| Genetics: An Introduction / 1： |
| Mendelian Genetics / 2： |
| Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Sex Linkage, and Sex Determination / 3： |
| Extensions of Mendelian Genetics / 4： |
| Genetic Mapping in Eukaryotes / 5： |
| Genetic Analysis of Bacteria and Bacteriophages / 6： |
| Chromosomal Mutations / 7： |
| Gene Control of Proteins / 8： |
| DNA - The Genetic Material / 9： |
| DNA - Organization in Chromosomes / 10： |
| DNA Replication / 11： |
| Gene Expression - Transcription / 12： |
| Gene Expression - Translation / 13： |
| Cloning and Manipulation of DNA / 14： |
| Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophages / 15： |
| Eukaryotic Gene Regulation / 16： |
| Genetics of Cancer / 17： |
| DNA Mutation and Repair / 18： |
| Transposable Elements / 19： |
| Extranuclear Genetics / 20： |
| Population Genetics / 21： |
| Quantitative Genetics / 22： |
| Glossary |
| Suggested Readings |
| Solutions to Selected Questions and Problems |
| Credits |
| Index |
| Preface |
| The Branches of Genetics |
| Geneticists and Genetics Research |
| What Do Geneticists Do? |
| What Are Basic and Applied Research? |
| What Organisms Are Suitable for Genetic Experimentation? |
| Cellular Reproduction in Eukaryotes: Mitosis and Meiosis |
| Chromosome Complement of Eukaryotes |
| Asexual and Sexual Reproduction |
| Mitosis |
| Meiosis |
| Genotype and Phenotype |
| Mendel's Experimental Design |
| Monohybrid Crosses and Mendel's Principle of Segregation |
| The Principle of Segregation |
| Representing Crosses with a Branch Diagram |
| Confirming the Principle of Segregation: The Use of Testcrosses |
| Dihybrid Crosses and the Mendelian Principle of Independent Assortment |
| The Principle of Independent Assortment |
| Branch Diagram of Dihybrid Crosses |
| Trihybrid Crosses |
| The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Principles |
| Statistical Analysis of Genetic Data: The Chi-Square Test |
| Mendelian Genetics in Humans |
| Pedigree Analysis |
| Examples of Human Genetic Traits |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance |
| Sex Chromosomes |
| Sex Linkage |
| Nondisjunction of X Chromosomes |
| Sex Determination |
| Genotypic Sex Determination Systems |
| Environmental Sex Determination Systems |
| Analysis of Sex-Linked Traits in Humans |
| X-Linked Recessive Inheritance |
| X-Linked Dominant Inheritance |
| Y-Linked Inheritance |
| Extensions of Mendelian Genetic Analysis |
| Multiple Alleles |
| ABO Blood Groups |
| Drosphila Eye Color |
| Modifications of Dominance Relationships |
| Incomplete Dominance |
| Codominance |
| Molecular Explanations of Incomplete Dominance and Codominance |
| Gene Interactions and Modified Mendelian Ratios |
| Gene Interactions That Produce New Phenotypes |
| Epistasis |
| Essential Genes and Lethal Alleles |
| The Environment and Gene Expression |
| Penetrance and Expressivity |
| Effects of the Environment |
| Nature Versus Nurture |
| Discovery of Genetic Linkage |
| Morgan's Linkage Experiments with Drosophila |
| Constructing Genetic Maps |
| Detecting Linkage Through Testcrosses |
| Gene Mapping Using Two-Point Testcrosses |
| Generating a Genetic Map |
| Double Crossovers |
| Three-Point Cross |
| Mapping Chromosomes Using Three-Point Testcrosses |
| Mapping the Human Genome |
| Constructing Genetic Linkage Maps |
| Constructing Physical Maps |
| Integrating Genetic Linkage Maps and Physical Maps |
| Tetrad Analysis in Certain Haploid Eukaryotes |
| Using Tetrad Analysis to Map Two Linked Genes |
| Genetic Analysis in Bacteria and Bacteriophages |
| Genetic Analysis of Bacteria |
| Genetic Mapping in Bacteria by Conjugation |
| Discovery of Conjugation in E. coli |
| The Sex Factor F |
| High-Frequency Recombination Strains of E. coli |
| F' Factors |
| Using Conjugation to Map Bacterial Genes |
| Circularity of the E. coli Map |
| Genetic Mapping in Bacteria by Transformation |
| Genetic Mapping in Bacteria by Transduction |
| Bacteriophages: An Introduction |
| Transduction Mapping of Bacterial Chromosomes |
| Mapping Genes of Bacteriophages |
| Fine-Structure Analysis of a Bacteriophage Gene |
| Recombination Analysis of rII Mutants |
| Defining Genes by Complementation (Cis-Trans) Tests |
| Types of Chromosomal Mutations |
| Variations in Chromosome Structure |
| Deletion |
| Duplication |
| Inversion |
| Translocation |
| Fragile Sites and Fragile X Syndrome |
| Variations in Chromosome Number |
| Changes in One or a Few Chromosomes |
