| Preface |
| Organization and Features of The Cell |
| Media and Supplements to Accompany The Cell |
| Introduction / Part I： |
| An Overview of Cells and Cell Research / 1： |
| The Origin and Evolution of Cells |
| The First Cell |
| The Evolution of Metabolism |
| Present-Day Prokaryotes |
| Eukaryotic Cells |
| The Origin of Eukaryotes |
| The Development of Multicellular Organisms |
| Cells as Experimental Models |
| E. coli |
| Yeasts |
| Caenorhabditis elegans |
| Drosophila melanogaster |
| Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Vertebrates |
| Tools of Cell Biology |
| Light Microscopy |
| Electron Microscopy |
| Subcellular Fractionation |
| Growth of Animal Cells in Culture |
| Culture of Plant Cells |
| Viruses |
| Key Experiment: Animal Cell Culture |
| Molecular Medicine: Viruses and Cancer |
| Summary and Key Terms |
| Questions |
| References and Further Reading |
| The Composition of Cells / 2： |
| The Molecules of Cells |
| Carbohydrates |
| Lipids |
| Nucleic Acids |
| Proteins |
| Cell Membranes |
| Membrane Lipids |
| Membrane Proteins |
| Transport across Cell Membranes |
| Proteomics: Large-Scale Analysis of Cell Proteins |
| Identification of Cell Proteins |
| Global Analysis of Protein Localization |
| Protein Interactions |
| Key Experiment: The Folding of Polypeptide Chains |
| Key Experiment: The Structure of Cell Membranes |
| Cell Metabolism / 3： |
| The Central Role of Enzymes as Biological Catalysts |
| The Catalytic Activity of Enzymes |
| Mechanisms of Enzymatic Catalysis |
| Coenzymes |
| Regulation of Enzyme Activity |
| Metabolic Energy |
| Free Energy and ATP |
| The Generation of ATP from Glucose |
| The Derivation of Energy from Other Organic Molecules |
| Photosynthesis |
| The Biosynthesis of Cell Constituents |
| Key Experiment: Antimetabolites and Chemotherapy |
| Molecular Medicine: Phenylketonuria |
| Fundamentals of Molecular Biology / 4： |
| Heredity, Genes, and DNA |
| Genes and Chromosomes |
| Genes and Enzymes |
| Identification of DNA as the Genetic Material |
| The Structure of DNA |
| Replication of DNA |
| Expression of Genetic Information |
| Colinearity of Genes and Proteins |
| The Role of Messenger RNA |
| The Genetic Code |
| RNA Viruses and Reverse Transcription |
| Recombinant DNA |
| Restriction Endonucleases |
| Generation of Recombinant DNA Molecules |
| Vectors for Recombinant DNA |
| DNA Sequencing |
| Expression of Cloned Genes |
| Detection of Nucleic Acids and Proteins |
| Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
| Antibodies as Probes for Proteins |
| Gene Function in Eukaryotes |
| Genetic Analysis in Yeasts |
| Gene Transfer in Plants and Animals |
| Mutagenesis of Cloned DNAs |
| Introducing Mutations into Cellular Genes |
| Interfering with Cellular Gene Expression |
| Key Experiment: The DNA Provirus Hypothesis |
| Molecular Medicine: HIV and AIDS |
| The Flow of Genetic Information / Part II： |
| The Organization and Sequences of Cellular Genomes / 5： |
| The Complexity of Eukaryotic Genomes |
| Introns and Exons |
| Repetitive DNA Sequences |
| Gene Duplication and Pseudogenes |
| The Composition of Higher Eukaryotic Genomes |
| Chromosomes and Chromatin |
| Chromatin |
| Centromeres |
| Telomeres |
| The Sequences of Complete Genomes |
| Prokaryotic Genomes |
| The Yeast Genome |
| The Genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster |
| Plant Genomes |
| The Human Genome |
| The Genomes of Other Vertebrates |
| Bioinformatics and Systems Biology |
| Systematic Screens of Gene Function |
| Regulation of Gene Expression |
| Variation among Individuals and Genomic Medicine |
| Key Experiment: The Discovery of Introns |
| Key Experiment: The Human Genome |
| Replication, Maintenance, and Rearrangements of Genomic DNA / 6： |
| DNA Replication |
| DNA Polymerases |
| The Replication Fork |
| The Fidelity of Replication |
