt Spinning Line / 20.2: |
Fluid dynamics during spinning / 20.3: |
Structure development during melt spinning / 20.4: |
Post Spinning Operation / 20.5: |
Structure development during Drawing / 20.6: |
Solution Spinning of PLLA / 20.7: |
Degradation and Environmental Issues / 20.8: |
Hydrolytic Degradation / Chapter 21: |
Degradation Mechanism / 21.1: |
Parameters for Hydrolytic Degradation / 21.3: |
Structural and Property Changes during Hydrolytic Degradation / 21.4: |
5 Applications of Hydrolytic Degradation / 21: |
Enzymatic Degradation / 21.6: |
Enzymatic degradation of PLA films / 22.1: |
Enzymatic degradation of thin films / 22.3: |
Enzymatic degradation of lamellar crystals / 22.4: |
Future perspectives / 22.5: |
Thermal Degradation / Chapter 23: |
Kinetic analysis of thermal degradation / 23.1: |
Thermal degradation behavior of PLA based on molecular weight change / 23.3: |
Thermal degradation behavior of PLA based on weight loss / 23.4: |
Photodegradation and Radiation Degradation / 23.5: |
Photodegradation Mechanism / 24.1: |
Radiation Degradation Mechanism / 24.3: |
Photodegradation of PLA / 24.4: |
Photosensitized Degradation of PLA / 24.5: |
Radiation Effects on PLA / 24.6: |
Modification of PLA by Irradiation / 24.7: |
Biodegradation / Chapter 25: |
Microbial Degradation / 25.1: |
Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)-degrading enzymes / 25.3: |
Conclusion and Future Prospects / 25.4: |
Cradle to Gate Environmental Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment of Poly(lactic acid) / Chapter 26: |
Introduction to LCA and environmental footprints / 26.1: |
Life cycle considerations for PLA / 26.2: |
Review of PLA LCA studies / 26.3: |
Improving PLA's environmental footprint / 26.4: |
Further Reading on LCA / 26.5: |
Medical Applications / Part V: |
Minimal Requirements for Medical Devices / 27.1: |
Preclinical and Clinical Applications of PLA Devices / 27.3: |
Packaging and Other Commercial Applications / 27.4: |
Applications in Packaging and containers / 28.1: |
Agricultural and engineering work materials / 28.3: |
Textile Industry Applications / 28.4: |
Indroduction / 29.1: |
Manufacturing, Structure and Properties of PLA Fibers / 29.2: |
Key Performance Features of PLA Fibers / 29.3: |
Potential Applications / 29.4: |
Environmental Applications / 29.5: |
Application to water and wastewater treatment / 30.1: |
Application to bioremediation / 30.3: |
Concluding remarks and perspective / 30.4: |
Index |
List of Contributors |
Preface |
Chemistry and Production of Lactic Acid, Lactide and Poly(LACTIC ACID) / Part I: |