Preface to the Two-Volume Series |
Preface to the First Volume |
Introduction / Chapter 1: |
Thermodynamics--A Pre-eminent Example of an Exact Science / 1.1: |
The Language of Thermodynamics / 1.2: |
The Thermodynamic System / 1.2a: |
Isolated, Closed, and Adiabatic Systems: Surroundings and the Universe / 1.2b: |
Components and Mixtures / 1.2c: |
Chemical Processes / 1.2d: |
Thermodynamic Variables / 1.3: |
Number of moles (n) / 1.3a: |
Volume (V) / 1.3b: |
Pressure (p) / 1.3c: |
Temperature (T) / 1.3d: |
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics |
Temperature Scales |
The Thermodynamic or Kelvin Temperature Scale |
The Absolute Temperature Scale |
The International Temperature Scale--ITS-90 |
Internal Energy (U) / 1.3e: |
Entropy (S) / 1.3f: |
Enthalpy (H) / 1.3g: |
Helmholtz Free Energy (A) / 1.3h: |
Gibbs Free Energy (G) / 1.3i: |
The Mathematics of Thermodynamics / 1.4: |
The Pfaffian Differential and the Test for Exactness / 1.4a: |
Relationships Between Exact Differentials / 1.4b: |
Derivation of Thermodynamic Equations using the Properties of the Exact Differential / 1.5: |
Examples of the Application of Exact Differential Relationships / 1.5a: |
Calculation of Changes in the Thermodynamic Variable / 1.6: |
Use of Units / 1.7: |
References |
The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics / Chapter 2: |
The First Law of Thermodynamics / 2.1: |
Work / 2.1a: |
Calculation of Work / 2.1b: |
The Isobaric Process |
The Isochoric Process |
The Isothermal Process |
The Reversible Process |
Calculation of Heat / 2.1c: |
Heat Capacity |
Relationships between U, H, q, C[subscript p], and C[subscript V] |
Calculation of q for Other Processes / 2.1d: |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics / 2.2: |
The Carnot Cycle: A Hypothetical Engine of Fundamental Importance / 2.2a: |
The Kelvin Temperature and Its Role in Calculating an Entropy Change / 2.2b: |
The Second Law Expressed in Terms of an Entropy Change / 2.2c: |
Caratheodory and Pfaffian Differentials / 2.2d: |
Pfaffian Differential Expressions With Two Variables |
Pfaffian Differential Expressions with Three or More Variables and the Conditions for the Existence of an Integrating Denominator |
The Caratheodory Principle and Inaccessible States / 2.2e: |
The Identification of the Absolute (Ideal Gas) Temperature as the Integrating Denominator / 2.2f: |
Entropy Changes for Reversible and Irreversible Paths / 2.2g: |
Calculation of an Entropy Change / 2.2h: |
Calculation of [Delta]S for the Reversible Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas |
Calculation of [Delta]S for the Reversible Adiabatic Expansion |
Calculation of [Delta]S for the Isobaric Temperature Change |
Calculation of [Delta]S for the Isochoric Temperature Change |
Calculation of [Delta]S for the Reversible (Equilibrium) Phase Change |
Calculation of [Delta]S for the Mixing of Ideal Gases at Constant T and p |
Entropy and Disorder / 2.2i: |
Implications of the Laws / 2.3: |
The Laws of Thermodynamics and Cyclic Engines / 2.3a: |
Thermodynamic Relationships and Applications / Chapter 3: |
The Gibbs Equations / 3.1: |
Partial Differential Relationships / 3.2: |
The Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation / 3.2a: |
Observations About the Differential Relationships / 3.2b: |
Applications of the Differential Relationships / 3.3: |
Examples of the Application of the Differential Relationships / 3.3a: |
Difference Between C[subscript p] and C[subscript V] / 3.3b: |
The Reversible Adiabatic Expansion or Compression / 3.3c: |
The Carnot Cycle / 3.3d: |
The Joule-Thomson Expansion / 3.3e: |
Relationship Between Free Energy and Work / 3.4: |
The Third Law and Absolute Entropy Measurements / Chapter 4: |
Verification of the Third Law / 4.1: |
Exceptions to the Third Law / 4.2: |
Implications and Applications of the Third Law / 4.3: |
Attainment of Perfect Order at Low Temperatures / 4.3a: |
Limiting Values for Thermal Properties at Zero Kelvin / 4.3b: |
Coefficient of Expansion |
Temperature Gradient of Pressure |
G[subscript 0] and H[subscript 0] |
Production of Low Temperatures and the Inaccessibility of Absolute Zero / 4.4: |
Production of Low Temperatures / 4.4a: |
Joule-Thomson Expansion and Evaporation Techniques |
Adiabatic Demagnetization |
Nuclear Alignment |
Laser Cooling |
Inaccessibility of Absolute Zero / 4.4b: |
Thermodynamic Functions / 4.5: |
