| Preface |
| Today's Chemical Industry |
| Which Way is Up? |
| Prologue |
| Today's Challenge -Value Creation |
| Strategic Choices for the Chemical Industry in the New Millenium / 1： |
| Managing Commodity PortfoliosHow to Succeed in the Rapidly Maturing Specialty Chemicals Industry |
| Introduction |
| Chemical Companies and Biotechnology |
| The Impact of E-Commerce on the Chemical Industry / 1.1： |
| The Alchemy of Leveraged Buyouts |
| What is luminescence? |
| Revitalizing Innovation |
| Managing the Organizational Context / 1.2： |
| Creating an Entrepreneurial Procurement Organization |
| A brief history of fluorescence and phosphorescence |
| Achieving Excellence in Production |
| A Customer-centric Approach to Sales and Marketing / 1.3： |
| The Role of Mergers and Acquisitions |
| Fluorescence and other de-excitation processes of excited molecules |
| The Delicate Game of Post-merger Management |
| Cyclicality: Trying to Manage the Unmanageable / 1.4： |
| Index |
| Fluorescent probes |
| Molecular fluorescence as an analytical tool / 1.5： |
| Ultimate spatial and temporal resolution: femtoseconds, femtoliters, femtomoles and single-molecule detection / 1.6： |
| Bibliography / 1.7： |
| Absorption of UV-visible light / 2： |
| Types of electronic transitions in polyatomic molecules / 2.1： |
| Probability of transitions. The Beer-Lambert Law. Oscillator strength / 2.2： |
| Selection rules / 2.3： |
| The Franck-Condon principle / 2.4： |
| Characteristics of fluorescence emission / 2.5： |
| Radiative and non-radiative transitions between electronic states / 3.1： |
| Internal conversion / 3.1.1： |
| Fluorescence / 3.1.2： |
| Intersystem crossing and subsequent processes / 3.1.3： |
| Intersystem crossing / 3.1.3.1： |
| Phosphorescence versus non-radiative de-excitation / 3.1.3.2： |
| Delayed fluorescence / 3.1.3.3： |
| Triplet-triplet transitions / 3.1.3.4： |
| Lifetimes and quantum yields / 3.2： |
| Excited-state lifetimes / 3.2.1： |
| Quantum yields / 3.2.2： |
| Effect of temperature / 3.2.3： |
| Emission and excitation spectra / 3.3： |
| Steady-state fluorescence intensity / 3.3.1： |
| Emission spectra / 3.3.2： |
| Excitation spectra / 3.3.3： |
| Stokes shift / 3.3.4： |
| Effects of molecular structure on fluorescence / 3.4： |
| Extent of [pi]-electron system. Nature of the lowest-lying transition / 3.4.1： |
| Substituted aromatic hydrocarbons / 3.4.2： |
| Internal heavy atom effect / 3.4.2.1： |
| Electron-donating substituents: -OH, -OR, -NHR, -NH[subscript 2] / 3.4.2.2： |
| Electron-withdrawing substituents: carbonyl and nitro compounds / 3.4.2.3： |
| Sulfonates / 3.4.2.4： |
| Heterocyclic compounds / 3.4.3： |
| Compounds undergoing photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and internal rotation / 3.4.4： |
| Environmental factors affecting fluorescence / 3.5： |
| Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening. Red-edge effects / 3.5.1： |
| Solid matrices at low temperature / 3.5.2： |
| Fluorescence in supersonic jets / 3.5.3： |
| Effects of intermolecular photophysical processes on fluorescence emission / 3.6： |
| Overview of the intermolecular de-excitation processes of excited molecules leading to fluorescence quenching / 4.1： |
| Phenomenological approach / 4.2.1： |
| Dynamic quenching / 4.2.2： |
| Stern-Volmer kinetics / 4.2.2.1： |
| Transient effects / 4.2.2.2： |
| Static quenching / 4.2.3： |
| Sphere of effective quenching / 4.2.3.1： |
| Formation of a ground-state non-fluorescent complex / 4.2.3.2： |
| Simultaneous dynamic and static quenching / 4.2.4： |
| Quenching of heterogeneously emitting systems / 4.2.5： |
| Photoinduced electron transfer / 4.3： |
| Formation of excimers and exciplexes / 4.4： |
| Excimers / 4.4.1： |
| Exciplexes / 4.4.2： |
| Photoinduced proton transfer / 4.5： |
| General equations / 4.5.1： |
| Determination of the excited-state pK / 4.5.2： |
| Prediction by means of the Forster cycle / 4.5.2.1： |
| Steady-state measurements / 4.5.2.2： |
| Time-resolved experiments / 4.5.2.3： |
| pH dependence of absorption and emission spectra / 4.5.3： |
| Excitation energy transfer / 4.6： |
| Distinction between radiative and non-radiative transfer / 4.6.1： |
