Introduction: An Invitation to Statistics |
The Population and the Sample |
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics |
Achieving the Objective of Inferential Statistics: The Necessary Steps |
Describing Data with Graphs / 1: |
Variables and Data / 1.1: |
Types of Variables / 1.2: |
Graphs for Categorical Data / 1.3: |
Graphs for Quantitative Data / 1.4: |
Relative Frequency Histograms / 1.5: |
Describing Data with Numerical Measures / 2: |
Describing a Set of Data with Numerical Measures / 2.1: |
Measures of Center / 2.2: |
Measures of Variability / 2.3: |
On the Practical Significance of the Standard Deviation / 2.4: |
A Check on the Calculation of s / 2.5: |
Measures of Relative Standing / 2.6: |
The Five-Number Summary and the Box Plot / 2.7: |
Describing Bivariate Data / 3: |
Bivariate Data / 3.1: |
Graphs for Qualitative Variables / 3.2: |
Scatterplots for Two Quantitative Variables / 3.3: |
Numerical Measures for Quantitative Bivariate Data / 3.4: |
Probability and Probability Distributions / 4: |
The Role of Probability in Statistics / 4.1: |
Events and the Sample Space / 4.2: |
Calculating Probabilities Using Simple Events / 4.3: |
Useful Counting Rules (Optional) / 4.4: |
Event Relations and Probability Rules / 4.5: |
Conditional Probability, Independence, and the Multiplicative Rule / 4.6: |
Bayes' Rule (Optional) / 4.7: |
Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions / 4.8: |
Several Useful Discrete Distributions / 5: |
Introduction / 5.1: |
The Binomial Probability Distribution / 5.2: |
The Poisson Probability Distribution / 5.3: |
The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution / 5.4: |
The Normal Probability Distribution / 6: |
Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables / 6.1: |
Tabulated Areas of the Normal Probability Distribution / 6.2: |
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution (Optional) / 6.4: |
Sampling Distributions / 7: |
Sampling Plans and Experimental Designs / 7.1: |
Statistics and Sampling Distributions / 7.3: |
The Central Limit Theorem / 7.4: |
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean / 7.5: |
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion / 7.6: |
A Sampling Application: Statistical Process Control (Optional) / 7.7: |
Large-Sample Estimation / 8: |
Where We've Been / 8.1: |
Where We're Going--Statistical Inference / 8.2: |
Types of Estimators / 8.3: |
Point Estimation / 8.4: |
Interval Estimation / 8.5: |
Estimating the Difference between Two Population Means / 8.6: |
Estimating the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions / 8.7: |
One-Sided Confidence Bounds / 8.8: |
Choosing the Sample Size / 8.9: |
Large-Sample Tests of Hypotheses / 9: |
Testing Hypotheses about Population Parameters / 9.1: |
A Statistical Test of Hypothesis / 9.2: |
A Large-Sample Test about a Population Mean / 9.3: |
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Population Means / 9.4: |
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for a Binomial Proportion / 9.5: |
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions / 9.6: |
Some Comments on Testing Hypotheses / 9.7: |
Inference from Small Samples / 10: |
Student's t Distribution / 10.1: |
Small-Sample Inferences Concerning a Population Mean / 10.3: |
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Population Means: Independent Random Samples / 10.4: |
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Means: A Paired-Difference Test / 10.5: |
Inferences Concerning a Population Variance / 10.6: |
Comparing Two Population Variances / 10.7: |
Revisiting the Small-Sample Assumptions / 10.8: |
The Analysis of Variance / 11: |
The Design of an Experiment / 11.1: |
What Is an Analysis of Variance? / 11.2: |
The Assumptions for an Analysis of Variance / 11.3: |
The Completely Randomized Design: A One-Way Classification / 11.4: |
The Analysis of Variance for a Completely Randomized Design / 11.5: |
Ranking Population Means / 11.6: |
The Randomized Block Design: A Two-Way Classification / 11.7: |
The Analysis of Variance for a Randomized Block Design / 11.8: |
The a x b Factorial Experiment: A Two-Way Classification / 11.9: |
The Analysis of Variance for an a x b Factorial Experiment / 11.10: |
Revisiting the Analysis of Variance Assumptions / 11.11: |
A Brief Summary / 11.12: |
Linear Regression and Correlation / 12: |
A Simple Linear Probabilistic Model / 12.1: |
The Method of Least Squares / 12.3: |
An Analysis of Variance for Linear Regression / 12.4: |
Testing the Usefulness of the Linear Regression Model / 12.5: |
Diagnostic Tools for Checking the Regression Assumptions / 12.6: |
Estimation and Prediction Using the Fitted Line / 12.7: |
Correlation Analysis / 12.8: |
Multiple Regression Analysis / 13: |
The Multiple Regression Model / 13.1: |
A Multiple Regression Analysis / 13.3: |
A Polynomial Regression Model / 13.4: |
Using Quantitative and Qualitative Predictor Variables in a Regression Model / 13.5: |
Testing Sets of Regression Coefficients / 13.6: |
Interpreting Residual Plots / 13.7: |
Stepwise Regression Analysis / 13.8: |
Misinterpreting a Regression Analysis / 13.9: |
Steps to Follow When Building a Multiple Regression Model / 13.10: |
Analysis of Categorical Data / 14: |
A Description of the Experiment / 14.1: |
Pearson's Chi-Square Statistic / 14.2: |
Testing Specified Cell Probabilities: The Goodness-of-Fit Test / 14.3: |
Contingency Tables: A Two-Way Classification / 14.4: |
Comparing Several Multinomial Populations: A Two-Way Classification with Fixed Row or Column Totals / 14.5: |
The Equivalence of Statistical Tests / 14.6: |
Other Applications of the Chi-Square Test / 14.7: |
Nonparametric Statistics / 15: |
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: Independent Random Samples / 15.1: |
The Sign Test for a Paired Experiment / 15.3: |
A Comparison of Statistical Tests / 15.4: |
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for a Paired Experiment / 15.5: |
The Kruskal-Wallis H Test for Completely Randomized Designs / 15.6: |
The Friedman F[subscript r] Test for Randomized Block Designs / 15.7: |
Rank Correlation Coefficient / 15.8: |
Summary / 15.9: |
Appendix I |
Cumulative Binomial Probabilities / Table 1: |
Cumulative Poisson Probabilities / Table 2: |
Areas under the Normal Curve / Table 3: |
Critical Values of t / Table 4: |
Critical Values of Chi-Square / Table 5: |
Percentage Points of the F Distribution / Table 6: |
Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, n[subscript 1] [less than or equal] n[subscript 2] / Table 7: |
Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, n = 5(1)50 / Table 8: |
Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient for a One-Tailed Test / Table 9: |
Random Numbers / Table 10: |
Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, q[subscript [alpha](k, df) / Table 11: |
Answers to Selected Exercises |
Index |
Credits |
Introduction: An Invitation to Statistics |
The Population and the Sample |
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics |