| Preface |
| Introduction / 1： |
| Underground Space and Its Requirement / 1.1： |
| History of Underground Space Use / 1.2： |
| Underground Space for Sustainable Development / 1.3： |
| What Should Be Done? / 1.4： |
| Future of Underground Space Facilities / 1.5： |
| Scope of the Book / 1.6： |
| References |
| Classification of Underground Space / 2： |
| General / 2.1： |
| Major Classification Grouping / 2.2： |
| Function / 2.2.1： |
| Geometry / 2.2.2： |
| Origin / 2.2.3： |
| Site Features / 2.2.4： |
| Project Features / 2.2.5： |
| Benefits and Drawbacks of Underground Facilities / 2.3： |
| Important Considerations / 3： |
| Geological Considerations / 3.1： |
| Engineering Considerations / 3.2： |
| Psychological and Physiological Considerations / 3.3： |
| Image of the Underground / 3.3.1： |
| Actual Experiences in Underground Buildings / 3.3.2： |
| Actual Experience in Windowless and Other Analogous Environments / 3.3.3： |
| Potential Psychological Problems Associated with Underground Space / 3.3.4： |
| Mitigating Factors / 3.3.5： |
| Choosing to Go Underground-General Advantages / 3.4： |
| Potential Physical Benefits / 3.4.1： |
| Protection / 3.4.2： |
| Security / 3.4.3： |
| Aesthetics / 3.4.4： |
| Environmental Advantages / 3.4.5： |
| Materials / 3.4.6： |
| Initial Cost/Land Cost Savings / 3.4.7： |
| Construction Savings / 3.4.8： |
| Sale of Excavated Material or Minerals / 3.4.9： |
| Savings in Specialized Design Features / 3.4.10： |
| Operating Cost/Maintenance / 3.4.11： |
| Energy Use / 3.4.12： |
| Land Use Efficiency / 3.4.13： |
| Disaster Readiness/National Security / 3.4.14： |
| Drawbacks of Underground Space Use / 3.5： |
| Physical / 3.5.1： |
| Climate Isolation / 3.5.2： |
| Communication / 3.5.3： |
| Human Occupancy / 3.5.4： |
| Safety Considerations / 3.6： |
| Fire Explosion / 3.6.1： |
| Oxygen Shortage/Poisoning / 3.6.2： |
| Flood / 3.6.3： |
| Electric Power Failure / 3.6.4： |
| Ventilation / 3.7： |
| Legal and Administrative Considerations / 3.8： |
| Limits of Surface Property Ownership / 3.8.1： |
| Ownership and the Right to Develop Subsurface Space / 3.8.2： |
| Application of Surface Land Use Regulations / 3.8.3： |
| Environmental Controls / 3.8.4： |
| Restrictions due to Surface and Subsurface Structures / 3.8.5： |
| Economic Considerations / 3.9： |
| Underground Space Planning / 4： |
| Forms of Underground Space Available and Uses / 4.1： |
| Level-Wise Planning of Underground Space Use / 4.2： |
| Future Forms of Underground Space Use / 4.3： |
| Technology for Underground Development / 4.4： |
| Conceptual Designs / 4.5： |
| Cost Considerations / 4.6： |
| Planning of Underground Space / 4.7： |
| Underground Storage of Food Items / 5： |
| Section 1 / 5.1： |
| Problems Associated with Underground Food Storage / 5.2： |
| Site Selection / 5.3： |
| Construction and Design / 5.4： |
| Depth / 5.4.1： |
| Unit Size / 5.4.2： |
| Lining / 5.4.3： |
| Loading and Unloading Equipment / 5.4.4： |
| Equipment to Equilibrate Grain Temperature during Loading and Unloading / 5.4.5： |
| Considerations while Loading the Storage / 5.4.6： |
| Considerations prior to Unloading of Underground Storage / 5.4.7： |
| Underground Storage Bins in Argentina / 5.4.8： |
| Potato Storage / 5.5： |
| Section 2 |
| Refrigerated Rock Stores / 5.6： |
| Design of Underground Cold Storage / 5.7： |
| Shape and Size / 5.7.1： |
| Thermal Properties / 5.7.2： |
| Cost Comparison / 5.8： |
| Case Histories / 5.9： |
