| Preface |
| Part 1. Introduction |
| Chapter 1. Introduction Ei-ichi Yasuda and Michio Inagaki 3 |
| 1 A Short History 3 |
| 2 Carbon Family 5 |
| 3 Carbon Alloys 9 |
| References 11 |
| Part 2. Space Control in Carbon Alloys |
| Chapter 2. Hybrid Orbital Control in Carbon Alloys Riichiro Saito 15 |
| 1 Hybridization in a Carbon Atom 15 |
| 2 Defect States and Modifications of the Hybridization 27 |
| 3 Spectroscopies for spn Structure 33 |
| 4 Conclusions 38 |
| References 38 |
| Chapter 3. Structural Design and Functions of Carbon Materials by Alloying in Atomic and Molecular Scales Morinobu Endo, Takuya Hayashi, Yoong Ahm Kim, Hiroaki Ohta and Sung Wha Hong 41 |
| 1. Introduction 41 |
| 2. Intercalation Compounds 42 |
| 3 Insertion of Li Ions into the Disordered Carbon Materials 44 |
| 4 Substitution of Heteroatoms 46 |
| 5 Metal-doped Fullerenes 49 |
| 6 Metal-doped Carbon Nanotubes 50 |
| 7 Conclusions 54 |
| References 54 |
| Chapter 4. Surface and Hidden Surface-controlled Carbon Alloys Katsumi Kaneko 57 |
| 1 Importance of Hidden Surfaces and Confined Spaces in Carbon Materials 57 |
| 2 Carbon Structure of Superhigh Surface Area 64 |
| 3 Design of Hidden Surfaces with Alloying 65 |
| 4 Properties of Hidden Surface- or Pore Space-alloyed Carbons 68 |
| 5 Design of New Porous Carbon with Carbon Alloying Technique 76 |
| References 77 |
| Chapter 5. Control of Interface and Microstructure in Carbon Alloys Yasuhiro Tanabe and Ei-ichi Yasuda 83 |
| 1 Introduction 83 |
| 2 Interface Control 85 |
| 3 Microstructure Control 89 |
| 4 Conclusion 93 |
| References 93 |
| Part 3. Typical Carbon Alloys and Processing |
| Chapter 6. Intercalation Compounds Noboru Akuzawa 99 |
| 1 Introduction 99 |
| 2 Li-insertion into Carbon Materials 100 |
| 3 New Intercalation Compounds Prepared from Unique Host Carbon Materials 103 |
| 4 Host Effect on the Intercalation of Halogen Molecules and Alkali Metals 104 |
| 5 Physical Properties of MCI2-GICs and Alkyl Derivative of Boehmite with Layered Structure 105 |
| 6 Conclusion 105 |
| References 106 |
| Chapter 7. Porous Carbon Takashi Kyotani 109 |
| 1 Introduction 109 |
| 2 Control of Pore Structure 110 |
| 3 Performance of Advanced Porous Carbon 118 |
| 4 Conclusions 123 |
| References 124 |
| Chapter 8. Polymer Blend Technique for Designing Carbon Materials Asao Oya 129 |
| 1. Introduction 129 |
| 2. Porous Carbon Materials 129 |
| 3 Preferential Support of Metal Particles on Pore Surface 131 |
| 4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes 133 |
| 5 Other Fibrous Carbon Materials with Unique Shapes 139 |
| 6 Conclusions 141 |
| References 141 |
| Part 4. The Latest Characterization Techniques |
| Chapter 9. Computer Simulations Shinji Tsuneyuki 145 |
| 1 Methods 145 |
| 2 Applications 150 |
| 3 Conclusions 156 |
| References 156 |
| Chapter 10. X-ray Diffraction Methods to Study Crystallite Size and Lattice Constants of Carbon Materials Minoru Shiraishi and Michio Inagaki 161 |
| 1. Introduction 161 |
| 2 Measurement Method (JSPS Method) 162 |
| 3 Characterization of Carbonized Materials Heat-treated at Low Temperatures 170 |
| References 173 |
| Chapter 11. Pore Structure Analyses of Carbons by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Keiko Nishikawa 175 |
| 1. Introduction 175 |
| 2. Fundamentals of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 176 |
| 3 Analyses 180 |
| 4 Examples of Structure Determination 183 |
| References 187 |
| Chapter 12. XAFS Analysis and Applications to Carbons and Catalysts Hiromi Yamashita 189 |
| 1 Introduction 189 |
| 2 XAFS Analysis 190 |
| 3 Applications to Carbon Related Materials and Catalysts 200 |
| 4 XAFS in the Future 207 |
| References 207 |