| Radiative energy transfer / 4.6.2： |
| Non-radiative energy transfer / 4.6.3： |
| Fluorescence polarization. Emission anisotropy / 4.7： |
| Characterization of the polarization state of fluorescence (polarization ratio, emission anisotropy) / 5.1： |
| Excitation by polarized light / 5.1.1： |
| Vertically polarized excitation / 5.1.1.1： |
| Horizontally polarized excitation / 5.1.1.2： |
| Excitation by natural light / 5.1.2： |
| Instantaneous and steady-state anisotropy / 5.2： |
| Instantaneous anisotropy / 5.2.1： |
| Steady-state anisotropy / 5.2.2： |
| Additivity law of anisotropy / 5.3： |
| Relation between emission anisotropy and angular distribution of the emission transition moments / 5.4： |
| Case of motionless molecules with random orientation / 5.5： |
| Parallel absorption and emission transition moments / 5.5.1： |
| Non-parallel absorption and emission transition moments / 5.5.2： |
| Effect of rotational Brownian motion / 5.6： |
| Free rotations / 5.6.1： |
| Hindered rotations / 5.6.2： |
| Applications / 5.7： |
| Principles of steady-state and time-resolved fluorometric techniques / 5.8： |
| Steady-state spectrofluorometry / 6.1： |
| Operating principles of a spectrofluorometer / 6.1.1： |
| Correction of excitation spectra / 6.1.2： |
| Correction of emission spectra / 6.1.3： |
| Measurement of fluorescence quantum yields / 6.1.4： |
| Problems in steady-state fluorescence measurements: inner filter effects and polarization effects / 6.1.5： |
| Measurement of steady-state emission anisotropy. Polarization spectra / 6.1.6： |
| Time-resolved fluorometry / 6.2： |
| General principles of pulse and phase-modulation fluorometries / 6.2.1： |
| Design of pulse fluorometers / 6.2.2： |
| Single-photon timing technique / 6.2.2.1： |
| Stroboscopic technique / 6.2.2.2： |
| Other techniques / 6.2.2.3： |
| Design of phase-modulation fluorometers / 6.2.3： |
| Phase fluorometers using a continuous light source and an electro-optic modulator / 6.2.3.1： |
| Phase fluorometers using the harmonic content of a pulsed laser / 6.2.3.2： |
| Problems with data collection by pulse and phase-modulation fluorometers / 6.2.4： |
| Dependence of the instrument response on wavelength. Color effect / 6.2.4.1： |
| Polarization effects / 6.2.4.2： |
| Effect of light scattering / 6.2.4.3： |
| Data analysis / 6.2.5： |
| Pulse fluorometry / 6.2.5.1： |
| Phase-modulation fluorometry / 6.2.5.2： |
| Judging the quality of the fit / 6.2.5.3： |
| Global analysis / 6.2.5.4： |
| Complex fluorescence decays. Lifetime distributions / 6.2.5.5： |
| Lifetime standards / 6.2.6： |
| Time-dependent anisotropy measurements / 6.2.7： |
| Time-resolved fluorescence spectra / 6.2.7.1： |
| Lifetime-based decomposition of spectra / 6.2.9： |
| Comparison between pulse and phase fluorometries / 6.2.10： |
| Appendix: Elimination of polarization effects in the measurement of fluorescence intensity and lifetime / 6.3： |
| Effect of polarity on fluorescence emission. Polarity probes / 6.4： |
| What is polarity? / 7.1： |
| Empirical scales of solvent polarity based on solvatochromic shifts / 7.2： |
| Single-parameter approach / 7.2.1： |
| Multi-parameter approach / 7.2.2： |
| Photoinduced charge transfer (PCT) and solvent relaxation / 7.3： |
| Theory of solvatochromic shifts / 7.4： |
| Examples of PCT fluorescent probes for polarity / 7.5： |
| Effects of specific interactions / 7.6： |
| Effects of hydrogen bonding on absorption and fluorescence spectra / 7.6.1： |
| Examples of the effects of specific interactions / 7.6.2： |
| Polarity-induced inversion of n-[pi] and [pi]-[pi] states / 7.6.3： |
| Polarity-induced changes in vibronic bands. The Py scale of polarity / 7.7： |
| Conclusion / 7.8： |
| Microviscosity, fluidity, molecular mobility. Estimation by means of fluorescent probes / 7.9： |
| What is viscosity? Significance at a microscopic level / 8.1： |
| Use of molecular rotors / 8.2： |
| Methods based on intermolecular quenching or intermolecular excimer formation / 8.3： |
| Methods based on intramolecular excimer formation / 8.4： |
| Fluorescence polarization method / 8.5： |
| Choice of probes / 8.5.1： |
| Homogeneous isotropic media / 8.5.2： |
| Ordered systems / 8.5.3： |