| Warehouse Caverns in Singapore / 5.9.1： |
| Cold Storage Plant in Bergen, Norway / 5.9.2： |
| Underground Storage of Water / 6： |
| Water Storage by Recharge Methods / 6.1： |
| Controlling Factors / 6.2.1： |
| Recharge Methods / 6.2.2： |
| Underground Rock Cavern Tank Storage / 6.3： |
| Function and Location of Water Tanks / 6.3.1： |
| Comparison between Aboveground and Underground Water Tanks / 6.3.2： |
| Planning and Design / 6.3.3： |
| Cost for Underground Cavern Storage / 6.3.4： |
| Construction and Maintenance Experience / 6.3.5： |
| The Kvernberget Rock Cavern Tank / 6.4： |
| The Steinan Rock Cavern Tank, Norway / 6.4.2： |
| The Groheia Rock Cavern Tank in Kristiansand, Norway / 6.4.3： |
| Underground Parking / 7： |
| Types of Parking Facilities / 7.1： |
| Various Modern Mechanical Underground Parking Options / 7.3： |
| Trevipark System / 7.3.1： |
| Douskos Car Parks-Mechanical Underground Parking Station Systems / 7.3.2： |
| Evaluation Criteria of a Site for Underground Parking / 7.4： |
| Design of Underground Parking Facilities / 7.5： |
| Parking Guidance System / 7.6： |
| Parking Lot Security / 7.7： |
| Ventilation in Underground Car Parks / 7.8： |
| Economics of Underground Parking Facilities / 7.9： |
| Sydney Opera House Underground Car Park / 7.10： |
| Munich Automated Underground Parking System, Germany / 7.10.2： |
| Underground Metro and Road Tunnels / 8： |
| Findings of International Tunnelling Association / 8.1： |
| Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) / 8.2： |
| Tunnel Boring Machines for Hard Rocks / 8.2.1： |
| Shielded Tunnel Boring Machines / 8.2.2： |
| Precast Lining / 8.3： |
| Building Condition Survey and Vibration Limit / 8.4： |
| Impact on Structures / 8.5： |
| Subsidence / 8.6： |
| Half-Tunnels for Roads / 8.7： |
| Road Tunnels / 8.8： |
| Traffic Safety / 8.8.1： |
| Construction Details / 8.8.3： |
| Precautions to Protect Road Tunnels from Deterioration / 8.8.4： |
| Cost of Construction / 8.8.5： |
| Subsea Tunnels / 8.9： |
| Maintenance / 8.9.1： |
| Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) / 8.10： |
| Lötschberg Base Tunnel (LBT) / 8.10.2： |
| Underground Storage of Crude Oil, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and Natural Gas / 9： |
| Investigations and Design / 9.1： |
| Underground Storage Technology / 9.3： |
| Underground Unlined Storage / 9.3.1： |
| Underground Lined Storage / 9.3.2： |
| Storage of Natural Gas / 9.4： |
| Tunnel-Shaped Storage Facility / 9.5： |
| Disadvantages / 9.5.1： |
| Separation Distance between Caverns / 9.5.2： |
| Multitank Storage (Polytank) Concept / 9.6： |
| Construction Principles / 9.6.1： |
| Rock Mechanics of Polytank Storage / 9.6.2： |
| Field of Applications / 9.6.3： |
| Advantages / 9.6.4： |
| General Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storages / 9.7： |
| Inground Tanks / 9.7.1： |
| Cost Aspects / 9.8.1： |
| Effect of Earthquake / 9.10： |
| Carbon Dioxide Sequestration / 9.11： |
| Civic Facilities Underground / 10： |
| Sewage and Waste Water Treatment Plant / 10.1： |
| Case Example of Cost Comparison / 10.2.1： |
| Sports Center / 10.3： |
| Underground Ice Rink / 10.3.1： |
| Swimming Center / 10.3.2： |
| Underground Pedestrian Path / 10.4： |
| Operation of the System / 10.4.1： |
| Shopping Mall / 10.5： |
| Underground Recreational Facilities / 10.6： |
| Underground Structures for Hydroelectric Projects / 11： |
| Recent Developments in Planning of Hydroelectric Projects / 11.1： |