The Chemical Potential and Equilibrium / Chapter 5: |
Composition as a Variable / 5.1: |
The Chemical Potential / 5.2: |
Partial Molar Properties / 5.3: |
The Gibbs-Duhem Equation / 5.4: |
Determination of Partial Molar Properties / 5.5: |
Numerical Methods / 5.5a: |
Analytical Methods Using Molality / 5.5b: |
Analytical Methods Using Mole Fractions / 5.5c: |
Calculations of Partial Molar Properties From Apparent Molar Properties / 5.5d: |
Criteria for Equilibrium / 5.6: |
Criterion for Phase Equilibrium / 5.6a: |
The Gibbs Phase Rule / 5.6b: |
The Clapeyron Equation / 5.6c: |
Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium / 5.6d: |
Fugacity, Activity, and Standard States / Chapter 6: |
Fugacity / 6.1: |
Definition of Fugacity / 6.1a: |
Determination of Fugacities / 6.1b: |
Fugacity for Pure Condensed Phases / 6.1c: |
Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Vapor Fugacity / 6.1d: |
Change of Fugacity With Pressure |
Change of Fugacity With Temperature |
Fugacity in a Mixture / 6.1e: |
Fugacity of a Component in a Gaseous Mixture |
Fugacity in Liquid Mixtures: Raoult's Law and Henry's Law |
Raoult's Law and the Ideal Solution / a.: |
Henry's Law / b.: |
The Duhem-Margules Equation / c.: |
The Activity / 6.2: |
Effect of Pressure on Activity / 6.2a: |
Effect of Temperature on Activity / 6.2b: |
Standard States / 6.3: |
Choice of Standard States / 6.3a: |
Standard State of a Gas |
Standard States for Pure Solids and Pure Liquids |
Standard State of a Solvent in a Mixture |
Standard States of Solutes in Solution |
Activities of Electrolyte Solutions / 6.4: |
Activities and Standard States of Strong Electrolytes / 6.4a: |
Activities of Strong Unsymmetrical Electrolytes / 6.4b: |
Determination of Activity / 6.5: |
Activity from Vapor Pressure Measurements / 6.5a: |
Activities from Freezing Point and Boiling Point Measurements / 6.5b: |
Activity from Isopiestic Methods / 6.5c: |
Solute Activities From Measurement of Partition Coefficients / 6.5d: |
Calculation of the Activity of One Component From That of the Other / 6.5e: |
The Thermodynamic Properties of Solutions / Chapter 7: |
Change in the Thermodynamic Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions due to the Mixing Process / 7.1: |
Change in Thermodynamic Properties Resulting from the Formation of Ideal Solutions / 7.1a: |
Excess Thermodynamic Functions / 7.1b: |
Nonpolar + Nonpolar Mixtures |
Polar + Nonpolar Mixtures |
Mixtures with Hydrogen Bonding |
Excess Volume Comparison |
Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Strong Electrolyte Solutes: The Debye-Huckel Theory / 7.2: |
Derivation of the Activity Coefficient Equations / 7.2a: |
Comparison of the Debye-Huckel Prediction with Experimental Values / 7.2b: |
The Debye-Huckel Prediction of the Osmotic Coefficient / 7.2c: |
The Debye-Huckel Prediction of Thermal and Volumetric Properties of the Solute / 7.2d: |
Relative Partial Molar and Apparent Relative Partial Molar Thermal Properties / 7.3: |
Relative Partial Molar Enthalpies / 7.3a: |
Calculation of [Delta]H from Relative Partial Molar Enthalpies / 7.3b: |
Relative Apparent Molar Enthalpy / 7.3c: |
Determination of Relative Apparent Molar Enthalpies / 7.3d: |
Relative Partial Molar Heat Capacities / 7.3e: |
Relative Apparent Molar Heat Capacity / 7.3f: |
The Osmotic Pressure / 7.4: |
Osmosis / 7.4a: |
The Equilibrium Condition Applied to Phase Equilibria / Chapter 8: |
Phase Equilibria for Pure Substances / 8.1: |
The Phase Diagram and the Gibbs Phase Rule / 8.1a: |
Solid + Liquid Equilibrium / 8.1b: |
Equilibrium Involving a Condensed Phase and the Vapor Phase / 8.1c: |
The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation |
Vapor + Liquid Equilibrium: The Critical Point / 8.1d: |
Solid + Solid Phase Transitions / 8.1e: |
First-Order Phase Transitions |
Phase Equilibria for Mixtures / 8.2: |
Vapor + Liquid Equilibrium / 8.2a: |
Liquid + Liquid Equilibrium / 8.2b: |
Effect of Pressure on Solid + Liquid Equilibrium / 8.2c: |
Solid + Liquid Equilibria in Less Ideal Mixtures |
The Equilibrium Condition Applied to Chemical Processes / Chapter 9: |
The Equilibrium Constant / 9.1: |
Alternate Forms of the Equilibrium Constant / 9.1a: |
Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Equilibrium Constant / 9.1b: |
The Effect of Pressure |
The Effect of Temperature |
Enthalpies and Gibbs Free Energies of Formation / 9.2: |
