| Preface |
| List of Contributors |
| Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes / Daniele Gerion1： |
| Introduction and Outlook / 1.1： |
| A New Era in Cell Biology / 1.1.1： |
| Manotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology / 1.1.2： |
| Fundamentals of Fluorescence / 1.2： |
| Basic Principles / 1.2.1： |
| A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes / 1.2.2： |
| Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms / 1.2.2.1： |
| A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling / 1.2.2.2： |
| Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants / 1.2.2.3： |
| Quantum Dots / 1.2.2.4： |
| Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials / 1.2.2.5： |
| Sources and Detectors / 1.2.3： |
| Light Sources / 1.2.3.1： |
| Detectors / 1.2.3.2： |
| Microscope Configurations / 1.3： |
| Wide-field Methods: Epi-, and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) / 1.3.1： |
| Epifluorescence Illumination / 1.3.1.1： |
| Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Illumination / 1.3.1.2： |
| Scanning Methods for Microscopy / 1.3.2： |
| Laser-scanning or Stage-scanning Confocal Microscopy / 1.3.2.1： |
| Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) / 1.3.2.2： |
| Strategies for Image Acquisition / 1.4： |
| Intensity Imaging / 1.4.1： |
| Spectral Imaging / 1.4.2： |
| Lifetime and Time-gated Imaging / 1.4.3： |
| Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and FRET Imaging / 1.4.4： |
| Qdots in Biology: A Few Selected Examples / 1.5： |
| Ultra-high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping / 1.5.1： |
| Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment / 1.5.2： |
| Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells / 1.5.2.1： |
| Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells / 1.5.2.2： |
| In Vivo and Non-invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters / 1.5.3： |
| Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine? / 1.6： |
| Acknowledgments |
| References |
| Characterization of Nanoscale Systems in Biology using Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques / Anthony W. Coleman ; Adina N. Lazar ; Cecile F. Rousseau ; Sebastien Cecillon ; Patrick Shahgaldian2： |
| Introduction / 2.1： |
| The Scanning Probe Microscopy Experiment / 2.2： |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging / 2.3： |
| Atomic Force Microscopy / 2.4： |
| Generalities / 2.4.1： |
| Tips and Cantilevers / 2.4.2： |
| Contact Mode AFM / 2.4.3： |
| Dynamic Modes / 2.4.4： |
| Non-contact Mode / 2.4.4.1： |
| Intermittent Contact Mode / 2.4.4.3： |
| Force Modulation Mode / 2.4.4.4： |
| Friction Force Mode or Lateral Force Mode / 2.4.5： |
| Force-Distance Analysis / 2.4.6： |
| Chemical Force Imaging / 2.4.7： |
| Dip-pen Lithography / 2.4.8： |
| Cantilever Array Sensors / 2.4.9： |
| Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy / 2.5： |
| Artifacts / 2.6： |
| Artifacts Related to Tip Size and Geometry / 2.6.1： |
| Artifacts from Damaged Tips / 2.6.2： |
| Artifacts from Tip-Sample Interactions / 2.6.3： |
| Sample Artifacts / 2.6.4： |
| Using the Tools / 2.7： |
| DNA / 2.7.1： |
| Topographic Imaging of DNA / 2.7.1.1： |
| Imaging DNA Translocation / 2.7.1.2： |
| DNA Interactions and Stretching / 2.7.1.3： |
| Proteins / 2.7.2： |
| Topographic Imaging of Proteins / 2.7.2.1： |
| Dip-pen Nanolithography Patterning of Proteins / 2.7.2.2： |
| Protein-Protein and Protein-Ligand Interactions / 2.7.2.3： |
| Polysaccharides / 2.7.3： |
| Proteoglycan Topographic Imaging / 2.7.3.1： |
| Lipid Systems / 2.7.4： |
| Liposomes / 2.7.4.1： |
| Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) / 2.7.4.2： |
| Supported Lipid Bilayers and Monolayers / 2.7.4.3： |
| SNOM Imaging / 2.7.5： |
| Viruses / 2.7.6： |
| Cells / 2.7.7： |
| Topographic Imaging / 2.7.7.1： |
| Interactions and Mechanical Properties / 2.7.7.2： |
| NSOM Imaging / 2.7.7.3： |
| Cantilever Arrays as Biosensors / 2.7.8： |
| Conclusion / 2.8： |