| Chapter 13. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and its Application to Carbon Noboru Suzuki 211 |
| 1 Introduction and XPS 211 |
| 2 C1s Binding Energy 212 |
| 3 Application to Carbon Materials 212 |
| References 220 |
| Chapter 14. Transmission Electron Microscopy Hiroyasu Saka 223 |
| 1 Introduction 223 |
| 2 Materials Characterization by Means of TEM 223 |
| 3 Specimen Preparation by FIB 231 |
| 4 In-Situ Heating Experiment 235 |
| References 238 |
| Chapter 15. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and its Applications to Characterization of Carbon Materials Hisako Hirai 239 |
| 1 Introduction 239 |
| 2 Basic Principles of EELS and Instrumentation 240 |
| 3 The Energy-Loss Spectrum 242 |
| 4 Applications to Characterizing Carbon Materials 249 |
| 5. Conclusions: The Future of EELS 254 |
| References 255 |
| Chapter 16. Visualization of the Atomic-scale Structure and Reactivity of Metal Carbide Surfaces Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Ken-ichi Fukui, Rong-Li Lo and Yasuhiro Iwasawa 257 |
| 1 Introduction 257 |
| 2 Principle of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 259 |
| 3 Preparation of Mo2C Surfaces 259 |
| 4 Visualization of the Atomic-scale Structure and Reactivity of Molybdenum Carbide Surfaces by STM 260 |
| 5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 265 |
| References 266 |
| Chapter 17. Infra-Red Spectra, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Proton Magnetic Thermal Analysis Osamu Ito, Tadaaki Ikoma and Richard Sakurovs 269 |
| 1 Infra-Red (IR) Spectra 269 |
| 2 EPR 276 |
| 3 Proton Magnetic Resonance Thermal Analysis (PMRTA) 281 |
| References 283 |
| Chapter 18. Raman Spectroscopy as a Characterization Tool for Carbon Materials Masato Kakihana and Minoru Osada 285 |
| 1 Introduction 285 |
| 2 Raman Spectra of Carbon Materials 288 |
| 3 Remarks about Raman Measurements 290 |
| 4 Recent Raman Studies of Carbon Materials 292 |
| References 297 |
| Chapter 19. Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and its Application to Carbon Alloys Takashi Nishizawa 299 |
| 1 Introduction 299 |
| 2 Apparatus 299 |
| 3 Basics of NMR for Spin 1/2 Nucleus 300 |
| 4 Characterization of Pitch 308 |
| 5 Solid-state 7Li-NMR 313 |
| References 318 |
| Chapter 20. Gas Adsorption Yohko Hanzawa and Katsumi Kaneko 319 |
| 1 Adsorption, Absorption, Occlusion and Storage 319 |
| 2 Classification of Pores and Porosity 320 |
| 3 Selection of an Adsorbate Molecule 321 |
| 4 Surface Structure and the Adsorption Isotherm 324 |
| References 331 |
| Chapter 21. Electrochemical Characterization of Carbons and Carbon Alloys Tsuyoshi Nakajima 335 |
| 1 Introduction 335 |
| 2 Characterization Techniques 336 |
| 3 Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon Alloys 340 |
| 4 Conclusions 349 |
| References 349 |
| Chapter 22. Mechanical Probe for Micro-/Nano-characterization Mototsugu Sakai 351 |
| 1 Introduction 351 |
| 2 Theoretical Considerations 353 |
| 3 Experimental Details 360 |
| 4 Application to Carbon-related Materials 364 |
| 5 Concluding Remarks 380 |
| References 382 |
| Chapter 23. Magnetism of Nano-graphite Toshiaki Enoki, Bhagvatula L.V. Prasad, Yoshiyuki Shibayama, Kazuyuki Takai and Hirohiko Sato 385 |
| 1 Introduction 385 |
| 2 Conversion from Diamond to Graphite in Nano-scale Dimension 386 |
| 3 Nano-graphite Network 389 |
| 4 Fluorinated Nano-graphite 392 |
| References 393 |
| Chapter 24. Magnetoresistance and its Application to Carbon and Carbon Alloys Yoshihiro Hishiyama 395 |
| 1 Introduction 395 |
| 2 Background for the Magnetoresistance Measurement 395 |
| 3 Measurement of Magnetoresistance 400 |
