Series Preface |
Preface |
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols |
About the Author |
Introduction / 1: |
Introduction to Sensors / 1.1: |
What are Sensors? / 1.1.1: |
The Nose as a Sensor / 1.1.2: |
Sensors and Biosensors--Definitions / 1.2: |
Aspects of Sensors / 1.3: |
Recognition Elements / 1.3.1: |
Transducers--the Detector Device / 1.3.2: |
Methods of Immobilization / 1.3.3: |
Performance Factors / 1.3.4: |
Areas of Application / 1.3.5: |
Transduction Elements / 2: |
Electrochemical Transducers--Introduction / 2.1: |
Potentiometry and Ion-Selective Electrodes: The Nernst Equation / 2.2: |
Cells and Electrodes / 2.2.1: |
Reference Electrodes / 2.2.2: |
Quantitative Relationships: The Nernst Equation / 2.2.3: |
Practical Aspects of Ion-Selective Electrodes / 2.2.4: |
Measurement and Calibration / 2.2.5: |
Voltammetry and Amperometry / 2.3: |
Linear-Sweep Voltammetry / 2.3.1: |
Cyclic Voltammetry / 2.3.2: |
Chronoamperometry / 2.3.3: |
Amperometry / 2.3.4: |
Kinetic and Catalytic Effects / 2.3.5: |
Conductivity / 2.4: |
Field-Effect Transistors / 2.5: |
Semiconductors--Introduction / 2.5.1: |
Semiconductor--Solution Contact / 2.5.2: |
Field-Effect Transistor / 2.5.3: |
Modified Electrodes, Thin-Film Electrodes and Screen-Printed Electrodes / 2.6: |
Thick-Film--Screen-Printed Electrodes / 2.6.1: |
Microelectrodes / 2.6.2: |
Thin-Film Electrodes / 2.6.3: |
Photometric Sensors / 2.7: |
Optical Techniques / 2.7.1: |
Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy / 2.7.3: |
Fluorescence Spectroscopy / 2.7.4: |
Luminescence / 2.7.5: |
Optical Transducers / 2.7.6: |
Device Construction / 2.7.7: |
Solid-Phase Absorption Label Sensors / 2.7.8: |
Applications / 2.7.9: |
Further Reading |
Sensing Elements / 3: |
Ionic Recognition / 3.1: |
Ion-Selective Electrodes--Introduction / 3.2.1: |
Interferences / 3.2.2: |
Conducting Devices / 3.2.3: |
Modified Electrodes and Screen-Printed Electrodes / 3.2.4: |
Molecular Recognition--Chemical Recognition Agents / 3.3: |
Thermodynamic--Complex Formation / 3.3.1: |
Kinetic--Catalytic Effects: Kinetic Selectivity / 3.3.2: |
Molecular Size / 3.3.3: |
Molecular Recognition--Spectroscopic Recognition / 3.4: |
Infrared Spectroscopy--Molecular / 3.4.1: |
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy--Less Selective / 3.4.3: |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy--Needs Interpretation / 3.4.4: |
Mass Spectrometry / 3.4.5: |
Molecular Recognition--Biological Recognition Agents / 3.5: |
Enzymes / 3.5.1: |
Tissue Materials / 3.5.3: |
Micro-Organisms / 3.5.4: |
Mitochondria / 3.5.5: |
Antibodies / 3.5.6: |
Nucleic Acids / 3.5.7: |
Receptors / 3.5.8: |
Immobilization of Biological Components / 3.6: |
Adsorption / 3.6.1: |
Microencapsulation / 3.6.3: |
Entrapment / 3.6.4: |
Cross-Linking / 3.6.5: |
Covalent Bonding / 3.6.6: |
Selectivity / 4: |
Ion-Selective Electrodes / 4.2.1: |
Others / 4.2.2: |
Sensitivity / 4.3: |
Range, Linear Range and Detection Limits / 4.3.1: |
Time Factors / 4.4: |
Response Times / 4.4.1: |
Recovery Times / 4.4.2: |
Lifetimes / 4.4.3: |
Precision, Accuracy and Repeatability / 4.5: |
Different Biomaterials / 4.6: |
Different Transducers / 4.7: |
Urea Biosensors / 4.7.1: |
Amino Acid Biosensors / 4.7.2: |
Glucose Biosensors / 4.7.3: |
Uric Acid / 4.7.4: |
Some Factors Affecting the Performance of Sensors / 4.8: |
Amount of Enzyme / 4.8.1: |
Immobilization Method / 4.8.2: |
pH of Buffer / 4.8.3: |
Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors / 5: |
Potentiometric Sensors--Ion-Selective Electrodes / 5.1: |
Concentrations and Activities / 5.1.1: |
Calibration Graphs / 5.1.2: |
Examples of Ion-Selective Electrodes / 5.1.3: |
