| Acknowledgements |
| Introduction / Part I： |
| Why Language?-Why Philosophy?-Why Wittgenstein? |
| Surveying Wittgenstein's Landscape |
| Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language and Mind / Part II： |
| Language and Thought |
| Benjamin Lee Whorf |
| Problems With Whorf's Conjecture |
| Wittgenstein on Language and Thought |
| Wittgenstein's Methodology |
| The Analysis of Depth Grammar |
| Wittgenstein at Work: Philosophical Investigations |
| "Five Red Apples" |
| The "Builder's Language" |
| Language Games |
| Language and Categorization |
| Universals and Particulars: An Old Debate |
| Wittgenstein's Approach: The Rejection of Strict Nominalism and Realism |
| Wittgenstein's Categories: Family Resemblances |
| Wittgenstein's Place in the Nominalist-Realist Debate |
| Forms of Life |
| Language Games and Forms of Life |
| The Big Picture: Philosophy of Language and Metaphor |
| Language as a Kind of Calculus |
| The Structure of Language is Like the Dynamic Structure of a Game |
| Language and Chess |
| Words are Like Tools and Language Use is Like Tool Use |
| Language as a City |
| Language as a Labyrinth |
| Reality and Myth: The Background of Reality on Which Language is Based is Like a Mythology, and its Structure is Like a Riverbed |
| The Foundation of Language in Instinctive Behavior |
| Instinctive Behavior and Forms of Life |
| Language and Cognition: What Do We Have in Our Heads, and What is it Good for? |
| Externalism |
| Psychophysical Parallelism |
| The Mind and Reality: Mental Models or Scribbled Jottings? |
| Wittgenstein and Crime: The Breakdown of the Distinction Between Inner and Outer Processes |
| Wittgenstein and Drama: A Dramatic Theory of Meaning |
| The Inner and the Outer |
| Imponderable Evidence (Unwagbare Evidenz) |
| The Objective Correlative |
| Imponderable Evidence and Real Life |
| Conversational Implicatures |
| Wittgenstein and Behaviorism |
| Wittgenstein vs. Behaviorism: What is "Behavior"? |
| Wittgenstein vs. Behaviorism: Reductionism |
| Wittgenstein vs. Behaviorism: The Existence of Mental Phenomena |
| Wittgenstein vs. Behaviorism: Intersubjective Knowledge |
| Wittgenstein vs. Behaviorism: Logical Behaviorism |
| Why Wittgenstein is not a Behaviorist: A Summary |
| Wittgenstein, Language and Information / Part III： |
| Support for Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mind: Robotics and "Scaffolding" |
| Where is the Mind? |
| The Mind: "Who's in Charge Here?" |
| Scaffolding |
| Scaffolding and the Rational Model of Choice |
| Scaffolding and Computerized Information Systems |
| The Boundaries of the Mind |
| Scaffolding and the Role of Language |
| Mental Models |
| Externalism and the Philosophy of Language |
| Why is the "Mind" Important for Information Systems? |
| The Structure of Information Systems |
| The Fundamental Relationship in Information Systems |
| The Fundamental Issue of Information Systems: The "Determinacy of Representation" |
| "Escalating Uncertainty of Retrieval": The Problem With Large Systems and Indeterminately Represented Information |
| The Nature of Representational Indeterminacy in Information Systems |
| Indeterminacy in Information Systems: An Empirical Study |
| The "Determinacy of Sense": An Old Logical Problem |
| Description and Discrimination (Either can be Indeterminate) |
| The Consequences of Indeterminacy in Information Retrieval |
| The Type of Query / Distinction 1： |
| The Relationship Between the Formal Query and the Representation of the Satisfactory Answer / Distinction 2： |
| Criterion of Successful Retrieval / Distinction 3： |
| The Speed of Successful Retrieval / Distinction 4： |
| Representing Information: The Effect of Semantic Indeterminacy / Distinction 5： |
| The End-Point of Searching / Distinction 6： |
| Types of Searches / Distinction 7： |
| Scaling up the System / Distinction 8： |
| Management and the Delegation Problem / Distinction 9： |
| What Do Inquirers Want? |
| Information Systems-A Wittgensteinean View |
| The "Meaning" of a Document |
| What are the "Diseases of Thinking" in Information Retrieval? |
| How Do Computers Influence Information Systems? |
| Managing the Retrieval of Indeterminate Information Content-Some Practical Consequences |
| "Reducing Indeterminacy in Content Retrieval |
| Large Content Retrieval Systems vs. Small Content Retrieval Systems |
| Using Documents Themselves as Instruments of Organization and Indeterminacy Reduction-"Exemplary Documents" and "Seed Searching" |
| Measuring the Effectiveness of Content Retrieval |
| The Stairs Evaluation: A Final Look |
| Summary of the Design Criteria for Large Content-Retrieval Systems |
| Index |
| Acknowledgements |
| Introduction / Part I： |
| Why Language?-Why Philosophy?-Why Wittgenstein? |
ＥＢ