| Origins and the Initiation of Replication |
| Telomeres and Telomerase: Maintaining the Ends of Chromosomes |
| DNA Repair |
| Direct Reversal of DNA Damage |
| Excision Repair |
| Translesion DNA Synthesis |
| Recombinational Repair |
| Recombination between Homologous DNA Sequences |
| Models of Homologous Recombination |
| Enzymes Involved in Homologous Recombination |
| DNA Rearrangements |
| Site-Specific Recombination |
| Transposition via DNA Intermediates |
| Transposition via RNA Intermediates |
| Gene Amplification |
| Key Experiment: Rearrangement of Immunoglobulin Genes |
| Molecular Medicine: Colon Cancer and DNA Repair |
| RNA Synthesis and Processing / 7： |
| Transcription in Prokaryotes |
| RNA Polymerase and Transcription |
| Repressors and Negative Control of Transcription |
| Positive Control of Transcription |
| Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases and General Transcription Factors |
| Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases |
| General Transcription Factors and Initiation of Transcription by RNA Polymerase II |
| Transcription by RNA Polymerases I and III |
| Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes |
| cis-Acting Regulatory Sequences: Promoters and Enhancers |
| Transcription Factor Binding Sites |
| Transcriptional Regulatory Proteins |
| Structure and Function of Transcriptional Activators |
| Eukaryotic Repressors |
| Relationship of Chromatin Structure to Transcription |
| Regulation of Transcription by Noncoding RNAs |
| DNA Methylation |
| RNA Processing and Turnover |
| Processing of Ribosomal and Transfer RNAs |
| Processing of mRNA in Eukaryotes |
| Splicing Mechanisms |
| Alternative Splicing |
| RNA Editing |
| RNA Degradation |
| Key Experiment: Isolation of a Eukaryotic Transcription Factor |
| Key Experiment: The Discovery of snRNPs |
| Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Regulation / 8： |
| Translation of mRNA |
| Transfer RNAs |
| The Ribosome |
| The Organization of mRNAs and the Initiation of Translation |
| The Process of Translation |
| Regulation of Translation |
| Protein Folding and Processing |
| Chaperones and Protein Folding |
| Enzymes that Catalyze Protein Folding |
| Protein Cleavage |
| Glycosylation |
| Attachment of Lipids |
| Regulation of Protein Function |
| Regulation by Small Molecules |
| Protein Phosphorylation |
| Protein-Protein Interactions |
| Protein Degradation |
| The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway |
| Lysosomal Proteolysis |
| Key Experiment: Catalytic Role of Ribosomal RNA |
| Molecular Medicine: Antibiotic Resistance and the Ribosome |
| Cell Structure and Function / Part III： |
| The Nucleus / 9： |
| The Nuclear Envelope and Traffic between the Nucleus and the Cytoplasm |
| Structure of the Nuclear Envelope |
| The Nuclear Pore Complex |
| Selective Transport of Proteins to and from the Nucleus |
| Regulation of Nuclear Protein Import |
| Transport of RNAs |
| Internal Organization of the Nucleus |
| Chromosomes and Higher-Order Chromatin Structure |
| Sub-Compartments within the Nucleus |
| The Nucleolus and rRNA Processing |
| Ribosomal RNA Genes and the Organization of the Nucleolus |
| Transcription and Processing of rRNA |
| Ribosome Assembly |
| Key Experiment: Nuclear Lamina Diseases |
| Molecular Medicine: Identification of Nuclear Localization Signals |
| Protein Sorting and Transport: The Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, and Lysosomes / 10： |
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Secretion |
| Targeting Proteins to the Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Insertion of Proteins into the ER Membrane |
| Protein Folding and Processing in the ER |
| Quality Control in the ER |
| The Smooth ER and Lipid Synthesis |
| Export of Proteins and Lipids from the ER |
| The Golgi Apparatus |
| Organization of the Golgi |
