About the Author |
Preface |
Acknowledgments |
Abbreviations |
Symbols |
Introduction / 1: |
A Brief History / 1.1: |
Early Days / 1.1.1: |
The Middle of the Twentieth Century / 1.1.2: |
Developments towards the End of the Twentieth Century and the Early Twenty-First Century / 1.1.3: |
Electric Vehicles and the Environment / 1.2: |
Energy Saving and Overall Reduction of Carbon Emissions / 1.2.1: |
Reducing Local Pollution / 1.2.2: |
Reducing Dependence on Oil / 1.2.3: |
Usage Patterns for Electric Road Vehicles / 1.3: |
Further Reading |
Types of Electric Vehicles - EV Architecture / 2: |
Battery Electric Vehicles / 2.1: |
The IC Engine/Electric Hybrid Vehicle / 2.2: |
Fuelled EVs / 2.3: |
EVs using Supply Lines / 2.4: |
EVs which use Flywheels or Supercapacitors / 2.5: |
Solar-Powered Vehicles / 2.6: |
Vehicles using Linear Motors / 2.7: |
EVs for the Future / 2.8: |
Batteries, Flywheels and Supercapacitors / 3: |
Battery Parameters / 3.1: |
Cell and Battery Voltages / 3.2.1: |
Charge (or Amphour) Capacity / 3.2.2: |
Energy Stored / 3.2.3: |
Specific Energy / 3.2.4: |
Energy Density / 3.2.5: |
Specific Power / 3.2.6: |
Amphour (or Charge) Efficiency / 3.2.7: |
Energy Efficiency / 3.2.8: |
Self-discharge Rates / 3.2.9: |
Battery Geometry / 3.2.10: |
Battery Temperature, Heating and Cooling Needs / 3.2.11: |
Battery Life and Number of Deep Cycles / 3.2.12: |
Lead Acid Batteries / 3.3: |
Lead Acid Battery Basics / 3.3.1: |
Special Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries / 3.3.2: |
Battery Life and Maintenance / 3.3.3: |
Battery Charging / 3.3.4: |
Summary of Lead Acid Batteries / 3.3.5: |
Nickel-Based Batteries / 3.4: |
Nickel Cadmium / 3.4.1: |
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries / 3.4.3: |
Sodium-Based Batteries / 3.5: |
Sodium Sulfur Batteries / 3.5.1: |
Sodium Metal Chloride (ZEBRA) Batteries / 3.5.3: |
Lithium Batteries / 3.6: |
The Lithium Polymer Battery / 3.6.1: |
The Lithium Ion Battery / 3.6.3: |
Metal-Air Batteries / 3.7: |
The Aluminium-Air Battery / 3.7.1: |
The Zinc-Air Battery / 3.7.3: |
Supercapacitors and Flywheels / 3.8: |
Supercapacitors / 3.8.1: |
Flywheels / 3.8.2: |
Battery Chargers / 3.9: |
Charge Equalisation / 3.9.2: |
The Designer's Choice of Battery / 3.10: |
Batteries which are Currently Available Commercially / 3.10.1: |
Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles / 3.11: |
IC/Battery Electric Hybrids / 3.11.1: |
Battery/Battery Electric Hybrids / 3.11.3: |
Combinations using Flywheels / 3.11.4: |
Complex Hybrids / 3.11.5: |
Battery Modelling / 3.12: |
The Purpose of Battery Modelling / 3.12.1: |
Battery Equivalent Circuit / 3.12.2: |
Modelling Battery Capacity / 3.12.3: |
Simulating a Battery at a Set Power / 3.12.4: |
Calculating the Peukert Coefficient / 3.12.5: |
Approximate Battery Sizing / 3.12.6: |
In Conclusion / 3.13: |
References |
Electricity Supply / 4: |
Normal Existing Domestic and Industrial Electricity Supply / 4.1: |
Infrastructure Needed for Charging Electric Vehicles / 4.2: |
Electricity Supply Rails / 4.3: |
Inductive Power Transfer for Moving Vehicles / 4.4: |
Battery Swapping / 4.5: |
Fuel Cells / 5: |
Fuel Cells - A Real Option? / 5.1: |
Hydrogen Fuel Cells - Basic Principles / 5.2: |
Electrode Reactions / 5.2.1: |
Different Electrolytes / 5.2.2: |
Fuel Cell Electrodes / 5.2.3: |
Fuel Cell Thermodynamics - An Introduction / 5.3: |
Fuel Cell Efficiency and Efficiency Limits / 5.3.1: |
Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage / 5.3.2: |
Practical Fuel Cell Voltages / 5.3.3: |
The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration / 5.3.4: |
Connecting Cells in Series - The Bipolar Plate / 5.4: |
Water Management in the PEMFC / 5.5: |
Introduction to the Water Problem / 5.5.1: |
The Electrolyte of a PEMFC / 5.5.2: |
Keeping the PEM Hydrated / 5.5.3: |
Thermal Management of the PEMFC / 5.6: |
A Complete Fuel Cell System / 5.7: |
Practical Efficiency of Fuel Cells / 5.8: |
Hydrogen as a Fuel - Its Production and Storage / 6: |
Hydrogen as a Fuel / 6.1: |
Fuel Reforming / 6.3: |
Fuel Cell Requirements / 6.3.1: |
Steam Reforming / 6.3.2: |
Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming / 6.3.3: |
Further Fuel Processing - Carbon Monoxide Removal / 6.3.4: |
Practical Fuel Processing for Mobile Applications / 6.3.5: |
Energy Efficiency of Reforming / 6.3.6: |
Hydrogen Storage I - Storage as Hydrogen / 6.4: |