| Changes in Complete Sets of Chromosomes |
| Gene Control of Enzyme Structure |
| Garrod's Hypothesis of Inborn Errors of Metabolism |
| The One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis |
| Genetically Based Enzyme Deficiencies in Humans |
| Phenylketonuria |
| Albinism |
| Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
| Tay-Sachs Disease |
| Gene Control of Protein Structure |
| Sickle-Cell Anemia |
| Other Hemoglobin Mutants |
| Biochemical Genetics of the Human ABO Blood Groups |
| Cystic Fibrosis |
| Genetic Counseling |
| Carrier Detection |
| Fetal Analysis |
| DNA: The Genetic Material |
| The Genetic Material |
| Griffith's Transformation Experiment |
| The Nature of the Transforming Principle |
| The Hershey and Chase Bacteriophage Experiments |
| The Chemical Composition of DNA and RNA |
| The DNA Double Helix |
| Different DNA Structures |
| DNA: Organization in Chromosomes |
| Chromosomes of Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses |
| Chromosomes of Bacteria and Archaea |
| Viral Chromosomes |
| Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
| The Karyotype |
| The Molecular Structure of the Eukaryotic Chromosome |
| Centromeres and Telomeres |
| Unique-Sequence and Repetitive-Sequence DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
| Unique-Sequence DNA |
| Repetitive-Sequence DNA |
| Semiconservative DNA Replication |
| The Meselson-Stahl Experiment |
| Semiconservative DNA Replication in Eukaryotes |
| Enzymes Involved in DNA Synthesis |
| DNA Polymerase I |
| Roles of DNA Polymerases |
| Molecular Model of DNA Replication |
| Initiation of Replication |
| Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication |
| DNA Replication in Eukaryotes |
| DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle |
| Eukaryotic Replication Enzymes |
| Replicons |
| Origins of Replication |
| Replicating the Ends of Chromosomes |
| Assembly of New DNA into Nucleosomes |
| DNA Recombination |
| Gene Expression: Transcription |
| Gene Expression: An Overview |
| The Transcription Process |
| RNA Synthesis |
| Initiation of Transcription at Promoters |
| Elongation and Termination of an RNA Chain |
| Transcription in Eukaryotes |
| Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases |
| Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes by RNA Polymerase II |
| Eukaryotic mRNAs |
| Transcription of Other Genes |
| Gene Expression: Translation |
| Proteins |
| Chemical Structure of Proteins |
| Molecular Structure of Proteins |
| The Nature of the Genetic Code |
| Deciphering the Genetic Code |
| Characteristics of the Genetic Code |
| Translation: The Process of Protein Synthesis |
| Charging tRNA |
| Initiation of Translation |
| Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain |
| Termination of Translation |
| Protein Sorting in the Cell |
| DNA Cloning |
| Restriction Enzymes |
| Cloning Vectors and the Cloning of DNA |
| Recombinant DNA Libraries |
| Genomic Libraries |
| Chromosome Libraries |
| cDNA Libraries |
| Finding a Specific Clone in a Library |
| Screening a cDNA Library |
| Screening a Genomic Library |
| Identifying Genes in Libraries by Complementation of Mutations |
| Analysis of Genes and Gene Transcripts |
| Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Cloned DNA Sequences |
| Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Genes in the Genome |
| Analysis of Gene Transcripts |
| DNA Sequencing |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
| Applications of Recombinant DNA and PCR Techniques |
| Analysis of Biological Processes |
| Diagnosis of Human Genetic Diseases by DNA Analysis |
| Isolation of Human Genes |
| The Human Genome Project |
| DNA Typing |
| Gene Therapy |
| Commercial Products |
| Genetic Engineering of Plants |
| Ethics and Genetics |
| The lac Operon of E. coli |
| Lactose as a Carbon Source for E. coli |
| Experimental Evidence for the Regulation of the lac Genes |
| Jacob and Monod's Operon Model for the Regulation of the lac Genes |
| Positive Control of the lac Operon |
| The trp Operon of E. coli |
| Gene Organization of the Tryptophan Biosynthesis Genes |
| Regulation of the trp Operon |
| Regulation of Gene Expression in Phage Lambda |
| Early Transcription Events |
| The Lysogenic Pathway |
| The Lytic Pathway |
| Levels of Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes |
| Transcriptional Control |
| RNA Processing Control |
| mRNA Translation Control |