| Protein Glycosylation within the Golgi |
| Lipid and Polysaccharide Metabolism in the Golgi |
| Protein Sorting and Export from the Golgi Apparatus |
| The Mechanism of Vesicular Transport |
| Experimental Approaches to Understanding Vesicular Transport |
| Cargo Selection, Coat Proteins, and Vesicle Budding |
| Vesicle Fusion |
| Lysosomes |
| Lysosomal Acid Hydrolases |
| Endocytosis and Lysosome Formation |
| Phagocytosis and Autophagy |
| Key Experiment: The Signal Hypothesis |
| Molecular Medicine: Gaucher Disease |
| Bioenergetics and Metabolism: Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, and Peroxisomes / 11： |
| Mitochondria |
| Organization and Function of Mitochondria |
| The Genetic System of Mitochondria |
| Protein Import and Mitochondrial Assembly |
| The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| The Electron Transport Chain |
| Chemiosmotic Coupling |
| Transport of Metabolites across the Inner Membrane |
| Chloroplasts and Other Plastids |
| The Structure and Function of Chloroplasts |
| The Chloroplast Genome |
| Import and Sorting of Chloroplast Proteins |
| Other Plastids |
| Electron Flow through Photosystems I and II |
| Cyclic Electron Flow |
| ATP Synthesis |
| Peroxisomes |
| Functions of Peroxisomes |
| Peroxisome Assembly |
| Key Experiment: The Chemiosmotic Theory |
| Molecular Medicine: Diseases of Mitochondria: Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy |
| The Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement / 12： |
| Structure and Organization of Actin Filaments |
| Assembly and Disassembly of Actin Filaments |
| Organization of Actin Filaments |
| Association of Actin Filaments with the Plasma Membrane |
| Protrusions of the Cell Surface |
| Actin, Myosin, and Cell Movement |
| Muscle Contraction |
| Contractile Assemblies of Actin and Myosin in Nonmuscle Cells |
| Nonmuscle Myosins |
| Formation of Protrusions and Cell Movement |
| Intermediate Filaments |
| Intermediate Filament Proteins |
| Assembly of Intermediate Filaments |
| Intracellular Organization of Intermediate Filaments |
| Functions of Keratins and Neurofilaments: Diseases of the Skin and Nervous System |
| Microtubules |
| Structure and Dynamic Organization of Microtubules |
| Assembly of Microtubules |
| Organization of Microtubules within Cells |
| Microtubule Motors and Movement |
| Identification of Microtubule Motor Proteins |
| Cargo Transport and Intracellular Organization |
| Cilia and Flagella |
| Reorganization of Microtubules during Mitosis |
| Chromosome Movement |
| Key Experiment: Expression of Mutant Keratin Causes Abnormal Skin Development |
| Key Experiment The Isolation of Kinesin |
| The Plasma Membrane / 13： |
| Structure of the Plasma Membrane |
| The Phospholipid Bilayer |
| Mobility of Membrane Proteins |
| The Glycocalyx |
| Transport of Small Molecules |
| Passive Diffusion |
| Facilitated Diffusion and Carrier Proteins |
| Ion Channels |
| Active Transport Driven by ATP Hydrolysis |
| Active Transport Driven by Ion Gradients |
| Endocytosis |
| Phagocytosis |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
| Protein Trafficking in Endocytosis |
| Key Experiment: The LDL Receptor |
| Molecular Medicine: Cystic Fibrosis |
| Cell Walls, the Extracellular Matrix, and Cell Interactions / 14： |
| Cell Wall |
| Bacterial Cell Walls |
| Eukaryotic Cell Walls |
| The Extracellular Matrix and Cell-Matrix Interactions |
| Matrix Structural Proteins |
| Matrix Polysaccharides |
| Matrix Adhesion Proteins |
| Cell-Matrix Interactions |
| Cell-Cell Interactions |
| Adhesion Junctions |
| Tight Junctions |
| Gap Junctions |
| Plasmodesmata |
| Key Experiment: The Characterization of Integrin |
| Molecular Medicine: Gap Junction Diseases |
| Cell Regulation / Part IV： |
| Cell Signaling / 15： |
| Signaling Molecules and Their Receptors |
| Modes of Cell-Cell Signaling |
