Preface |
The Heat of the Night and the Dust of the Battlefield / 0.: |
Electromagnetic spectrum and atmospheric transmission / 0.1: |
Blackbody radiation / 0.2: |
Transmission through rain, snow, fog and dust / 0.3: |
References |
Optical Properties of Infrared Windows / 1.: |
A day in the life of a photon / 1.1: |
Refraction and refractive index / 1.2: |
Birefringence / 1.2.1: |
Preference for cubic materials / 1.2.2: |
Reproducibility of the refractive index / 1.2.3: |
Reflection and transmission / 1.3: |
Transmission of an absorbing window / 1.3.1: |
Etalon effect / 1.3.2: |
Optical constants: n and k / 1.4: |
General behavior of absorption coefficient and refractive index / 1.5: |
Transmission spectra of infrared materials / 1.6: |
Measuring the absorption coefficient / 1.7: |
Direct transmittance measurements / 1.7.1: |
Laser calorimetry / 1.7.2: |
Emissivity / 1.8: |
Effect of temperature on absorption and emission / 1.9: |
Free carrier absorption in semiconductors / 1.10: |
What makes a window midwave or long wave? / 1.11: |
"Two-color" materials / 1.12: |
Optical Performance of Infrared Windows / 2.: |
Resolution / 2.1: |
Scatter / 2.2: |
Modulation transfer function: a measure of imaging quality / 2.3: |
Degradation of infrared sensing by a hot window / 2.4: |
Emittance from a hot window / 2.4.1: |
Temperature gradients in windows / 2.4.2: |
Frequency doubling / 2.5: |
Microwave transmission properties of infrared materials / 2.6: |
Mechanical Properties / 3.: |
Elastic constants / 3.1: |
Measuring the strength of brittle materials / 3.2: |
3-point and 4-point flexure tests / 3.2.1: |
Equibiaxial disk flexure test / 3.2.2: |
Ceramics fracture at pre-existing flaws / 3.3: |
Stress concentration by cracks / 3.3.1: |
Strain rate dependence of strength / 3.3.2: |
Weibull statistics / 3.4: |
The Weibull distribution / 3.4.1: |
Safety factors / 3.4.2: |
Strength scales with area (or volume) under stress / 3.5: |
Strengths of optical ceramics / 3.6: |
Strength is not an intrinsic property of a material / 3.6.1: |
Temperature dependence of strength / 3.6.2: |
Window and dome design / 3.7: |
Designing a circular window / 3.7.1: |
Designing a dome / 3.7.2: |
Hardness and fracture toughness / 3.8: |
Relation of strength to fracture toughness and grain size / 3.8.1: |
Temperature dependence of hardness and fracture toughness / 3.8.2: |
Thermal Properties / 4.: |
Thermal expansion and heat capacity / 4.1: |
Thermal conductivity / 4.2: |
Thermal shock / 4.3: |
Hasselman figures of merit / 4.3.1: |
Klein figure of merit for minimum thickness dome / 4.3.2: |
Mach-altitude limits for a dome / 4.3.3: |
Aerodynamic domes / 4.4: |
Thermal stability of window materials / 4.5: |
Fabrication of Infrared Materials / 5.: |
Classes of infrared materials / 5.1: |
Glass-cermaics / 5.1.1: |
Fabrication of polycrystalline materials by powder processing / 5.2: |
Yttria: an example of dome fabrication from a powder / 5.2.1: |
Methods of densifying ceramics: sintering, hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing / 5.2.2: |
Annealing / 5.2.3: |
Chemical vapor deposition / 5.3: |
Zinc sulfide and zinc selenide / 5.3.1: |
Silicon carbide and silicon nitride / 5.3.2: |
Single-crystal materials / 5.4: |
Gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, germanium and silicon / 5.4.1: |
Sapphire / 5.4.2: |
Hot forging / 5.4.3: |
Optical finishing / 5.5: |
Scratch/dig specifications / 5.5.1: |
Optical polishing / 5.5.2: |
The effect of surface finish on mechanical strength / 5.6: |
Polymer infrared windows / 5.7: |
Optical Coatings / 6.: |
Antireflection coatings / 6.1: |
Moth eye surfaces / 6.1.1: |
Interference fringes for measuring coating thickness / 6.1.2: |