Determination of Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Free Energies of Formation / 9.2a: |
Enthalpies of Formation |
Gibbs Free Energies of Formation |
Enthalpies of Formation and Gibbs Free Energies of Formation of Ions in Solution / 9.2b: |
Examples of Chemical Equilibrium Calculations / 9.3: |
Electrochemical Cells / 9.4: |
Thermodynamic Applications of Electrochemical Cells / 9.4a: |
Measurement of E[degree] and Activities |
Measurement of Equilibrium Constants |
Statistical Thermodynamics / Chapter 10: |
Energy Levels of an Ideal Gas Molecule / 10.1: |
Translational Energy Levels |
Rotational Energy Levels |
Vibrational Energy Levels |
Electronic Energy Levels |
Distribution of Energy Among Energy Levels / 10.2: |
The Boltzmann Distribution Law / 10.3: |
Evaluation of [alpha] / 10.3a: |
Evaluation of [beta] / 10.3b: |
The Partition Function / 10.4: |
Relationship Between the Partition Function and the Thermodynamic Properties / 10.5: |
Evaluation of the Partition Function for the Ideal Gas / 10.6: |
Translational Partition Function / 10.6a: |
Rotational Partition Function / 10.6b: |
Vibrational Partition Function / 10.6c: |
Electronic Partition Function / 10.6d: |
Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Ideal Gas / 10.7: |
Examples of the Derivation of the Contribution to the Thermodynamic Properties / 10.7a: |
Translational Contribution to Entropy |
Translational and Rotational Contributions to Enthalpy for a Linear Molecule |
Vibrational Contribution to the Gibbs Free Energy for a Linear Diatomic Molecule |
Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties |
Corrections to Table 10.4 for Diatomic Molecules / 10.7b: |
Rotational Partition Function Corrections |
Anharmonicity and Nonrigid Rotator Corrections |
Contributions of Internal Rotation to the Thermodynamic Properties / 10.7c: |
Free Rotation (kT ] V[subscript 0]) |
Hindered Rotation (kT [approximate] V[subscript 0]) |
Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Solids / 10.8: |
The Einstein Heat Capacity Equation / 10.8a: |
The Debye Heat Capacity Equation / 10.8b: |
Contribution to the Heat Capacity of Solids from Low-lying Electronic Levels: The Schottky Effect / 10.8c: |
Mathematics for Thermodynamics / Appendix 1: |
Operations with Derivatives and Integrals / A1.1: |
Total Differentials and Relationships Between Partial Derivatives / A1.2: |
Intensive and Extensive Variables / A1.3: |
State Functions and Exact Differentials; Inexact Differentials and Line Integrals / A1.4: |
State Functions / A1.4a: |
Exact and Inexact Differentials / A1.4b: |
Line Integrals / A1.4c: |
Pfaffian Differentials / A1.5: |
Pfaffian Differential Expressions in Three Dimensions / A1.5a: |
Maxwell Relations in Three Dimensions / A1.5b: |
Differential Equations, Solution Curves, and Solution Surfaces / A1.5c: |
Pfaffian Differential Expressions in Two Dimensions / A1.5d: |
Euler's Theorem / A1.6: |
Graphical Integrations / A1.7: |
The Trapezoidal Rule / A1.7a: |
Simpson's Rule / A1.7b: |
Stirling's Approximation / A1.8: |
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 / Appendix 2: |
Fixed Points / A2.1: |
Choice of Thermometer / A2.2: |
Temperature Interval 0.65 to 5.0 K / A2.2a: |
Temperature Interval 3.0 to 24.5561 K / A2.2b: |
Temperature Interval 13.8033 to 1234.93 K / A2.2c: |
The Deviation Function / A2.3: |
Measurement of Temperatures Above 1234.93 K / A2.4: |
Correction of Existing Data to ITS-90 / A2.5: |
Equations of State for Gases / Appendix 3.: |
The Ideal Gas / A3.1: |
The Virial Equation / A3.2: |
The Virial Equation Explicit in Pressure / A3.3: |
Other Equations of State / A3.4: |
Cubic Equations of State / A3.5: |
Comparison of Cubic Equations of State / A3.5a: |
Calculations from Statistical Thermodynamics / Appendix 4: |
Thermodynamic Functions of an Ideal Gas / Table A4.1: |
Moments of Inertia and Rotational Constants of Some Common Molecules / Table A4.2: |
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Some Common Molecules / Table A4.3: |
Electronic Energy Levels of some Common Molecules or Atoms With Unpaired Electrons / Table A4.4: |
Anharmonic Oscillator and Nonrigid Rotator Corrections / Table A4.5: |
Contributions to the Thermodynamic Properties Due to Internal Rotation / Table A4.6: |
The Debye Thermodynamic Functions Expressed in Terms of [theta subscript D]/T / Table A4.7: |