Gas Sensors--Gas-Sensing Electrodes / 5.1.4: |
Potentiometric Biosensors / 5.2: |
pH-Linked / 5.2.1: |
Ammonia-Linked / 5.2.2: |
Carbon Dioxide-Linked / 5.2.3: |
Iodine-Selective / 5.2.4: |
Silver Sulfide-Linked / 5.2.5: |
Amperometric Sensors / 5.3: |
Direct Electrolytic Methods / 5.3.1: |
The Three Generations of Biosensors / 5.3.2: |
First Generation--The Oxygen Electrode / 5.3.3: |
Second Generation--Mediators / 5.3.4: |
Third Generation--Directly Coupled Enzyme Electrodes / 5.3.5: |
NADH/NAD[superscript +] / 5.3.6: |
Examples of Amperometric Biosensors / 5.3.7: |
Amperometric Gas Sensors / 5.3.8: |
Conductometric Sensors and Biosensors / 5.4: |
Chemiresistors / 5.4.1: |
Biosensors Based on Chemiresistors / 5.4.2: |
Semiconducting Oxide Sensors / 5.4.3: |
Applications of Field-Effect Transistor Sensors / 5.5: |
Chemically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (CHEMFETs) / 5.5.1: |
Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs) / 5.5.2: |
FET-Based Biosensors (ENFETs) / 5.5.3: |
Photometric Applications / 6: |
Techniques for Optical Sensors / 6.1: |
Modes of Operation of Waveguides in Sensors / 6.1.1: |
Immobilized Reagents / 6.1.2: |
Visible Absorption Spectroscopy / 6.2: |
Measurement of pH / 6.2.1: |
Measurement of Carbon Dioxide / 6.2.2: |
Measurement of Ammonia / 6.2.3: |
Examples That Have Been Used in Biosensors / 6.2.4: |
Fluorescent Reagents / 6.3: |
Fluorescent Reagents for pH Measurements / 6.3.1: |
Halides / 6.3.2: |
Sodium / 6.3.3: |
Potassium / 6.3.4: |
Gas Sensors / 6.3.5: |
Indirect Methods Using Competitive Binding / 6.4: |
Reflectance Methods--Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy / 6.5: |
Evanescent Waves / 6.5.1: |
Reflectance Methods / 6.5.2: |
Attenuated Total Reflectance / 6.5.3: |
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence / 6.5.4: |
Surface Plasmon Resonance / 6.5.5: |
Light Scattering Techniques / 6.6: |
Types of Light Scattering / 6.6.1: |
Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering Spectroscopy / 6.6.2: |
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy / 6.6.3: |
Laser Doppler Velocimetry / 6.6.4: |
Mass-Sensitive and Thermal Sensors / 7: |
The Piezo-Electric Effect / 7.1: |
Principles / 7.1.1: |
Gas Sensor Applications / 7.1.2: |
Biosensor Applications / 7.1.3: |
The Quartz Crystal Microbalance / 7.1.4: |
Surface Acoustic Waves / 7.2: |
Plate Wave Mode / 7.2.1: |
Evanescent Wave Mode / 7.2.2: |
Lamb Mode / 7.2.3: |
Thickness Shear Mode / 7.2.4: |
Thermal Sensors / 7.3: |
Thermistors / 7.3.1: |
Catalytic Gas Sensors / 7.3.2: |
Thermal Conductivity Devices / 7.3.3: |
Specific Applications / 8: |
Determination of Glucose in Blood--Amperometric Biosensor / 8.1: |
Survey of Biosensor Methods for the Determination of Glucose / 8.1.1: |
Aim / 8.1.2: |
Determination of Nanogram Levels of Copper(I) in Water Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, Employing an Electrode Modified with a Complexing Agent / 8.2: |
Background to Stripping Voltammetry--Anodic and Cathodic / 8.2.1: |
Determination of Several Ions Simultaneously--'The Laboratory on a Chip' / 8.2.2: |
Sensor Arrays and 'Smart' Sensors / 8.3.1: |
Background to Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistors / 8.3.3: |
Determination of Attomole Levels of a Trinitrotoluene--Antibody Complex with a Luminescent Transducer / 8.3.4: |
Background to Immuno--Luminescent Assays / 8.4.1: |
Determination of Flavanols in Beers / 8.4.2: |
Background / 8.5.1: |
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions / 8.5.2: |
Bibliography |
Glossary of Terms |
SI Units and Physical Constants |
Periodic Table |
Index |
Series Preface |
Preface |
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols |