Associated Editors and Contributors |
Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity / 1: |
Introduction / 1.1: |
The Piezoelectric Effect / 1.2: |
Mathematical Formulation of the Piezoelectric Effect. A First Approach / 1.3: |
Piezoelectric Contribution to Elastic Constants / 1.4: |
Piezoelectric Contribution to Dielectric Constants / 1.5: |
The Electric Displacement and the Internal Stress / 1.6: |
Basic Model of Electric Impedance for a Piezoelectric Material Subjected to a Variable Electric Field / 1.7: |
Natural Vibrating Frequencies / 1.8: |
Natural Vibrating Frequencies Neglecting Losses / 1.8.1: |
Natural Vibrating Frequencies with Losses / 1.8.2: |
Forced Vibrations with Losses. Resonant Frequencies / 1.8.3: |
Introduction to the Microgravimetric Sensor / 1.9: |
Appendix 1.A |
The Butterworth Van-Dyke Model for a Piezoelectric Resonator |
Rigorous Obtaining of the Electrical Admittance of a Piezoelectric Resonator. Application to AT Cut Quartz / 1.A.1: |
Expression for the Quality Factor as a Function of Equivalent Electrical Parameters / 1.A.2: |
References |
Overview of Acoustic-Wave Microsensors / 2: |
General Concepts / 2.1: |
Sensor Types / 2.3: |
Quartz Crystal Thickness Shear Mode Sensors / 2.3.1: |
Thin-Film Thickness-Mode Sensors / 2.3.2: |
Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors / 2.3.3: |
Shear-Horizontal Acoustic Plate Mode Sensors / 2.3.4: |
Surface Transverse Wave Sensors / 2.3.5: |
Love Wave Sensors / 2.3.6: |
Flexural Plate Wave Sensors / 2.3.7: |
Other Excitation Principles of BAW Sensors / 2.3.8: |
Micromachined Resonators / 2.3.9: |
Operating Modes / 2.4: |
Sensitivity / 2.5: |
Models for Resonant Sensors / 3: |
The Resonance Phenomenon / 3.1: |
Concepts of Piezoelectric Resonator Modeling / 3.3: |
The Equivalent Circuit of a Quartz Crystal Resonator / 3.4: |
Six Important Conclusions / 3.5: |
The Sauerbrey Equation / 3.5.1: |
Kanazawa's Equation / 3.5.2: |
Resonant Frequencies / 3.5.3: |
Motional Resistance and Q Factor / 3.5.4: |
Gravimetric and Non-Gravimetric Regime / 3.5.5: |
Kinetic Analysis / 3.5.6: |
Appendix 3.A |
The Coated Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal. Analytical Solution / 3.A.1: |
The Transmission Line Model / 3.A.3: |
The piezoelectric quartz crystal |
The Acoustic Load |
Special Cases / 3.A.4: |
The Modified Butterworth-Van Dyke Circuit |
The Acoustic Load Concept |
Single Film |
The Kanazawa Equation |
Martin's Equation |
Small phase shift approximation |
Models for Piezoelectric Transducers Used in Broadband Ultrasonic Applications / 4: |
The Electromechanical Impedance Matrix / 4.1: |
Equivalent Circuits / 4.3: |
Broadband Piezoelectric Transducers as Two-Port Networks / 4.4: |
Transfer Functions and Time Responses / 4.5: |
Acoustic Impedance Matching / 4.6: |
Electrical matching and tuning / 4.7: |
Interface Electronic Systems for AT-Cut QCM Sensors: A comprehensive review / 5: |
A Suitable Model for Including a QCM Sensor as Additional Component in an Electronic Circuit / 5.1: |
Critical Parameters for Characterizing the QCM Sensor / 5.3: |
Systems for Measuring Sensor Parameters and their Limitations / 5.4: |
Impedance or Network Analysis / 5.4.1: |
Adapted Impedance Spectrum Analyzers |
Decay and Impulse Excitation Methods / 5.4.2: |
Oscillators / 5.4.3: |
Basics of LC Oscillators |
Oscillating Conditions |
Parallel Mode Crystal Oscillator |
Series Mode Crystal Oscillator |
Problem Associated with the MSRF Determination |