| Books on Scanning Probe Microsopies Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology / Appendix 1： |
| Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology / Appendix 2： |
| Quartz Crystal Microbalance Characterization of Nanostructure Assemblies in Biosensing / Aren E. Gerdon ; David W. Wright ; David E. Cliffel3： |
| Principles of QCM / 3.1： |
| QCM Wave Penetration Depth / 3.1.2： |
| QCM Sensor Specificity / 3.1.3： |
| Calculation of Equilibrium and Kinetic Constants / 3.1.4： |
| QCM Application to Life Sciences / 3.1.5： |
| Interface Between Biology and Nanomaterials / 3.2： |
| Antibodies / 3.2.1： |
| Nanoparticles / 3.2.2： |
| QCM Nanoparticle-based Chemical Sensors / 3.3： |
| QCM Nanoparticle-based Biosensors / 3.4： |
| QCM Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors / 3.5： |
| Traditional Immunoassays / 3.5.1： |
| Immunoassays using Nanotechnology / 3.5.2： |
| Antigen Mimic Design / 3.5.3： |
| Glutathione-protected Nanocluster / 3.5.3.2： |
| Hemagglutanin Mimic Nanocluster / 3.5.3.3： |
| Protective Antigen of B. anthracis Mimic Nanocluster / 3.5.3.4： |
| Conclusions and Future Directions / 3.6： |
| Symbols |
| NMR Characterization Techniques - Application to Nanoscaled Pharmaceutical Carriers / Christian Mayer4： |
| Structural Analysis of Nanoparticles / 4.1： |
| Phase Transitions of the Particle Matrix / 4.3： |
| Adsorption to the Particle Surface / 4.4： |
| Molecular Exchange through Nanocapsule Membranes / 4.5： |
| Particle Degradation and Release / 4.6： |
| Summary and Outlook / 4.7： |
| Characterization of Nano Features in Biopolymers using Small-angle X-ray Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Modeling / Angelika Krebs ; Bettina Bottcher5： |
| Small-angle X-ray Scattering / 5.1： |
| Scattering Technique / 5.2.1： |
| Scattering Phenomenon / 5.2.1.1： |
| Scattering Curve and Pair Distance Distribution Function / 5.2.1.2： |
| Determination of Scattering Parameters / 5.2.1.3： |
| Experimental Setup / 5.2.1.4： |
| Interpretation of Data / 5.2.2： |
| Direct Methods / 5.2.2.1： |
| Indirect Methods / 5.2.2.2： |
| Electron Microscopy / 5.3： |
| Image Formation / 5.3.1： |
| Interference of Electrons with Matter / 5.3.1.1： |
| Contrast Transfer Function / 5.3.1.2： |
| Sample Preparation / 5.3.2： |
| Vitrification of Biological Specimens / 5.3.2.1： |
| Two-dimensional Merging of Electron Microscopic Data / 5.3.3： |
| Cross Correlation Function / 5.3.3.1： |
| Identification of the Different Views / 5.3.3.2： |
| Merging of EM-data in Three Dimensions / 5.3.4： |
| Sinogram Correlation / 5.3.4.1： |
| Reconstruction of the Three-dimensional Model / 5.3.4.2： |
| Merging of Methods / 5.4： |
| Comparison of EM and SAXS Data / 5.4.1： |
| SAXS Modeling Approaches using EM Information / 5.4.2： |
| In Situ Characterization of Drug Nanoparticles by FTIR Spectroscopy / Michael Turk ; Ruth Signorell6： |
| Particle Generation Methods / 6.1： |
| Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) / 6.2.1： |
| Electro-Spraying / 6.2.2： |
| Particle Characterization Methods / 6.3： |
| In Situ Characterization with FTIR Spectroscopy / 6.3.1： |
| Characterization of the RESS Process / 6.3.1.1： |
| In Situ Characterization with 3-WEM / 6.3.2： |
| Characterization with SMPS and SEM / 6.3.3： |
| Determination of Refractive Index Data in the Mid-infrared Region / 6.4： |
| Examples / 6.5： |
| Phenanthrene Particles: Size, Shape, Optical Data / 6.5.1： |
| Sugar Nanoparticles / 6.5.2： |
| Drug Nanoparticles / 6.5.3： |
| Summary and Conclusion / 6.6： |
| Acknowledgment |
| Characterization of Nanoscaled Drug Delivery Systems by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) / Karsten Mader7： |
| ESR Basics and Requirements / 7.1： |
| Information from ESR Spectroscopy and Imaging / 7.3： |
| Nitroxide Concentration / 7.3.1： |
| Micropolarity and Microviscosity / 7.3.2： |
| Monitoring of Microacidity / 7.3.3： |
| ESR Imaging / 7.3.4： |
| In Vivo ESR / 7.4： |
