| Purpose and Scope |
| Purpose |
| Summary |
| Scope of Spray Drying |
| Reasons for Testing Spray Dryers |
| Design vs |
| Operational Variables |
| Liability |
| Definitions and Descriptions of Terms |
| Dryer Design |
| Dryer Chamber |
| Airflow Patterns |
| Product Flow |
| Atomizer |
| Heating Methods |
| Product Recovery |
| Airflow Motive Force |
| Description of Terms |
| Drying |
| Test Planning |
| Preliminary Objectives |
| Test Objectives |
| Organizational Resources |
| Schedule |
| Dryer Controls and Instrumentation |
| Peripheral Equipment |
| Pretest Calculations |
| Test Plan |
| Environmental |
| Cleaning and Inspection |
| "Dry Run" |
| Types of Test |
| Dryer System Capacity |
| Heat and Material Balance |
| Product Properties |
| Acceptance Test |
| Variables Affecting Product Properties |
| Residual Moisture Content |
| Atomization |
| Heat Sensitivity |
| Physical Properties |
| Prediction of Capacity and Rate Effects |
| Data Requirements - Product Properties |
| Data Requirements |
| Atomizer Data |
| Complete Heat and Material |
| Balances |
| Peripheral Equipment Limitations |
| Product Quality Measurements |
| Particle Properties |
| Test Preparation |
| Objective of Tests |
| Operating Variables |
| Test Data Sheet |
| Measurement Methods |
| Planning Check List |
| Methods of Measurement and Sampling |
| Gas Temperature Humidity |
| Selection of Temperature Sensors |
| Installation of Temperature Sensors |
| Duct Temperature and Velocity Profiles |
| Accuracy of Dry Bulb Temperatures |
| Atmospheric Humidity |
| Dryer Exit Humidity |
| Accuracy of Gas Wet Bulb Temperature |
| Gas Flow |
| Installed Flow Meters |
| Inlet Gas |
| Exit Gas Measurement |
| Material Temperature and Moisture Content |
| Product Temperature Measurement |
| Product Moisture Content |
| Dust Flow Measurements |
| Radiation and Convection Heat Losses |
| Estimated Heat Loss |
| Measuring Heat Loss |
| Outdoor Equipment |
| Miscellaneous Measurements |
| Static Pressure |
| Location of Pressure Sensors |
| Electric Power Measurements |
| Test Procedure |
| Plant-Scale Test |
| Exploratory Experiments |
| Production Capacity |
| Product Quality |
| Preliminary Trial |
| Water Run |
| Dryer Operability |
| Definitive Test |
| Test Start-Up |
| Running a Definitive Test in a Plant-Scale Dryer |
| Humidity and Moisture Measurements |
| Computation of Results |
| Nomenclature |
| Variables |
| Properties |
| Subscripts |
| Material Balances |
| Dry Solids |
| Moisture balance |
| Psychrometric Chart Method |
| Humid Air Volume |
| Total Air Volume |
| Air Material Balance |
| Heat Balances |
| Enthalpy or Heat Balances on the Dryer |
| Heater Balances |
| Thermal Efficiency |
| Calculation |
| Optimization |
| Interpretation of Results |
| Exploratory or Troubleshooting Tests |
| Material, Moisture, and Energy Balances |
| Dryer Heat Losses and Thermal Efficiency |
| Heat Losses |
| Appendix |
| Example: Evaluating Drying Capacity of Air Stream |
| Example: Dryer Test With Psychrometric Chart Heat Balance |
| Known Inputs |
| Evaluate Product and Evaporation Rate |
| Ambient Air Humidity, Enthalpy, and Humid Volume |
| Humidity Added by Fuel |
| Combustion |
| Dryer Outlet Conditions |
| Dry Air Flow Rate |
| Total Air Flow Rates |
| Burner Heat Input |
| Check Driving Force for Evaporation |
| Example: Typical Dryer Test |
| Experimental Data |
| Humidities (H) |
| Air Flows - Outlet |
| Air Flows - Inlet |
| Dry Solids Balance |
| Moisture Balance |
| Moisture Balance - Evaporation Rates |
| Heat Balances: Heat Duty and Fuel Consumption |
| Heat Balance Over Dryer |
| Adiabatic Saturation |
| Psychrometric Chart |
| Index |
| References |
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