Problem Associated with the Motional Resistance Determination |
Oscillators for QCM Sensors. Overview |
Interface Systems for QCM Sensors Based on Lock-in Techniques / 5.4.4: |
Phase-Locked Loop Techniques with Parallel Capacitance Compensation |
Lock-in Techniques at Maximum Conductance Frequency |
Interface Circuits for Fast QCM Applications / 5.4.5: |
Conclusions / 5.5: |
Appendix 5.A |
Critical Frequencies of a Resonator Modeled as a BVD Circuit |
Equations of Admittance and Impedance / 5.A.1: |
Critical Frequencies / 5.A.2: |
Series and parallel resonant frequencies |
Zero-Phase frequencies |
Frequencies for Minimum and Maximum Admittance |
The Admittance Diagram / 5.A.3: |
Interface Electronic Systems for Broadband Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Applications: Analysis of Responses by means of Linear Approaches / 6: |
General Interface Schemes for an Efficient Coupling of Broadband Piezoelectric Transducers / 6.1: |
Electronic Circuits used for the Generation of High Voltage Driving Pulses and Signal Reception in Broadband Piezoelectric Applications / 6.3: |
Some Classical Circuits to Drive Ultrasonic Transducers / 6.3.1: |
Electronic System Developed for the Efficient Pulsed Driving of High Frequency Transducers / 6.3.2: |
Electronic Circuits in Broadband Signal Reception / 6.3.3: |
Time Analysis by Means of Linear Approaches of Electrical Responses in HV Pulsed Driving of Piezoelectric Transducers / 6.4: |
Temporal Behaviour of the Driving Pulse under Assumption 1 / 6.4.1: |
Temporal Behaviour of the Driving Pulse under Assumption 2 / 6.4.2: |
Behaviour of the Driving Pulse under Assumption 3: The Inductive Tuning Case / 6.4.3: |
Viscoelastic Properties of Macromolecules / 7: |
Molecular Background of Viscoelasticity of Polymers / 7.1: |
Shear Modulus, Shear Compliance and Viscosity / 7.3: |
The Temperature-Frequency Equivalence / 7.4: |
Shear Parameter Determination / 7.5: |
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry / 8: |
What is an Electrode Reaction? / 8.1: |
Electrode Potentials / 8.3: |
The Rates of Electrode Reactions / 8.4: |
How to Investigate Electrode Reactions Experimentally / 8.5: |
Electrochemical Techniques and Combination with Non-Electrochemical Techniques / 8.6: |
Applications / 8.7: |
Bibliography / 8.8: |
Glossary of Symbols / 8.9: |
Chemical Sensors / 9: |
Electrochemical Sensors / 9.1: |
Potentiometric Sensors / 9.2.1: |
Amperometric Sensors / 9.2.2: |
Conductimetric Sensors / 9.2.3: |
Optical Sensors / 9.3: |
Acoustic Chemical Sensors / 9.4: |
Calorimetric Sensors / 9.5: |
Magnetic Sensors / 9.6: |
Biosensors: Natural Systems and Machines / 10: |
General Principle of Cell Signaling / 10.1: |
Biosensors / 10.3: |
Molecular Transistor / 10.3.1: |
Analogy and Difference of Biological System and Piezoelectric Device / 10.3.2: |
Modified Piezoelectric Surfaces / 11: |
Metallic Deposition / 11.1: |
Vacuum Methods / 11.2.1: |
Evaporation (Metals) |
Sputtering (Metals or Insulating Materials) |
Electrochemical Method / 11.2.2: |
Technique Based on Glued Solid Foil (Nickel, Iron, Stainless Steel ) / 11.2.3: |
Chemical Modifications (onto the metallic electrode) / 11.3: |
Organic Film Preparation / 11.3.1: |
Polymer Electrogeneration (Conducting Polymers: Polypyrrole, Polyaniline...) |
Monolayer assemblies / 11.3.2: |
SAM Techniques (Thiol Molecule) |
Langmuir-Blodgett Method |
Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte and Protein Films |
Biochemical Modifications / 11.4: |