| X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy in Nanoscience and Lifesciences / Jinghua Guo7.5： |
| Soft X-ray Spectroscopy / 8.1： |
| Soft X-ray Absorption Edges / 8.2.1： |
| Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy / 8.2.2： |
| Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy / 8.2.3： |
| Resonant Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy / 8.2.4： |
| Experimental Details / 8.2.5： |
| Chemical Sensitivity of Soft X-ray Spectroscopy / 8.3： |
| Electronic Structure and Geometrical Structure / 8.3.1： |
| Hydrogen Bonding Effect / 8.3.2： |
| Charge and Spin States of Transition Metals / 8.3.3： |
| Electronic Structure and Nanostructure / 8.4： |
| Wide Bandgap Nanostructured Semiconductors / 8.4.1： |
| Cu Nanoclusters / 8.4.2： |
| ZnO Nanocrystals / 8.4.3： |
| Electronic Structure and Molecular Structure / 8.5： |
| Hydrogen Bonding in Liquid Water / 8.5.1： |
| Molecular Structure in Liquid Alcohol and Water Mixture / 8.5.2： |
| Electronic Structure and Ion Solvations / 8.5.3： |
| Drugs in Water Solution / 8.5.4： |
| Electronic Structure of Bases in DNA Duplexes / 8.5.5： |
| Some New Advances and Challenges in Biological and Biomedical Materials Characterization / Filip Braet ; Lilian Soon ; Thomas F. Kelly ; David J. Larson ; Simon P. Ringer9： |
| Modern Atom Probe Tomography: Principles, Applications in Biomaterials and Potential Applications for Biology / 9.1： |
| The Need for an Ideal Microscope / 9.2.1： |
| Field Ion Microscopy and the Modern Atom Probe Instrument / 9.2.1.1： |
| Applications in Biomaterials / 9.2.1.2： |
| Applications and Challenges for Biological Science / 9.2.1.3： |
| Instrumentation / 9.3： |
| Live Cell Imaging / 9.3.2.1： |
| Summary / 9.3.3： |
| Cryo-electron Microscopy / 9.4： |
| Cryo-electron Microscopy Imaging / 9.4.1： |
| Conclusions / 9.4.3： |
| Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy / Rhonda Dzakpasu ; Daniel Axelrod10： |
| Theory / 10.1： |
| Single Scattering Center / 10.2.1： |
| Multiple Scattering Centers / 10.2.2： |
| Temporal Autocorrelation of Intensity / 10.2.3： |
| Phase Fluctuation Factors / 10.2.4： |
| Number Fluctuation Factors / 10.2.5： |
| Characteristic Times and Distances / 10.2.6： |
| Spatial Autocorrelation of Intensity / 10.2.7： |
| Variance of Intensity Fluctuations: Mobile Fraction / 10.2.8： |
| Experimental Design / 10.3： |
| Optical Setup / 10.3.1： |
| Data Acquisition / 10.3.2： |
| Sample Preparation: Polystyrene Beads / 10.3.3： |
| Sample Preparation: Living Macrophages / 10.3.4： |
| Buffer Changes during Data Acquisition / 10.3.5： |
| Data Analysis / 10.4： |
| Temporal Intensity Autocorrelation Function / 10.4.1： |
| Spatial Intensity Autocorrelation Function / 10.4.2： |
| Mobile Fraction / 10.4.3： |
| Experimental Results / 10.5： |
| Polystyrene Beads: Temporal Phase Autocorrelation / 10.5.1： |
| Variance of Intensity Fluctuations on Beads: Phase Fluctuations / 10.5.2： |
| Polystyrene Beads: Number Fluctuations / 10.5.3： |
| Polystyrene Beads: Spatial Autocorrelation / 10.5.4： |
| Polystyrene Beads: Mobile Fractions / 10.5.5： |
| Living Macrophage Cells: Temporal Autocorrelation / 10.5.6： |
| Living Macrophage Cells: Mobile Fraction / 10.5.7： |
| Discussion / 10.6： |
| Polystyrene Beads / 10.6.1： |
| Macrophages / 10.6.2： |
| Improvements for DLSM / 10.6.3： |
| X-ray Scattering Techniques for Characterization of Nanosystems in Lifesciences / Cheng K. Saw11： |
| Brief Historical Background and Unique Properties / 11.1： |
| Scattering of X-rays / 11.3： |
| Crystallography / 11.4： |
| Scattering from a Powder Sample / 11.5： |
| Scattering by Atomic Aggregates / 11.6： |
| Crystallite Size and Paracrystallinity / 11.7： |
| Production of X-rays / 11.8： |
| Absorption of X-rays / 11.9： |
| Instrumentation: WAXS / 11.10： |
| Small Angle X-ray Scattering / 11.11： |
| Dilute Systems / 11.11.1： |
| Highly Correlating Systems / 11.11.2： |
| SAXS Instrumentation / 11.12： |
| Synchrotron Radiation / 11.13： |
| Concluding Remarks / 11.14： |
| Index |
図書
ＥＢ