| Types of Underground Structures / 11.3： |
| Principles of Planning / 11.4： |
| Fundamental Requirements / 11.5： |
| Planning a Cavern / 11.6： |
| Design of a Cavern / 11.7： |
| Space and Geometries / 11.7.1： |
| Geotechniques / 11.7.2： |
| Orientation / 11.7.3： |
| Excavation Sequence and Techniques / 11.7.4： |
| In Situ Stresses / 11.7.5： |
| Earthquake Forces / 11.7.6： |
| Supports / 11.7.7： |
| Advantages and Disadvantages / 11.8： |
| Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project / 11.9： |
| Chhibro Underground Powerhouse / 11.9.2： |
| Tala Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan / 11.9.3： |
| Summary / 11.10： |
| Underground Shelters for Wartime / 12： |
| State-of-the-Art Defense Shelters / 12.1： |
| Shelter Options / 12.3： |
| Design of Shelters / 12.4： |
| Basement Shelters / 12.4.1： |
| Expedient Shelter Designs / 12.4.2： |
| Civil Defense Shelter in Singapore / 12.5： |
| Beijing's Underground City / 12.5.2： |
| Underground Storage of Ammunitions and Explosives / 13： |
| Explosion Effects in Underground Ammunition Storage Sites / 13.1： |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storage / 13.3： |
| Storage Limitations / 13.4： |
| Ammunition Containing Flammable Liquids or Gels / 13.4.1： |
| Ammunition Containing Toxic Agents / 13.4.2： |
| Suspect Ammunition and Explosives / 13.4.3： |
| Ammunition Containing Pyrotechnics / 13.4.4： |
| Ammunition Containing Depleted Uranium / 13.4.5： |
| Design Requirements of Underground Ammunition Storage Facility / 13.5： |
| Safety Requirements / 13.5.1： |
| Military Requirements / 13.5.2： |
| Financial Aspects / 13.5.3： |
| Humidity Control and Ventilation / 13.5.4： |
| Electric Installations and Equipment / 13.5.5： |
| Lightning Protection / 13.5.6： |
| Transport and Handling Equipment / 13.5.7： |
| Fire-Fighting Equipment / 13.5.8： |
| Facility Layout / 13.6： |
| Design Guidelines / 13.6.1： |
| Underground Chambers / 13.6.2： |
| Exits / 13.6.3： |
| Branch Passageways / 13.6.4： |
| Blast Closures / 13.6.5： |
| Expansion Chambers / 13.6.6： |
| Constrictions / 13.6.7： |
| Debris Traps within Underground Facility / 13.6.8： |
| Blast Traps / 13.6.9： |
| Portal Barricade / 13.6.10： |
| Interior Wall Roughness / 13.6.11： |
| Depth of Cover above Storage Chambers / 13.6.12： |
| Chamber Separation Requirement / 13.6.13： |
| Sympathetic Detonation by Rock Spall / 13.7： |
| Case History / 13.8： |
| Underground Ammunition Storage Facility, Singapore |
| Underground Nuclear Waste Repositories / 14： |
| Types of Radioactive Nuclear Waste / 14.1： |
| Underground Research Laboratory / 14.3： |
| Stripa Underground Research Facility / 14.3.1： |
| Concept of Barriers / 14.4： |
| Design Aspects of Underground Repository / 14.5： |
| Vertical Emplacement in a Pit / 14.5.1： |
| Alternative System Layout for Very Long Hole (VLH) / 14.5.2： |
| Instrumentation / 14.6： |
| Retrievability of Canister / 14.7： |
| Public Acceptance of Radioactive Waste Repository / 14.8： |
| Contractual Risk Sharing / 15： |
| The Risk / 15.1： |
| Management of Risk / 15.2： |
| Risk Management Tools-Fault Tree Analysis / 15.2.1： |
| Recommendations of International Tunnelling Association / 15.2.2： |
| Recommendations of International Standard Organisation / 15.2.3： |
| Role of Engineering Leaders / 15.2.4： |
| Construction Planning and Risk / 15.3： |
| Time and Cost Estimates / 15.4： |
| Annexure |
| Index |
ＥＢ