Direct Immobilisation of Biomolecules (Adsorption, Covalent Bonding) / 11.4.1: |
Entrapping of Biomolecules (Electrogenerated Polymers: Enzyme, Antibodies, Antigens...) / 11.4.2: |
DNA Immobilisation / 11.4.3: |
Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Immunosensors / 12: |
Hapten synthesis / 12.1: |
Monoclonal antibody production / 12.3: |
Immobilization of immunoreagents / 12.4: |
Characterization of the piezoelectric immunosensor / 12.5: |
Combination of Quartz Crystal Microbalance with other Techniques / 13: |
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) / 13.1: |
ac-electrogravimetry / 13.2.1: |
Compatibility between QCM and Electrochemical measurements / 13.2.2: |
QCM in Combination with Optical Techniques / 13.3: |
QCM in Combination with Scanning Probe Techniques / 13.4: |
QCM in Combination with Other Techniques / 13.5: |
Determination of the Layer Thickness by EQCM / Appendix 13.A: |
Fundamentals on Ellipsometry / Appendix 13.B: |
QCM Data Analysis and Interpretation / 14: |
Description of the Parameter Extraction Procedure: Physical Model and Experimental Data / 14.1: |
Physical Model / 14.2.1: |
Experimental Parameters for Sensor Characterization / 14.2.2: |
Interpretation of Simple Cases / 14.3: |
One Sauerbrey-Like Behavior Layer / 14.3.1: |
One Semi-Infinite Newtonian Liquid / 14.3.2: |
One Semi-Infinite Viscoelastic Medium / 14.3.3: |
One Thin Rigid Layer Contacting a Semi-Infinite Medium / 14.3.4: |
Summary / 14.3.5: |
Limits of the Simple Cases / 14.3.6: |
Limits of the Sauerbrey Regime |
Limits of the Small Surface Load Impedance Condition and of the BVD Approximation |
Interpretation of the General Case / 14.4: |
Description of the Problem of Data Analysis and Interpretation in the General Case / 14.4.1: |
Restricting the Solutions by Increasing the Knowledge about the Physical Model / 14.4.2: |
Restricting the Solutions by Measuring the Thickness by an Alternative Technique |
Restricting the Solutions by Assuming the Knowledge of Properties Different from the Thickness |
Restricting the Solutions by a Controlled Change of the Properties of the Second Medium |
Restricting the Solutions by Increasing the Knowledge about the Admittance Response / 14.4.3: |
Restricting the Solutions by Measuring the Admittance Response of the Sensor to Different Harmonics |
Restricting the solutions by Measuring the Admittance Response of the Sensor in the Range of Frequencies around Resonance |
Additional Considerations. Calibration / 14.4.4: |
Other Effects. The N-layer Model / 14.4.5: |
Four-Layer Model for the Description of the Roughness Effect |
Case Studies / 14.5: |
Case Study I: Piezoelectric Inmunosensor for the Pesticide Carbaril / 14.5.1: |
Model |
Experimental Methodology |
Calibration of the piezoelectric transducer |
Results and Discussion |
Case Study II: Microrheological Study of the Aqueous Sol-Gel Process in the Silica-Metasilicate System / 14.5.2: |
Case Study III: Viscoelastic Characterization of Electrochemically prepared Conducting Polymer Films / 14.5.3: |
Obtaining of the Characteristic Parameters of the Roughness Model Developed by Arnau et al. in the Gravimetric Regime / Appendix 14.A: |
Sonoelectrochemistry / 15: |
Basic Consequences of Ultrasound / 15.1: |
Experimental Arrangements / 15.3: |
Sonoelectroanalysis / 15.4: |
Sonoelectrosynthesis / 15.4.2: |
Ultrasound and Bioelectrochemistry / 15.4.3: |
Corrosion, Electrodeposition and Electroless Deposition / 15.4.4: |