| 4 Application of Magnetoresistance Technique for Synthesis of High-Quality Graphite Film from Aromatic Polyimide Film 403 |
| 5 Negative Magnetoresistance in Boron-doped Graphites 409 |
| References 413 |
| Part 5. Function Developments and Application Potentials |
| Chapter 25. Applications of Advanced Carbon Materials to the Lithium Ion Secondary Battery Morinobu Endo and Yoong Ahm Kim 417 |
| 1 Introduction 417 |
| 2 Characteristics of Li-ion Secondary Battery 420 |
| 3 Carbon and Graphite Host Materials 420 |
| 4 Lithium/Graphite Intercalation Compounds 421 |
| 5 Voltage Profiles of Carbon Electrodes 424 |
| 6 Effect of Microstructure of Carbon Anode on the Capacity 426 |
| 7 Li Storage Model 430 |
| 8 Conclusions 431 |
| References 432 |
| Chapter 26. Electrochemical Functions Mikio Miyake 435 |
| 1 Features of Carbon Materials as Electrodes 435 |
| 2 Electrochemical Reactions on Carbon 436 |
| 3 Electrochemical Behavior of Various Carbons 439 |
| 4 Application of Carbon Electrodes 441 |
| References 444 |
| Chapter 27. Electric Double Layer Capacitors Soshi Shiraishi 447 |
| 1 Introduction 447 |
| 2 Influence of Pore Size Distribution of ACFs on Double Layer Capacitance 449 |
| 3 Double Layer Capacitance of Other Carbon Materials 454 |
| 4 Conclusion 456 |
| References 456 |
| Chapter 28. Field Electron Emissions from Carbon Nanotubes Yahachi Saito, Koichi Hata and Sashiro Uemura 459 |
| 1 Introduction 459 |
| 2 FEM Study of Nanotubes 460 |
| 3 Nanotube-based Display Devices 465 |
| References 468 |
| Chapter 29. Gas Separations with Carbon Membranes Katsuki Kusakabe and Shigeharu Morooka 469 |
| 1 Properties of Carbon Membranes 469 |
| 2 Preparation of Carbon Membranes 472 |
| 3 Permeances of Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 474 |
| 4 Oxidation of Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 478 |
| 5 Separation Based on Surface Flow 480 |
| 6 Conclusions 481 |
| References 481 |
| Chapter 30. Property Control of Carbon Materials by Fluorination Hidekazu Touhara 485 |
| 1 Introduction 485 |
| 2 Control of Carbon Properties by Fluorination 486 |
| 3 The Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes with Fluorine and Carbon Alloying by Fluorination 487 |
| References 497 |
| Chapter 31. Preparation of Metal-loaded Porous Carbons and Their Use as a Highly Active Catalyst for Reduction of Nitric Oxide (NO) Kouichi Miura and Hiroyuki Nakagawa 499 |
| 1 Introduction 499 |
| 2 Sample Preparation 500 |
| 3 Carbonization Behavior of the Resins 501 |
| 4 Characterization of Metal Loaded Porous Carbons 502 |
| 5 Nitric Oxide Decomposition on Metal Loaded Porous Carbons 504 |
| 6 Conclusions 512 |
| References 512 |
| Chapter 32. Formation of a Seaweed Bed Using Carbon Fibers Minoru Shiraishi 515 |
| 1 Introduction 515 |
| 2 Rapid Fixation of Marine Organisms 515 |
| 3 Food Chain Through a Carbon Fiber Seaweed Bed 518 |
| 4 Formation of an Artificial Bed of Seaweed Using Carbon Fibers 519 |
| References 521 |
| Chapter 33. Carbon/Carbon Composites and Their Properties Tatsuo Oku 523 |
| 1 Introduction 523 |
| 2 Carbon Fibers and Carbon Coils 524 |
| 3 Novel Materials and Control of Micro-structures 527 |
| 4 Improvement of Properties and Correlation Between Properties and Microstructures 531 |
| 5 Fracture and its Mechanism 538 |
| 6 Microstructure Observation 542 |
| 7 Concluding Remarks 542 |
| References 543 |
| Chapter 34. Super-hard Materials Osamu Takai 545 |
| 1 Super-hard Materials 545 |
| 2 Diamond-like Carbon 546 |
| 3 Carbon Nitride 552 |
| 4 Boron Carbonitride (BxCyNz) 556 |
| 5 Conclusion 557 |
| References 557 |
| Contributing authors 559 |
| Subject index 563 |
| Preface |
| Part 1. Introduction |
| Chapter 1. Introduction Ei-ichi Yasuda and Michio Inagaki 3 |
図書