Introduction to the Problem / 6.5.1: |
Safety / 6.5.2: |
The Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas / 6.5.3: |
Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid / 6.5.4: |
Reversible Metal Hydride Hydrogen Stores / 6.5.5: |
Carbon Nanofibres / 6.5.6: |
Storage Methods Compared / 6.5.7: |
Hydrogen Storage II - Chemical Methods / 6.6: |
Methanol / 6.6.1: |
Alkali Metal Hydrides / 6.6.3: |
Sodium Borohydride / 6.6.4: |
Ammonia / 6.6.5: |
Electric Machines and their Controllers / 6.6.6: |
The 'Brushed' DC Electric Motor / 7.1: |
Operation of the Basic DC Motor / 7.1.1: |
Torque Speed Characteristics / 7.1.2: |
Controlling the Brushed DC Motor / 7.1.3: |
Providing the Magnetic Field for DC Motors / 7.1.4: |
DC Motor Efficiency / 7.1.5: |
Motor Losses and Motor Size / 7.1.6: |
Electric Motors as Brakes / 7.1.7: |
DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion / 7.2: |
Switching Devices / 7.2.1: |
Step-Down or 'Buck' Regulators / 7.2.2: |
Step-Up or 'Boost' Switching Regulator / 7.2.3: |
Single-Phase Inverters / 7.2.4: |
Three Phase / 7.2.5: |
Brushless Electric Motors / 7.3: |
The Brushless DC Motor / 7.3.1: |
Switched Reluctance Motors / 7.3.3: |
The Induction Motor / 7.3.4: |
Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass / 7.4: |
Improving Motor Efficiency / 7.4.1: |
Motor Mass / 7.4.2: |
Electric Machines for Hybrid Vehicles / 7.5: |
Linear Motors / 7.6: |
Electric Vehicle Modelling / 8: |
Tractive Effort / 8.1: |
Rolling Resistance Force / 8.2.1: |
Aerodynamic Drag / 8.2.3: |
Hill Climbing Force / 8.2.4: |
Acceleration Force / 8.2.5: |
Total Tractive Effort / 8.2.6: |
Modelling Vehicle Acceleration / 8.3: |
Acceleration Performance Parameters / 8.3.1: |
Modelling the Acceleration of an Electric Scooter / 8.3.2: |
Modelling the Acceleration of a Small Car / 8.3.3: |
Modelling Electric Vehicle Range / 8.4: |
Driving Cycles / 8.4.1: |
Range Modelling of Battery Electric Vehicles / 8.4.2: |
Constant Velocity Range Modelling / 8.4.3: |
Other uses of Simulations / 8.4.4: |
Range Modelling of Fuel Cell Vehicles / 8.4.5: |
Range Modelling of Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 8.4.6: |
Simulations - A Summary / 8.5: |
Design Considerations / 9: |
Aerodynamic Considerations / 9.1: |
Aerodynamics and Energy / 9.2.1: |
Body/Chassis Aerodynamic Shape / 9.2.2: |
Consideration of Rolling Resistance / 9.3: |
Transmission Efficiency / 9.4: |
Consideration of Vehicle Mass / 9.5: |
Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design / 9.6: |
Body/Chassis Requirements / 9.6.1: |
Body/Chassis Layout / 9.6.2: |
Body/Chassis Strength, Rigidity and Crash Resistance / 9.6.3: |
Designing for Stability / 9.6.4: |
Suspension for Electric Vehicles / 9.6.5: |
Examples of Chassis used in Modern Battery and Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 9.6.6: |
Chassis used in Modern Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles / 9.6.7: |
General Issues in Design / 9.7: |
Design Specifications / 9.7.1: |
Software in the use of Electric Vehicle Design / 9.7.2: |
Design of Ancillary Systems / 10: |
Heating and Cooling Systems / 10.1: |
Design of the Controls / 10.3: |
Power Steering / 10.4: |
Choice of Tyres / 10.5: |
Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks / 10.6: |
Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems / 10.7: |
Efficiencies and Carbon Release Comparison / 11: |
Definition of Efficiency / 11.1: |
Carbon Dioxide Emission and Chemical Energy in Fuel / 11.3: |
Vehicle Pollution - The Effects / 12: |
Vehicle Pollution in Context / 12.3: |
The Role of Regulations and Lawmakers / 12.4: |
Power Generation for Transport - Particularly for Zero Emissions / 13: |
Power Generation using Fossil Fuels / 13.1: |
Alternative and Sustainable Energy / 13.3: |
Solar Energy / 13.3.1: |
Wind Energy / 13.3.2: |
Hydroelectricity / 13.3.3: |
Tidal Energy / 13.3.4: |
Marine Currents / 13.3.5: |
Wave Energy / 13.3.6: |
Biomass Energy / 13.3.7: |
Obtaining Energy from Waste / 13.3.8: |
Geothermal Energy / 13.3.9: |
Nuclear Energy / 13.4: |
Nuclear Fission / 13.4.1: |
Nuclear Fusion / 13.4.2: |
Recent Electric Vehicles / 13.5: |
Low-Speed Rechargeable Battery Vehicles / 14.1: |
Electric Bicycles / 14.2.1: |
Electric Mobility Aids / 14.2.2: |
Low-Speed Vehicles / 14.2.3: |
Battery-Powered Cars and Vans / 14.3: |
Peugeot 106 and the Partner / 14.3.1: |