Nanostructured Materials / 15.4.5: |
Waste Treatment and Digestion / 15.4.6: |
Multi-frequency Insonation / 15.4.7: |
Final Remarks / 15.5: |
Ultrasonic Systems for Non-Destructive Testing Using Piezoelectric Transducers: Electrical Responses and Main Schemes / 16: |
Generalities about Ultrasonic NDT / 16.1: |
Some requirements for the ultrasonic responses in NDT applications / 16.1.1: |
Through-Transmission and Pulse-Echo Piezoelectric Configurations in NDT Ultrasonic Transceivers / 16.2: |
Analysis in the Frequency and Time Domains of Ultrasonic Transceivers in Non-Destructive Testing Processes / 16.3: |
Multi-Channel Schemes in Ultrasonic NDT Applications for High Resolution and Fast Operation / 16.4: |
Parallel Multi-Channel Control of Pulse-Echo Transceivers for Beam Focusing and Scanning Purposes / 16.4.1: |
Electronic Sequential Scanning of Ultrasonic Beams for Fast Operation in NDT / 16.4.2: |
A Mux-Dmux of High-voltage Pulses with Low On-Impedance |
Ultrasonic Techniques for Medical Imaging and Tissue Characterization / 17: |
Ultrasound Imaging Modes / 17.1: |
Basic ultrasonic properties of biological materials / 17.2.1: |
A-Mode / 17.2.2: |
B-Mode / 17.2.3: |
Other Types of B-mode Images / 17.2.4: |
Tissue harmonic imaging and contrast agents |
3D ultrasound imaging |
Doppler Imaging / 17.2.5: |
Ultrasound Computed Tomography (US-CT) / 17.2.6: |
Ultrasound Elastography / 17.2.7: |
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) / 17.2.8: |
Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Ultrasound Images / 17.2.9: |
Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) / 17.3: |
Speed of Sound (SOS) / 17.3.1: |
Acoustic attenuation coefficient / 17.3.2: |
Backscatter coefficient / 17.3.3: |
Periodicity Analysis: the Mean Scatterer Spacing (MSS) / 17.3.4: |
Acknowledgements |
Ultrasonic Hyperthermia / 18: |
Ultrasonic Fields / 18.1: |
Ultrasound Field Measurement / 18.2.1: |
Ultrasonic Generation / 18.3: |
Piezoelectric Material / 18.3.1: |
The Therapy Transducer / 18.3.2: |
Additional Quality Indicators / 18.3.3: |
Beam Non Uniformity Ratio / 18.3.4: |
Effective Radiating Area (ERA) / 18.3.5: |
Wave Propagation in Tissue / 18.4: |
Propagation Velocity / 18.4.1: |
Acoustic Impedance / 18.4.2: |
Attenuation / 18.4.3: |
Heating Process / 18.4.4: |
Hyperthermia Ultrasound Systems / 18.5: |
Superficial Heating systems / 18.6.1: |
Planar Transducer Systems |
Mechanically Scanned Fields |
Deep Heating Systems / 18.6.2: |
Mechanical Focusing |
Electrical focusing |
Characterization of Hyperthermia Ultrasound Systems / 18.6.3: |
Ultrasound Phantoms |
Ultrasound Phantom-Property Measurements |
Focusing Ultrasonic Transducers / 18.7: |
Spherically Curved Transducers / 18.7.1: |
Ultrasonic Lenses / 18.7.2: |
Electrical Focusing / 18.7.3: |
Transducer Arrays / 18.7.4: |
Intracavitary and Interstitial Transducers / 18.7.5: |
Trends / 18.8: |
Fundamentals of Electrostatics / Appendix A: |
Principles on Electrostatics / A.1: |
The Electric Field / A.2: |
The Electrostatic Potential / A.3: |
Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics / A.4: |
The Electric Field in Matter. Polarization and Electric Displacement / A.5: |
Physical Properties of Crystals / Appendix B: |
Elastic Properties / B.1: |
Stresses and Strains / B.2.1: |
Elastic Constants. Generalized Hooke's Law / B.2.2: |
Dielectric Properties / B.3: |
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion / B.4: |
Piezoelectric Properties / B.5: |
Index |