Adherence of coatings / 6.1.3: |
Emittance from coatings / 6.1.4: |
Rugate filters / 6.1.5: |
Stress in coatings / 6.2: |
Conductive coatings for electromagnetic shielding / 6.3: |
Erosion and Erosion Protection / 7.: |
Rainfall characteristics / 7.1: |
The raindrop impact event / 7.2: |
Raindrop damage threshold velocity / 7.3: |
Threshold velocity for fracture or loss of mechanical strength / 7.3.1: |
Threshold velocity for loss of optical transmission or contrast / 7.3.2: |
Threshold velocity for loss of mass / 7.3.3: |
Rain erosion test facilities / 7.4: |
Whirling arm / 7.4.1: |
Single-impact waterjet / 7.4.2: |
Multiple-impact jet apparatus (MIJA) / 7.4.3: |
Single-drop impact testing / 7.4.4: |
Aerodynamic effects in rain erosion / 7.5: |
Erosion by solid particles / 7.6: |
Combined effects of sand and rain / 7.6.1: |
Effect of angle of incidence on erosion / 7.7: |
Waterdrop impact at inclined angles / 7.7.1: |
Sand impact at inclined angles / 7.7.2: |
Comparative erosion testing of materials / 7.7.3: |
Protective coatings for erosion / 7.8: |
Mechanisms of protection by coatings / 7.8.1: |
Diamond-like carbon and germanium-carbon coatings / 7.8.2: |
"Boron phosphide" and other phosphorus-based coatings / 7.8.3: |
"REP" coating / 7.8.4: |
Claddings / 7.8.5: |
Diamond coatings / 7.8.6: |
Proof Testing / 8.: |
Case study: proof testing of zinc selenide / 8.1: |
An example of an unsuccessful proof test / 8.1.1: |
What is the stress intensity factor? / 8.2: |
Slow crack growth / 8.3: |
The theory of proof testing / 8.4: |
How strength changes during a proof test / 8.4.1: |
A theoretical example: proof testing of sapphire / 8.4.2: |
Designing a proof test for the space shuttle window / 8.5: |
Minimum time to failure after a proof test / 8.5.1: |
Crack growth parameters for space shuttle window material / 8.5.2: |
Proof test design / 8.5.3: |
Fatigue / 8.6.: |
Optical-Quality CVD Diamond / 9.: |
What is diamond and how is it made? / 9.1: |
Chemical vapor deposition of diamond / 9.1.1: |
The two surfaces of CVD diamond / 9.1.2: |
Mechanical and thermal properties of diamond / 9.2: |
Hardness, toughness and elastic properties / 9.2.1: |
Mechanical strength / 9.2.2: |
Thermal expansion / 9.2.3: |
Thermal conductivity and heat capacity / 9.2.4: |
Commercial grades of CVD diamond / 9.2.5: |
Optical properties of diamond / 9.3: |
Absorption and scatter / 9.3.1: |
Refractive index / 9.3.2: |
Microwave properties of diamond / 9.3.3: |
Diamond windows and domes / 9.4: |
Polishing diamond / 9.4.1: |
Mechanical and erosion performance / 9.4.2: |
Oxidation of diamond / 9.4.3: |
Prospects / 9.4.4: |
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors / Appendix A: |
Suppliers of Infrared Materials and Sources of Information / Appendix B: |
Optical Properties of Infrared Materials / Appendix C: |
Refractive index, absorption coefficient, and dn/dT / C.1: |
Dispersion equations for refractive index / C.2: |
Absorption coefficients of selected materials calculated by OPTIMATR / C.3: |
Change of refractive index with isotropic pressure / C.4: |
Definitions from Radiometry / Appendix D: |
Elastic Constants / Appendix E: |
The Weibull Distribution / Appendix F: |
Weibull probability distribution / F.1: |
Effective volume or area / F.2: |
Weibull equations for different kinds of test specimens / F.3: |
Relative strengths of different kinds of test specimens / F.4: |
Weibull scaling by area instead of volume / F.5: |
Thermal Properties of Selected Materials / Appendix G: |
Index |
Preface |
The Heat of the Night and the Dust of the Battlefield / 0.: |
Electromagnetic spectrum and atmospheric transmission / 0.1: |