| Practical aspects / 8.5.4： |
| Concluding remarks / 8.6： |
| Resonance energy transfer and its applications / 8.7： |
| Determination of distances at a supramolecular level using RET / 9.1： |
| Single distance between donor and acceptor / 9.2.1： |
| Distributions of distances in donor-acceptor pairs / 9.2.2： |
| RET in ensembles of donors and acceptors / 9.3： |
| RET in three dimensions. Effect of viscosity / 9.3.1： |
| Effects of dimensionality on RET / 9.3.2： |
| Effects of restricted geometries on RET / 9.3.3： |
| RET between like molecules. Excitation energy migration in assemblies of chromophores / 9.4： |
| RET within a pair of like chromophores / 9.4.1： |
| RET in assemblies of like chromophores / 9.4.2： |
| Lack of energy transfer upon excitation at the red-edge of the absorption spectrum (Weber's red-edge effect) / 9.4.3： |
| Overview of qualitative and quantitative applications of RET / 9.5： |
| Fluorescent molecular sensors of ions and molecules / 9.6： |
| Fundamental aspects / 10.1： |
| pH sensing by means of fluorescent indicators / 10.2： |
| Principles / 10.2.1： |
| The main fluorescent pH indicators / 10.2.2： |
| Coumarins / 10.2.2.1： |
| Pyranine / 10.2.2.2： |
| Fluorescein and its derivatives / 10.2.2.3： |
| SNARF and SNAFL / 10.2.2.4： |
| PET (photoinduced electron transfer) pH indicators / 10.2.2.5： |
| Fluorescent molecular sensors of cations / 10.3： |
| General aspects / 10.3.1： |
| PET (photoinduced electron transfer) cation sensors / 10.3.2： |
| Crown-containing PET sensors / 10.3.2.1： |
| Cryptand-based PET sensors / 10.3.2.3： |
| Podand-based and chelating PET sensors / 10.3.2.4： |
| Calixarene-based PET sensors / 10.3.2.5： |
| PET sensors involving excimer formation / 10.3.2.6： |
| Examples of PET sensors involving energy transfer / 10.3.2.7： |
| Fluorescent PCT (photoinduced charge transfer) cation sensors / 10.3.3： |
| PCT sensors in which the bound cation interacts with an electron-donating group / 10.3.3.1： |
| PCT sensors in which the bound cation interacts with an electron-withdrawing group / 10.3.3.3： |
| Excimer-based cation sensors / 10.3.4： |
| Miscellaneous / 10.3.5： |
| Oxyquinoline-based cation sensors / 10.3.5.1： |
| Further calixarene-based fluorescent sensors / 10.3.5.2： |
| Fluorescent molecular sensors of anions / 10.3.6： |
| Anion sensors based on collisional quenching / 10.4.1： |
| Anion sensors containing an anion receptor / 10.4.2： |
| Fluorescent molecular sensors of neutral molecules and surfactants / 10.5： |
| Cyclodextrin-based fluorescent sensors / 10.5.1： |
| Boronic acid-based fluorescent sensors / 10.5.2： |
| Porphyrin-based fluorescent sensors / 10.5.3： |
| Towards fluorescence-based chemical sensing devices / 10.6： |
| Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric pH titrations / Appendix A.： |
| Determination of the stoichiometry and stability constant of metal complexes from spectrophotometric or spectrofluorometric titrations / Appendix B.： |
| Advanced techniques in fluorescence spectroscopy / 10.7： |
| Time-resolved fluorescence in the femtosecond time range: fluorescence up-conversion technique / 11.1： |
| Advanced fluorescence microscopy / 11.2： |
| Improvements in conventional fluorescence microscopy / 11.2.1： |
| Confocal fluorescence microscopy / 11.2.1.1： |
| Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy / 11.2.1.2： |
| Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) / 11.2.1.3： |
| Fluorescence lifetime imaging spectroscopy (FLIM) / 11.2.2： |
| Time-domain FLIM / 11.2.2.1： |
| Frequency-domain FLIM / 11.2.2.2： |
| Confocal FLIM (CFLIM) / 11.2.2.3： |
| Two-photon FLIM / 11.2.2.4： |
| Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy / 11.3： |
| Conceptual basis and instrumentation / 11.3.1： |
| Determination of translational diffusion coefficients / 11.3.2： |
| Chemical kinetic studies / 11.3.3： |
| Determination of rotational diffusion coefficients / 11.3.4： |
| Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy / 11.4： |
| General remarks / 11.4.1： |
| Single-molecule detection in flowing solutions / 11.4.2： |
| Single-molecule detection using advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques / 11.4.3： |
| Epilogue / 11.5： |
