| Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series |
| Preface to Volume 4 |
| Contributors to Volume 4 |
| Titles of Volumes 1-44 in the Metal Ions in Biological Systems Series |
| Contents of Volumes in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences Series |
| Crystals And Life: An Introduction / Arthur Veis1： |
| Abstract |
| Introduction |
| Global Effects / 2： |
| Minerals within Living Systems / 3： |
| Concluding Remarks / 4： |
| Acknowledgments |
| Abbreviations |
| References |
| What Genes and Genomes Tell Us about Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization / Fred H. Wilt ; Christopher E. Killian |
| One Gene-One Protein Approaches |
| Many Genes-One Structure Approaches |
| General Conclusions |
| The Role of Enzymes in Biomineralization Processes / Ingrid M. Weiss ; Frédéric Marin |
| From Ions to Minerals: A Pathway Paved by Enzymes |
| The "Evolution" of Solids: A Complex Network of Regulation |
| Mimicking Nature: How Far Can the Design of Biomineralization Enzymes Take Us? |
| Conclusions / 5： |
| Metal-Bacteria Interactions at both the Planktonic Cell and Biofilm Levels / Ryan C. Hunter ; Terry J. Beveridge |
| Planktonic Bacterial Cells |
| Metal-Microbe Interactions |
| Microbial Biofilm Communities |
| Biofilm Microenvironments and Their Impact on Geochemical Interactions |
| Abbreviations and Definitions / 6： |
| Biomineralization of Calcium Carbonate. The Interplay With Biosubstrates / Amir Berman |
| Control in Biological Mineralization |
| Recent Perspectives on Mineralization Strategies |
| Crystal Assembly |
| Calcium Carbonate Nucleation and Growth on Artificial Substrates / 7： |
| Summary and Outlook / 8： |
| Sulfate-Containing Biominerals / Fabienne Bosselmann ; Matthias Epple |
| Sulfate-Containing Biominerals: An Overview |
| Gypsum and Bassanite (Calcium Sulfates) |
| Celestite (Strontium Sulfate) |
| Barite (Barium Sulfate) |
| Jarosite (Potassium Iron Hydroxide Sulfate) |
| Oxalate Biominerals / Enrique J. Baron ; Paula V. Monje |
| Metallic Oxalates: Physico-Chemical and Structural Properties |
| Calcium Oxalates in Plants |
| Calcium Oxalates in Other Forms of Life |
| Other Oxalate Biominerals |
| Pathological Oxalates |
| Oxalates in the Environment |
| Oxalate Degrading Systems |
| Conclusions and Perspectives / 9： |
| Molecular Processes of Biosilicification in Diatoms / Aubrey K. Davis ; Mark Hildebrand |
| Silicon Transport |
| Silica Structure Formation |
| Regulation of Structure Formation |
| Manipulation of Diatom Silica Structure |
| Concluding Remarks and Future Directions |
| Heavy Metals in the Jaws of Invertebrates / Helga C. Lichtenegger ; Henrik Birkedal ; J. Herbert Waite |
| Iron Biomineralization in Chitons and Limpets |
| Copper and Zinc in Marine Worm Jaws |
| Zinc and Manganese in Arthropods |
| Heavy Metals and Jaw Mechanics |
| Acknowledgment |
| Ferritin. Biomineralization of Iron / Elizabeth C. Theil ; Xiaofeng S. Liu ; Manolis Matzapetakis10： |
| Protein Nanocage Structures |
| Iron Entry: The Protein Ferroxidase Site |
| Mineral Precursor Translocation, Nucleation, and Mineralization |
| Ferritin Demineralization and the Nanocage Gated Pores |
| Summary and Perspective |
| Magnetism and Molecular Biology of Magnetic Iron Minerals in Bacteria / Richard B. Frankel ; Sabrina Schübbe ; Dennis A. Bazylinski11： |
| Introduction Magnetotactic Bacteria |
| Molecular Biology of Magnetosome Chain Formation |
| Magnetic Properties of Magnetosomes |
| Biominerals. Recorders of the Past? / Danielle Fortin ; Sean Langley ; Susan Glasauer12： |
| What Are Biominerals? |
| Biominerals as Biosignatures? |
| Tools to Study Biosignatures |
| Dynamics of Biomineralization and Biodemineralization / Lijun Wang ; George H. Nancollas13： |
| Nucleation and Crystal Growth |
| Dissolution |
| Conclusion and Future Directions |
| List of Symbols |
| Mechanism of Mineralization of Collagen-Based Connective Tissues / Adele L. Boskey14： |
| Function of Collagen in the Regulation of Vertebrate Biomineralization |
| Comparative Composition of the Organic Components of Collagenous Mineralized Tissues |
| Is there a Uniform Theory of Vertebrate Mineralization? |
| Mammalian Enamel Formation / Janet Moradian-Oldak ; Michael L. Paine15： |
| Delineation of the Extracellular Space |
| Ion Composition and Transport |
| The Organic Matrix Components |
| Function of Organic Matrix in Enamel Formation |
| Matrix Degradation |
| Mechanical Design of Biomineralized Tissues. Bone and Other Hierarchical Materials / Peter Fratzl16： |
| Growth, Self-Repair, and Structural Hierarchies |
| Hierarchical Structure of Bone |
| Hierarchical Structure of a Silica Sponge Skeleton |
| Some Structural Elements with Mechanical Function |
| Bioinspired Growth Of Mineralized Tissue / Darilis Suárez-González ; William L. Murphy17： |
| Natural Development of Bone |
| Connective Tissue Progenitor Cells |
| Inductive Soluble Factors |
| Bone Structural Properties |
| Scaffold Materials for Bioinspired Mineralized Tissue Fabrication |
| Summary |
| Polymer-Controlled Biomimetic Mineralization of Novel Inorganic Materials / Helmut Cölfen ; Markus Antonietti18： |
| Different Crystallization Modes and Ways to Modify Crystallization |
| Polymer-Controlled Crystallization |
| Conclusion |
| Current Trends and Outlook to the Future |
| Subject Index |
| Historical Development and Perspectives of the Series |
| Preface to Volume 4 |
| Contributors to Volume 4 |