| Steroid Hormones and the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily |
| Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide |
| Neurotransmitters |
| Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors |
| Eicosanoids |
| Plant Hormones |
| Functions of Cell Surface Receptors |
| G Protein-Coupled Receptors |
| Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases |
| Cytokine Receptors and Nonreceptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases |
| Receptors Linked to Other Enzymatic Activities |
| Pathways of Intracellular Signal Transduction |
| The cAMP Pathway: Second Messengers and Protein Phosphorylation |
| Cyclic GMP |
| Phospholipids and Ca[superscript 2+] |
| The PI 3-Kinase/Akt and mTOR Pathways |
| MAP Kinase Pathways |
| The JAK/STAT and TGF-[beta]/Smad Pathways |
| NF-[kappa]B Signaling |
| The Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch Pathways |
| Signal Transduction and the Cytoskeleton |
| Integrins and Signal Transduction |
| Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton |
| Signaling Networks |
| Feedback and Crosstalk |
| Networks of Cellular Signal Transduction |
| Key Experiment: The Src Protein-Tyrosine Kinase |
| Molecular Medicine: Cancer: Signal Transduction and the ras Oncogenes |
| The Cell Cycle / 16： |
| The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle |
| Phases of the Cell Cycle |
| Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Cell Growth and Extracellular Signals |
| Cell Cycle Checkpoints |
| Restricting DNA Replication to Once per Cell Cycle |
| Regulators of Cell Cycle Progression |
| Protein Kinases and Cell Cycle Regulation |
| Families of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases |
| Growth Factors and the Regulation of G[subscript 1] Cdk's |
| DNA Damage Checkpoints |
| The Events of M Phase |
| Stages of Mitosis |
| Cdk1/Cyclin B and Progression to Metaphase |
| The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint and Progression to Anaphase |
| Cytokinesis |
| Meiosis and Fertilization |
| The Process of Meiosis |
| Regulation of Oocyte Meiosis |
| Fertilization |
| Key Experiment: The Discovery of MPF |
| Key Experiment: The Identification of Cyclin |
| Cell Death and Cell Renewal / 17： |
| Programmed Cell Death |
| The Events of Apoptosis |
| Caspases: The Executioners of Apoptosis |
| Central Regulators of Apoptosis: The Bcl-2 Family |
| Signaling Pathways that Regulate Apoptosis |
| Stem Cells and the Maintenance of Adult Tissues |
| Proliferation of Differentiated Cells |
| Stem Cells |
| Medical Applications of Adult Stem Cells |
| Embryonic Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning |
| Embryonic Stem Cells |
| Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |
| Key Experiment: Identification of Genes Required for Programmed Cell Death |
| Key Experiment: Culture of Embryonic Stem Cells |
| Cancer / 18： |
| The Development and Causes of Cancer |
| Types of Cancer |
| The Development of Cancer |
| Causes of Cancer |
| Properties of Cancer Cells |
| Transformation of Cells in Culture |
| Tumor Viruses |
| Hepatitis B and C Viruses |
| SV40 and Polyomavirus |
| Papillomaviruses |
| Adenoviruses |
| Herpesviruses |
| Retroviruses |
| Oncogenes |
| Retroviral Oncogenes |
| Proto-Oncogenes |
| Oncogenes in Human Cancer |
| Functions of Oncogene Products |
| Tumor Suppressor Genes |
| Identification of Tumor Suppressor Genes |
| Functions of Tumor Suppressor Gene Products |
| Roles of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Tumor Development |
| Molecular Approaches to Cancer Treatment |
| Prevention and Early Detection |
| Molecular Diagnosis |
| Treatment |
| Key Experiment: The Discovery of Proto-Oncogenes |
| Molecular Medicine STI-571: Cancer Treatment Targeted against the bcr/abl Oncogene |
| Answers to Questions |
| Glossary |
| Index |
図書
