| Preface |
| Acknowledgments |
| Authors |
| Introduction / 1： |
| Geology Matters |
| Reading the Rocks |
| Hypothesis and Theory |
| Facts |
| Taking Notes |
| Tools of the Trade |
| "Rules of the Road" for Collecting |
| Why This Book? |
| References |
| Minerals / 2： |
| All about Crystals |
| Mineral Properties |
| Color |
| Streak |
| Luster |
| Transparency |
| Cleavage |
| Fracture |
| Hardness |
| Specific Gravity |
| Mineral Identification |
| Special Powers of Crystals |
| Common Minerals |
| Mineral Collecting: Knowing Where to Look |
| A Sampling of Mineral Collecting Field Guides |
| Rocks / 3： |
| Sedimentary Rock |
| Igneous Rock |
| Volcanic (Extrusive) Rocks |
| Plutonic (Intrusive) Rocks |
| Plutonic Structures |
| Metamorphic Rock |
| Metamorphic Rock Types |
| What Rocks Tell You |
| A Sampling of Geologic Guidebooks |
| Maps |
| Geologic Principles / 4： |
| Principle of Original Horizontality |
| Principle of Superposition |
| Unconformities |
| Types of Unconformities |
| Principle of Stratigraphic Correlation and Lateral Continuity |
| Principle of Faunal Succession |
| Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships |
| Principle of Inclusions |
| Principle of Uniformitarianism |
| Deep Time / 5： |
| The Concept of Deep Time |
| How to Tell the Age of Rocks: Relative and Absolute Dating |
| Age of the Earth and the Solar System (and How Long Earth Will Last) |
| Earth History / 6： |
| The Geologic Time Scale |
| Key Events of the Precambrian Eon |
| The Hadean: Formation of the Earth, Moon, and Atmosphere |
| The Archaean: Beginning of Life and the Oldest Rocks |
| The Proterozoic: Photosynthesis, the Great Oxygenation Event, and Snowball Earth |
| Key Events of the Paleozoic Era |
| An Explosion of Life |
| First Land Plants |
| First Land Animals |
| The Great Extinction |
| Key Events of the Mesozoic Era |
| Dinosaurs |
| Birth of the Atlantic Ocean |
| Flowering Plants |
| End of the Dinosaurs |
| Key Developments of the Cenozoic Era |
| Mammals |
| Ice Ages |
| The Earth We Know |
| What the Future Holds |
| References and General Reading |
| Fossils / 7： |
| Seashells on Mountain Tops-The Development of Paleontology |
| How Fossils Are Formed and Preserved |
| The Fossil's Tale |
| Major Categories of Life |
| Fossil Hunting |
| Evolution / 8： |
| The Concept of Evolution |
| Lamarckian Genetics |
| Darwin and Wallace |
| Mendel and Inheritance of Traits |
| The Tree of Life |
| The Large Size of Some Animals |
| Ongoing Evolution of Humans |
| Extinction |
| Origin of Life |
| The Changing Face of the Earth-Structure of the Earth, Plate Tectonics, and Mountain Building / 9： |
| Structure of the Earth |
| Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift |
| Mountain Building |
| Rock Deformation |
| Brittle Deformation: Faults, Joints, and Earthquakes |
| Ductile Deformation and Folding |
| Erosional Highlands |
| The Changing Face of the Earth-Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition / 10： |
| Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition |
| Erosional and Depositional Landscapes |
| Soil and Agriculture |
| Types of Geological Maps / 11： |
| Standard Geological Maps |
| Geological Hazards Maps |
| Seismic Hazard Maps |
| Paleogeographic Maps |
| Soil Maps |
| Groundwater or Potentiometric Surface Maps |
| Structure Contour Maps |
| Mineral Alteration Maps |
| Isopach Maps and Overburden Thickness Maps |
| A Resource Guide-Where to Find Maps and Imagery |
| Acts of God? Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Other Natural Disasters / 12： |
| Earthquakes and Tsunamis |
| Where Do They Happen? |
| Causes |
| Man-Made Earthquakes |
| Living in Earthquake Country |
| Sources of Earthquake and Tsunami Information |
| Landslides and Downslope Mass Movements |
| Living in Landslide Country |
| Sources of Landslide Information |
| Volcanoes |
| Living in Volcano Country |
| Some "Dormant" Volcanoes Aren't |
| Sources of Volcano Hazard and Safety Information |
| Flooding |
| Living in Flood Country |
| Sources of Flood Information |
| Subsidence, Sinkholes, and Expanding Soils |
| Living in Subsidence Country |
| Sources of Subsidence, Sinkhole, and Swelling Soil Information |
| Natural Pollution |
| Sources of Information on Natural Pollution |
| It Came from Outer Space! |
| Sources of Information on Impacts |
| Groundwater / 13： |
| The Hydrologic Cycle |
| Finding Groundwater |
| Groundwater Ownership |
| Groundwater Mining and Sustainability |
| Groundwater Contamination |
| Frac'ing and Groundwater |
| Hot Springs and Geothermal Energy |
| Oceans / 14： |
| In the Beginning |
| How Deep Are They? |
| What's Down There? The Ocean Floor |
| The Continental Shelf |
| The Deep Seafloor |
| Trenches |
| Mid-Ocean Ridges |
| Reference |
| Mineral Resources / 15： |
| Metals |
| Exploring for Mineral Deposits |
| Energy Minerals |
| Uranium |
| Nuclear Waste Repositories |
| Coal |
| Nonmetallic Economic Minerals |
| Gemstones |
| Rare Earth Minerals |
| Salt |
| Potash |
| Phosphates |
| Sulfur |
| Silica |
| Calcium Carbonate |
| Sand, Gravel, and Rock |
| Building Stone (Dimension Stone) |
| Black Gold (Texas Tea) / 16： |
| How Is Oil Formed? |
| Source Rocks |
| Generation, Migration, and Entrapment |
| Preservation and Destruction of Hydrocarbons |
| Exploring for Hydrocarbons |
| What about the Oil Sands? |
| Production, Consumption, and the Price of Oil |
| Remaining Reserves and Peak Oil |
| Climate Change / 17： |
| What We Know |
| A Word about Models |
| Lots of Moving Parts |
| Role of the Sun |
| The Atmosphere, Aerosols, and Greenhouse Gases |
| Carbon Dioxide |
| Methane |
| Water Vapor |
| Complex Interactions |
| Role of the Oceans |
| Currents |
| The Ocean-Atmosphere Linked System |
| Ocean Models |
| The Land Surface |
| Ice Sheets |
| The Biosphere |
| To Summarize |
| The Worst-Case Scenario? |
| So You Want to Be a Geologist / 18： |
| What Does a Geologist Do? |
| Resource Geology |
| Environmental Geology |
| Geological Engineering |
| Marine Geology |
| Geochemistry |
| Geophysics |
| Paleontology |
| Geological Surveys and Government Agencies |
| Academia |
| Other Geologic Specialties |
| Education Requirements |
| High School |
| University |
| Undergraduate School |
| Field Camp |
| Graduate School |
| Internships |
| Professional Geologist Certification |
| Starting Your Career |
| Sources of Information |
| Index |
図書
