Preface |
An Overview of Microelectronic Fabrication / 1: |
A Historical Perspective |
An Overview of Monolithic Fabrication Processes and Structures |
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Processes |
Basic Bipolar Processing |
Safety |
Lithography / 2: |
The Photolithographic Process |
Etching Techniques |
Photomask Fabrication |
Exposure Systems |
Exposure Sources |
Optical and Electron Microscopy |
Further Reading |
Thermal Oxidation of Silicon / 3: |
The Oxidation Process |
Modeling Oxidation |
Factors Influencing Oxidation Rate |
Dopant Redistribution During Oxidation |
Masking Properties of Silicon Dioxide |
Technology of Oxidation |
Oxide Quality |
Selective Oxidation and Shallow Trench Formation |
Oxide Thickness Characterization |
Process Simulation |
Diffusion / 4: |
The Diffusion Process |
Mathematical Model for Diffusion |
The Diffusion Coefficient |
Successive Diffusions |
Solid-Solubility Limits |
Junction Formation and Characterization |
Sheet Resistance |
Generation-Depth and Impurity Profile Measurement |
Diffusion Simulation |
Diffusion Systems |
Gettering |
Ion Implantation / 5: |
Implantation Technology |
Mathematical Model for Ion Implantation |
Selective Implantation |
Junction Depth and Sheet Resistance |
Channeling, Lattice Damage, and Annealing |
Shallow Implantation |
Source Listing |
Film Deposition / 6: |
Evaporation |
Sputtering |
Chemical Vapor Deposition |
Epitaxy |
Interconnections and Contacts / 7: |
Interconnections in Integrated Circuits |
Metal Interconnections and Contact Technology |
Diffused Interconnections |
Polysilicon Interconnections and Buried Contacts |
Silicides and Multilayer-Contact Technology |
The Liftoff Process |
Multilevel Metallization |
Copper Interconnects and Damascene Processes |
Packaging and Yield / 8: |
Testing |
Wafer Thinning and Die Separation |
Die Attachment |
Wire Bonding |
Packages |
Flip-Chip and Tape-Automated-Bonding Processes |
Yield |
MOS Process Integration / 9: |
Basic MOS Device Considerations |
MOS Transistor Layout and Design Rules |
Complementary MOS (CMOS) Technology |
Silicon on Insulator |
Bipolar Process Integration / 10: |
The Junction-Isolated Structure |
Current Gain |
Transit Time |
Basewidth |
Breakdown Voltages |
Other Elements in SBC Technology |
Layout Considerations |
Advanced Bipolar Structures |
Other Bipolar Isolation Techniques |
BICMOS |
Processes for Microelectromechanical Systems--MEMS / 11: |
Mechanical Properties of Silicon |
Bulk Micromachining |
Silicon Etchants |
Surface Micromachining |
High-Aspect-Ratio Micromachining: The LIGA Molding Process |
Silicon Wafer Bonding |
IC Process Compatibility |
Answers to Selected Problems |
Index |
Preface |
An Overview of Microelectronic Fabrication / 1: |
A Historical Perspective |