| mRNA Degradation Control |
| Protein Degradation Control |
| Gene Regulation in Development and Differentiation |
| Constancy of DNA in the Genome During Development |
| Differential Gene Activity Among Tissues and During Development |
| Immunogenetics and Chromosome Rearangements During Development |
| Genetic Regulation of Development in Drosophila |
| Drosophila Developmental Stages |
| Embryonic Development |
| Imaginal Discs |
| Homeotic Genes |
| Relationship of the Cell Cycle to Cancer |
| The Two-Hit Mutation Model for Cancer |
| Genes and Cancer |
| Oncogenes |
| Tumor Suppressor Genes |
| Mutator Genes |
| The Multistep Nature of Cancer |
| Chemicals and Radiation as Carcinogens |
| Chemical Carcinogens |
| Radiation |
| Adaptation Versus Mutation |
| Mutations Defined |
| Types of Point Mutations |
| Reverse Mutations and Suppressor Mutations |
| Spontaneous and Induced Mutations |
| Spontaneous Mutations |
| Induced Mutations |
| The Ames Test: A Screen for Potential Mutagens |
| DNA Repair Mechanisms |
| Direct Correction of Mutational Lesions |
| Repair Involving Excision of Base Pairs |
| Human Genetic Diseases Resulting from DNA Replication and Repair Errors |
| Screening Procedures for the Isolation of Mutants |
| Visible Mutations |
| Nutritional Mutations |
| Conditional Mutations |
| Modern Molecular Screens |
| Transposable Elements in Prokaryotes |
| Insertion Sequences |
| Transposons |
| Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes |
| The Ac-Ds System in Corn |
| Ty Elements in Yeast |
| P Elements in Drosophila |
| Human Retrotransposons |
| Organization of Extranuclear Genomes |
| Mitochondrial Genome |
| Chloroplast Genome |
| RNA Editing |
| Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
| Rules of Extranuclear Inheritance |
| Examples of Extranuclear Inheritance |
| Shoot Variegation in the Four O'Clock |
| The [poky] Mutant of Neurospora |
| Yeast petite Mutants |
| Extranuclear Genetics of Chlamydomonas |
| Human Genetic Diseases and Mitochondrial DNA Defects |
| Infectious Heredity--Killer Yeast |
| Contrasts to Extranuclear Inheritance |
| Maternal Effect |
| Genomic Imprinting |
| Genetic Structure of Populations |
| Genotypic Frequencies |
| Allelic Frequencies |
| The Hardy-Weinberg Law |
| Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law |
| Predictions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law |
| Derivation of the Hardy-Weinberg Law |
| Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law to Loci with More than Two Alleles |
| Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law to Sex-Linked Alleles |
| Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Proportions |
| Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law to Estimate Allelic Frequencies |
| Genetic Variation in Natural Populations |
| Models of Genetic Variation |
| Measuring Genetic Variation with Protein Electrophoresis |
| Measuring Genetic Variation with RFLPs and DNA Sequencing |
| Changes in Genetic Structure of Populations |
| Mutation |
| Genetic Drift |
| Migration |
| Natural Selection |
| Simultaneous Effects of Mutation and Selection |
| Nonrandom Mating |
| Summary of the Effects of Evolutionary Processes on the Genetic Structure of a Population |
| Changes in Allelic Frequency Within a Population |
| Genetic Divergence Among Populations |
| Increases and Decreases in Genetic Variation Within Populations |
| Summary of the Effects of Evolutionary Processes on the Conservation of Genetic Resources |
| Molecular Genetic Techniques and Evolution |
| DNA Sequence Variation |
| DNA Length Polymorphisms |
| Evolution of Multigene Families Through Gene Duplication |
| Evolution in Mitochondrial DNA Sequences |
| Concerted Evolution |
| Evolutionary Relationships Revealed by RNA and Nuclear DNA Sequences |
| The Nature of Continuous Traits |
| Why Some Traits Have Continuous Phenotypes |
| Questions Studied in Quantitative Genetics |
| Statistical Tools |
| Samples and Populations |
| Distributions |
| The Mean |
| The Variance and the Standard Deviation |
| Polygenic Inheritance |
| Inheritance of Ear Length in Corn |
| Polygene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance |
| Determining the Number and Location of Polygenes for a Quantitative Trait |
| Heritability |
| Components of the Phenotypic Variance |
| Broad-Sense and Narrow-Sense Heritability |
| Understanding Heritability |
| Response to Selection |
| Suggested Reading |
図書
