Preface |
Introduction and Preliminaries / 1: |
The topics to be discussed / 1.1: |
Equilibrium and departures from it / 1.2: |
The equations of motion and various approximations / 1.3: |
Basic parameters of heterogeneous flows / 1.4: |
Linear Internal Waves / 2: |
Waves at a boundary between homogeneous layers / 2.1: |
Progressive waves in deep water |
Waves between layers of finite thickness |
Standing waves |
Waves in a continuously stratified fluid / 2.2: |
Description in terms of modes |
Description in terms of rays |
Laboratory experiments on waves in bounded regions |
Waves in a moving stratified fluid / 2.3: |
Velocity constant with height |
Lee waves with varying properties in the vertical |
Reversals of velocity and critical layers |
Weak non-linearities: interactions between waves / 2.4: |
The mechanism of resonant interaction |
Interactions of interfacial waves |
Interactions with continuous stratification |
Finite Amplitude Motions in Stably Stratified Fluids / 3: |
Internal waves of finite amplitude / 3.1: |
Interfacial waves |
Cnoidal and solitary waves |
Waves and flows in a density gradient |
Finite amplitude lee waves |
Internal hydraulics and related problems / 3.2: |
Steady frictionless flow of a thin layer |
Internal hydraulic jumps |
Flow down a slope |
The 'lock exchange' problem |
Gravity currents and noses |
Slow motions in a stratified fluid / 3.3: |
The problem of selective withdrawal |
Blocking ahead of an obstacle |
Upstream wakes and boundary layers |
Viscous diffusive flows |
Instability and the Production of Turbulence / 4: |
The stability of a free shear layer / 4.1: |
The various types of instability |
The Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism |
Interfaces of finite thickness |
Observations of the breakdown of parallel stratified flows |
The combined effects of viscosity and stratification / 4.2: |
Viscous effects at an interface |
Thermally stratified plane Poiseuille flow |
Flows along a sloping boundary |
Transition to turbulence |
Mechanisms for the generation of turbulence / 4.3: |
Classification of the various mechanisms |
Flows near boundaries |
Shear instabilities produced by interfacial waves |
The interaction between wave modes |
Internal instabilities with continuous stratification |
Turbulent Shear Flows in a Stratified Fluid / 5: |
Velocity and density profiles near a horizontal boundary / 5.1: |
The logarithmic boundary layer |
The effect of a buoyancy flux |
Forced and free convection |
Constant-flux layers in stable stratification |
Theories of turbulence in a stratified shear flow / 5.2: |
Similarity theories of turbulence and diffusion |
The spectrum of nearly inertial turbulence |
Arguments based on the governing equations |
Observations and experiments on stratified shear flows / 5.3: |
The generation and collapse of turbulent wakes |
The suppression of turbulence at an interior shear layer |
Stratified flows in pipes, channels and estuaries |
Longitudinal mixing and advection |
Buoyant Convection from Isolated Sources / 6: |
Plumes in a uniform environment / 6.1: |
Axisymmetric turbulent plumes |
The entrainment assumption |
Forced plumes |
Vertical two-dimensional plumes |
Inclined plumes and turbulent gravity currents / 6.2: |
A modified entrainment assumption |
Slowly varying flows |
Laboratory experiments and their applications |
Detailed profile measurements |
Thermals in a uniform environment / 6.3: |
Dimensional arguments and laboratory experiments |
Buoyant vortex rings |
'Starting plumes' |
Line thermals and bent-over plumes |
The non-uniform environment / 6.4: |
Motions in an unstable environment |
Plumes in a stable environment |
Forced plumes and vortex rings in a stable environment |
Environmental turbulence |
Convection from Heated Surfaces / 7: |
The theory of convection between horizontal plates / 7.1: |
The governing parameters |
Linear stability theory |
Finite amplitude convection |
Laboratory and numerical experiments on parallel plate convection / 7.2: |
Observations of laminar convection |
Measurements at larger Rayleigh numbers |
Numerical experiments |
The interaction between convective elements and their environment / 7.3: |
The formation of plumes or thermals near a horizontal boundary |
The environment as an ensemble of convection elements |
Convection from small sources in a confined region |
Penetrative convection |
Convection with other shapes of boundary / 7.4: |
A heated vertical wall |
Buoyancy layers at vertical and sloping boundaries |
Convection in a slot |
Double-Diffusive Convection / 8: |
The stability problem / 8.1: |
The mechanism of instability |
Linear stability analysis |
The form of the convection cells |
Finite amplitude calculations |
The formation of layers: experiments and observations / 8.2: |
The 'diffusive' regime |
The 'finger' regime |
Side boundaries and horizontal gradients |
Related observations in the ocean |
The fluxes across an interface / 8.3: |
Measurements in the 'diffusive' regime |
The time-history of several convecting layers |
Fluxes and structure at a 'finger' interface |
The thickness of a 'finger' interface |
Convection in a region of variable depth |
Mixing Across Density Interfaces / 9: |
Laboratory experiments / 9.1: |
Stirring with oscillating grids |
Mixing driven by a surface stress |
The influence of molecular processes |
Comparison of various methods of stirring |
Geophysical applications / 9.2: |
The wind-mixed surface layer |
Seasonal changes of a thermocline |
Mixing at an atmospheric inversion |
Other factors limiting the depth of a mixed layer |
Internal mixing Processes / 10: |
The observational data / 10.1: |
Critical Richardson number criteria / 10.2: |
Examples of equilibrium conditions |
Non-equilibrium conditions: step formation |
Energetics of a layered system |
Wave-induced mixing / 10.3: |
Mixing at existing interfaces |
Formation of layers from a smooth gradient |
Statistical aspects of wave generation and breaking |
Waves and turbulence in large scale flows |
Bibliography and Author Index |
Recent Publications |
Subject Index |
Introduction and preliminaries |
Linear internal waves |
Finite amplitude motions in stably stratified fluids |
Instability and the production of turbulence |
Turbulent shear flows in a stratified fluid |
Buoyant convection from isolated sources |
Convection from heated surfaces |
Double-diffusive convection |
Mixing across density interfaces |
Internal mixing processes |
Bibliography and author index |
Recent publications |
Subject index |
Preface |
Introduction and Preliminaries / 1: |
The topics to be discussed / 1.1: |