| Language Design Issues / 1： |
| Why Study Programming Languages? A Short History of Programming Languages |
| Role of Programming Languages |
| Programming Environments |
| C Overview |
| Impact of Machine Architectures / 2： |
| The Operation of a Computer |
| Virtual Computers and Binding Times |
| Language Translation Issues / 3： |
| Programming Language Syntax |
| Stages in Translation |
| Formal Translation Models |
| Recursive Descent Parsing |
| Pascal Overview |
| Modeling Language Properties / 4： |
| Formal Properties of Languages |
| Language Semantics |
| Elementary Data Types / 5： |
| Properties of Types and Objects |
| Scalar Data Types |
| Composite Data Types |
| FORTRAN Overview |
| Encapsulation / 6： |
| Structured Data Types |
| Abstract Data Types |
| Encapsulation by Subprograms |
| Type Definitions |
| C++ Overview |
| Inheritance / 7： |
| Abstract Data Types Revisited |
| Polymorphism |
| Sequence Control / 8： |
| Implicit and Explicit Sequence Control |
| Sequencing with Arithmetic Expressions |
| Sequence Control between Statements |
| Sequencing with Nonarithmetic Expressions |
| Subprogram Control / 9： |
| Subprogram Sequence Control |
| Attributes of Data Control |
| Parameter Transmission |
| Explicit Common Environments |
| Storage Management / 10： |
| Elements Requiring Storage |
| Programmer- and System-Controlled Storage |
| Static Storage Management |
| Heap Storage Management |
| Distributed Processing / 11： |
| Variations on Subprogram Control |
| Parallel Programming |
| Hardware Developments |
| Software Architecture |
| Network Programming / 12： |
| Desktop Publishing |
| The World Wide Web |
| Appendix: Language Summaries |
| Ada |
| C |
| C++ |
| FORTRAN |
| Java |
| LISP |
| ML |
| Pascal |
| Perl |
| Postscript |
| Prolog |
| Smalltalk |
| References |
| Index |
| Language Design Issues / 1： |
| Why Study Programming Languages? A Short History of Programming Languages |
| Role of Programming Languages |
| Programming Environments |
| C Overview |
| Impact of Machine Architectures / 2： |
